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Author:
Publisher: World Health Organization
ISBN: 924003448X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 77
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher: World Health Organization
ISBN: 924003448X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 77
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author: Paul Whaley
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Author: National Academies Of Sciences Engineeri
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 9780309683869
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Systematic review - a scientific investigation that focuses on a specific question and uses explicit, prespecified scientific methods to identify, select, assess, and summarize the findings of similar but separate studies - has become the foundation for assessing evidence to be used for decision making in a variety of health contexts, including health care and public health. At the request of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), this publication reviews EPA's 2018 guidance document Application of Systematic Review in TSCA (Toxic Substances and Control Act) Risk Evaluations and associated materials to determine whether the process is comprehensive, workable, objective, and transparent.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309120462
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 422
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Book Description
Risk assessment has become a dominant public policy tool for making choices, based on limited resources, to protect public health and the environment. It has been instrumental to the mission of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as well as other federal agencies in evaluating public health concerns, informing regulatory and technological decisions, prioritizing research needs and funding, and in developing approaches for cost-benefit analysis. However, risk assessment is at a crossroads. Despite advances in the field, risk assessment faces a number of significant challenges including lengthy delays in making complex decisions; lack of data leading to significant uncertainty in risk assessments; and many chemicals in the marketplace that have not been evaluated and emerging agents requiring assessment. Science and Decisions makes practical scientific and technical recommendations to address these challenges. This book is a complement to the widely used 1983 National Academies book, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government (also known as the Red Book). The earlier book established a framework for the concepts and conduct of risk assessment that has been adopted by numerous expert committees, regulatory agencies, and public health institutions. The new book embeds these concepts within a broader framework for risk-based decision-making. Together, these are essential references for those working in the regulatory and public health fields.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309172535
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 388
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Book Description
Risk management is especially important for military forces deployed in hostile and/or chemically contaminated environments, and on-line or rapid turn-around capabilities for assessing exposures can create viable options for preventing or minimizing incapaciting exposures or latent disease or disability in the years after the deployment. With military support for the development, testing, and validation of state-of-the-art personal and area sensors, telecommunications, and data management resources, the DOD can enhance its capabilities for meeting its novel and challenging tasks and create technologies that will find widespread civilian uses. Strategies to Protect the Health of Deployed U.S. Forces assesses currently available options and technologies for productive pre-deployment environmental surveillance, exposure surveillance during deployments, and retrospective exposure surveillance post-deployment. This report also considers some opportunities for technological and operational advancements in technology for more effective exposure surveillance and effects management options for force deployments in future years.
Author: Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309164257
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 267
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Book Description
Healthcare decision makers in search of reliable information that compares health interventions increasingly turn to systematic reviews for the best summary of the evidence. Systematic reviews identify, select, assess, and synthesize the findings of similar but separate studies, and can help clarify what is known and not known about the potential benefits and harms of drugs, devices, and other healthcare services. Systematic reviews can be helpful for clinicians who want to integrate research findings into their daily practices, for patients to make well-informed choices about their own care, for professional medical societies and other organizations that develop clinical practice guidelines. Too often systematic reviews are of uncertain or poor quality. There are no universally accepted standards for developing systematic reviews leading to variability in how conflicts of interest and biases are handled, how evidence is appraised, and the overall scientific rigor of the process. In Finding What Works in Health Care the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommends 21 standards for developing high-quality systematic reviews of comparative effectiveness research. The standards address the entire systematic review process from the initial steps of formulating the topic and building the review team to producing a detailed final report that synthesizes what the evidence shows and where knowledge gaps remain. Finding What Works in Health Care also proposes a framework for improving the quality of the science underpinning systematic reviews. This book will serve as a vital resource for both sponsors and producers of systematic reviews of comparative effectiveness research.
Author: OECD
Publisher: OECD Publishing
ISBN: 9264070826
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 14
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Book Description
This Test Guideline for developmental toxicity testing is designed to provide general information concerning the effects of prenatal exposure on the pregnant test animal and on the developing organism. The test substance is normally administered to ...
Author: United States Government Accountability Office
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN: 9781984159397
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 90
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Book Description
Chemical Assessments: Low Productivity and New Interagency Review Process Limit the Usefulness and Credibility of EPA's Integrated Risk Information System
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 124
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Book Description
Human data form the most direct evidence for an association between health effects and exposure to chemicals. The availability and quality of human data vary greatly from one chemical to another; this may be strongly related to the prevalence of exposure and to concern about potential health effects. Guidance is currently available on the evaluation and use of animal toxicological data and human exposure data in the risk assessment process. However, such specific guidance is not available for human health effects, despite the fact that most international authorities recognise that the incorporation of human data would improve the utility and robustness of the risk assessment process. Consequently, ECETOC identified the need to review and evaluate the different types of human data that are available, and to provide guidance on how such data could be used best in the risk assessment process. A multidisciplinary Task Force was thus assembled to address the problem and to consider in particular, when and where human data could be used to support risk assessment and risk management decisions, and how human and animal findings could be integrated and used in tandem. Quality aspects play an important role in the choice of data sources regarding the leading health effect that will be crucial in the risk assessment process. Thus, quality aspects of human data, as well as of animal data, have been extensively addressed in this report. Following the description of the quality aspects of the human and animal data, a framework for the integration of these data and their use in the risk assessment process is proposed. The framework takes into account human as well as animal data; it is strongly encouraged to use both sources in a combined approach. Ideally, human data and animal data will be complementary and should confirm each other (i.e. both indicate excess risk, or both indicate the absence of risk). In cases where they are in apparent contradiction, efforts should be made to develop a better understanding of the biological basis for the contradiction. This will often be informative and result in a more reliable basis for risk assessment. [Ed.]
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309211964
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 204
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Book Description
Formaldehyde is ubiquitous in indoor and outdoor air, and everyone is exposed to formaldehyde at some concentration daily. Formaldehyde is used to produce a wide array of products, particularly building materials; it is emitted from many sources, including power plants, cars, gas and wood stoves, and cigarettes; it is a natural product in come foods; and it is naturally present in the human body as a metabolic intermediate. Much research has been conducted on the health effects of exposure to formaldehyde, including effects on the upper airway, where formaldehyde is deposited when inhaled, and effects on tissues distant from the site of initial contact. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released noncancer and cancer assessments of formaldehyde for its Intergated Risk Information System (IRIS) in 1990 and 1991, respectively. The agency began reassessing formaldehyde in 1998 and released a draft IRIS assessment in June 2010. Given the complexity of the issues and the knowledge that the assessment will be used as the basis of regulatory decisions, EPA asked the National Research Council (NRC) to conduct an independent scientific review of the draft IRIS assessment. In this report, the Committee to Review EPA's Draft IRIS Assessment of Formaldehyde first addresses some general issues associated with the draft IRIS assessment. The committee next focuses on questions concerning specific aspects of the draft assessment, including derivation of the reference concentrations and the cancer unit risk estimates for formaldehyde. The committee closes with recommendations for improving the IRIS assessment of formaldehyde and provides some general comments on the IRIS development process.
