Author: Mu Wang
Publisher: Golden Elixir Press
ISBN: 0984308253
Category : Body, Mind & Spirit
Languages : en
Pages : 156
Book Description
Originally written for Chinese readers, this book provides a clear description of the Taoist practice of Internal Alchemy, or Neidan. The author outlines the four stages of the alchemical practice and clarifies several relevant terms and notions, including Essence, Breath, and Spirit; the Cinnabar Fields; the "Fire Times"; and the Embryo. The book is based on the system of the Wuzhen pian (Awakening to Reality), one of the main sources of Internal Alchemy, and contains about two hundred quotations from original Taoist texts. Table of Contents Foreword, vii INTRODUCTION, 1 The Basis: Essence and Spirit, 3 STAGES OF THE ALCHEMICAL PRACTICE IN AWAKENING TO REALITY, 11 The Four Stages, 13 "Laying the Foundations," 15 Main Points in the Practice of "Laying the Foundations," 20 The Functions of Essence, Breath, and Spirit, 36 Terms Related to the "Coagulation of the Three Treasures," 52 Conclusion of the Stage of "Laying the Foundations," 63 "Refining Essence to Transmute it into Breath," 65 "Refining Breath to Transmute it into Spirit," 99 "Refining Spirit to Return to Emptiness," 109 CONCLUSION, 119 The "Arts of the Way," 121 Tables, 123 Glossary of Chinese Characters, 133
Foundations of Internal Alchemy
Author: Mu Wang
Publisher: Golden Elixir Press
ISBN: 0984308253
Category : Body, Mind & Spirit
Languages : en
Pages : 156
Book Description
Originally written for Chinese readers, this book provides a clear description of the Taoist practice of Internal Alchemy, or Neidan. The author outlines the four stages of the alchemical practice and clarifies several relevant terms and notions, including Essence, Breath, and Spirit; the Cinnabar Fields; the "Fire Times"; and the Embryo. The book is based on the system of the Wuzhen pian (Awakening to Reality), one of the main sources of Internal Alchemy, and contains about two hundred quotations from original Taoist texts. Table of Contents Foreword, vii INTRODUCTION, 1 The Basis: Essence and Spirit, 3 STAGES OF THE ALCHEMICAL PRACTICE IN AWAKENING TO REALITY, 11 The Four Stages, 13 "Laying the Foundations," 15 Main Points in the Practice of "Laying the Foundations," 20 The Functions of Essence, Breath, and Spirit, 36 Terms Related to the "Coagulation of the Three Treasures," 52 Conclusion of the Stage of "Laying the Foundations," 63 "Refining Essence to Transmute it into Breath," 65 "Refining Breath to Transmute it into Spirit," 99 "Refining Spirit to Return to Emptiness," 109 CONCLUSION, 119 The "Arts of the Way," 121 Tables, 123 Glossary of Chinese Characters, 133
Publisher: Golden Elixir Press
ISBN: 0984308253
Category : Body, Mind & Spirit
Languages : en
Pages : 156
Book Description
Originally written for Chinese readers, this book provides a clear description of the Taoist practice of Internal Alchemy, or Neidan. The author outlines the four stages of the alchemical practice and clarifies several relevant terms and notions, including Essence, Breath, and Spirit; the Cinnabar Fields; the "Fire Times"; and the Embryo. The book is based on the system of the Wuzhen pian (Awakening to Reality), one of the main sources of Internal Alchemy, and contains about two hundred quotations from original Taoist texts. Table of Contents Foreword, vii INTRODUCTION, 1 The Basis: Essence and Spirit, 3 STAGES OF THE ALCHEMICAL PRACTICE IN AWAKENING TO REALITY, 11 The Four Stages, 13 "Laying the Foundations," 15 Main Points in the Practice of "Laying the Foundations," 20 The Functions of Essence, Breath, and Spirit, 36 Terms Related to the "Coagulation of the Three Treasures," 52 Conclusion of the Stage of "Laying the Foundations," 63 "Refining Essence to Transmute it into Breath," 65 "Refining Breath to Transmute it into Spirit," 99 "Refining Spirit to Return to Emptiness," 109 CONCLUSION, 119 The "Arts of the Way," 121 Tables, 123 Glossary of Chinese Characters, 133
Great Clarity
Author: Fabrizio Pregadio
Publisher: Stanford University Press
ISBN: 0804767734
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 405
Book Description
This is the first book to examine extensively the religious aspects of Chinese alchemy. Its main focus is the relation of alchemy to the Daoist traditions of the early medieval period (third to sixth centuries). It shows how alchemy contributed to and was tightly integrated into the elaborate body of doctrines and practices that Daoists built at that time, from which Daoism as we know it today evolved. The book also clarifies the origins of Chinese alchemy and the respective roles of alchemy and meditation in self-cultivation practices. It contains full translations of three important medieval texts, all of them accompanied by running commentaries, making available for the first time in English the gist of the early Chinese alchemical corpus.
Publisher: Stanford University Press
ISBN: 0804767734
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 405
Book Description
This is the first book to examine extensively the religious aspects of Chinese alchemy. Its main focus is the relation of alchemy to the Daoist traditions of the early medieval period (third to sixth centuries). It shows how alchemy contributed to and was tightly integrated into the elaborate body of doctrines and practices that Daoists built at that time, from which Daoism as we know it today evolved. The book also clarifies the origins of Chinese alchemy and the respective roles of alchemy and meditation in self-cultivation practices. It contains full translations of three important medieval texts, all of them accompanied by running commentaries, making available for the first time in English the gist of the early Chinese alchemical corpus.
The Taoist Alchemy of Wang Liping: Volume One
Author: Nathan Brine
Publisher: Taoist Alchemy of Wang Lip
ISBN: 9781777046804
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 218
Book Description
For centuries, high up in the mountains of China, spiritual adepts explored the essence of being human. Known as Taoist alchemists, these practitioners developed and refined systems of energetic practice that allow us to experience our true nature. The Taoist Alchemy of Wang Liping: Vol. 1 introduces a traditional system of Taoist self-transformation known as internal alchemy or neidan, outlining the core curriculum and instruction methods designed to awaken consciousness and the mind-body connection. Wang Liping is the current transmitter of the Dragon Gate Lineage, a Taoist lineage that for centuries has been synonymous with the practice of neidan. The first in a series, Volume One briefly details Nathan's training with Wang Liping before presenting the core practices of the first alchemical phase: how to build foundation, and refine jing, the lower frequency of energy associated with our physical body, into a more rarified form of energy called qi. Numerous methods, rituals, and techniques are included, as well as a clear framework for the practice. Wang Liping is responsible for passing on the ancient knowledge of the Dragon Gate Lineage of Taoist practice, as a mentor and teacher for the next generation of students. Wang Liping's lineage is a traditional Mountain Taoist lineage. These Taoists are fully engaged in self-transformation and the pursuit of transcendence. Born in China's northeast in 1949, Wang Liping was chosen by three masters of the Dragon Gate Lineage to become the 18th heir, holder and transmitter of the lineage. Wang Liping's arduous training was described in the book Opening the Dragon Gate: The Making of a Modern Taoist Wizard. Wang Liping began teaching publicly in 1985. Since then, he has trained many students throughout China and abroad. He continues to live in China and teach. Nathan has been teaching Chinese internal arts for over twenty years. He began Taoist practice in 1997, immersing himself in Taoist temple arts, martial arts, meditation, internal work (neigong), energy work (qigong), and internal alchemy. For several years Nathan lived in China and trained full-time with a number of masters, as well as learning Mandarin Chinese. After China, Nathan returned to Canada to pursue academic study of Taoism, where he received a BA in Asian Languages and Culture and worked towards an MA at the University of British Columbia, extending his knowledge of Classical Chinese and the Taoist canon. After meeting Wang Liping, Nathan left graduate school and devoted himself wholly to learning Taoist alchemy. Wang Liping authorized Nathan to teach in 2015. Nathan now leads regular workshops in Vancouver, Canada, as well as internationally.
Publisher: Taoist Alchemy of Wang Lip
ISBN: 9781777046804
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 218
Book Description
For centuries, high up in the mountains of China, spiritual adepts explored the essence of being human. Known as Taoist alchemists, these practitioners developed and refined systems of energetic practice that allow us to experience our true nature. The Taoist Alchemy of Wang Liping: Vol. 1 introduces a traditional system of Taoist self-transformation known as internal alchemy or neidan, outlining the core curriculum and instruction methods designed to awaken consciousness and the mind-body connection. Wang Liping is the current transmitter of the Dragon Gate Lineage, a Taoist lineage that for centuries has been synonymous with the practice of neidan. The first in a series, Volume One briefly details Nathan's training with Wang Liping before presenting the core practices of the first alchemical phase: how to build foundation, and refine jing, the lower frequency of energy associated with our physical body, into a more rarified form of energy called qi. Numerous methods, rituals, and techniques are included, as well as a clear framework for the practice. Wang Liping is responsible for passing on the ancient knowledge of the Dragon Gate Lineage of Taoist practice, as a mentor and teacher for the next generation of students. Wang Liping's lineage is a traditional Mountain Taoist lineage. These Taoists are fully engaged in self-transformation and the pursuit of transcendence. Born in China's northeast in 1949, Wang Liping was chosen by three masters of the Dragon Gate Lineage to become the 18th heir, holder and transmitter of the lineage. Wang Liping's arduous training was described in the book Opening the Dragon Gate: The Making of a Modern Taoist Wizard. Wang Liping began teaching publicly in 1985. Since then, he has trained many students throughout China and abroad. He continues to live in China and teach. Nathan has been teaching Chinese internal arts for over twenty years. He began Taoist practice in 1997, immersing himself in Taoist temple arts, martial arts, meditation, internal work (neigong), energy work (qigong), and internal alchemy. For several years Nathan lived in China and trained full-time with a number of masters, as well as learning Mandarin Chinese. After China, Nathan returned to Canada to pursue academic study of Taoism, where he received a BA in Asian Languages and Culture and worked towards an MA at the University of British Columbia, extending his knowledge of Classical Chinese and the Taoist canon. After meeting Wang Liping, Nathan left graduate school and devoted himself wholly to learning Taoist alchemy. Wang Liping authorized Nathan to teach in 2015. Nathan now leads regular workshops in Vancouver, Canada, as well as internationally.
The Literati Path to Immortality: The Alchemical Teachings of Lu Xixing
Author: Ilia Mozias
Publisher: Lulu.com
ISBN: 1931483426
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 248
Book Description
The Literati Path explores the life and teachings of the Ming author and alchemist Lu Xixing (1520-1601). It begins by examining his biography, religious community, alchemical doctrine, and methods of practice. Lu was special in that he embodied the literati tradition of self-cultivation, engaging in the alchemical arts without ever leaving his habitual life. He did not abandon his family, was never ordained, and had no connection to Daoist or other institutions. He learned internal alchemy from books and through spirit-writing seances where he met Lü Dongbin and other immortals. Next, the work expounds the cosmological doctrines at the foundation of internal alchemy, including those found in the Yijing and the Cantong qi, and outlines the universal ebb and flow of yin and yang as the basis of the immortal elixir. It moves on to describe just how the practice serves to overcome destiny, modeling techniques on biological gestation and creating a new being deep within. It explains major alchemical concepts as applied by Lu Xixing and systematically describes his path to immortality, all the while questioning the validity of his reputation as a sexual alchemist. Shedding fascinating new light on the religious life of Ming literati and providing a first access to a unique take on internal alchemy in late imperial China, The Literati Path to Immortality is a must for anyone interested in traditional Chinese religion and culture!
Publisher: Lulu.com
ISBN: 1931483426
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 248
Book Description
The Literati Path explores the life and teachings of the Ming author and alchemist Lu Xixing (1520-1601). It begins by examining his biography, religious community, alchemical doctrine, and methods of practice. Lu was special in that he embodied the literati tradition of self-cultivation, engaging in the alchemical arts without ever leaving his habitual life. He did not abandon his family, was never ordained, and had no connection to Daoist or other institutions. He learned internal alchemy from books and through spirit-writing seances where he met Lü Dongbin and other immortals. Next, the work expounds the cosmological doctrines at the foundation of internal alchemy, including those found in the Yijing and the Cantong qi, and outlines the universal ebb and flow of yin and yang as the basis of the immortal elixir. It moves on to describe just how the practice serves to overcome destiny, modeling techniques on biological gestation and creating a new being deep within. It explains major alchemical concepts as applied by Lu Xixing and systematically describes his path to immortality, all the while questioning the validity of his reputation as a sexual alchemist. Shedding fascinating new light on the religious life of Ming literati and providing a first access to a unique take on internal alchemy in late imperial China, The Literati Path to Immortality is a must for anyone interested in traditional Chinese religion and culture!
Hermetic Philosophy and Creative Alchemy
Author: Marlene Seven Bremner
Publisher: Simon and Schuster
ISBN: 1644112892
Category : Body, Mind & Spirit
Languages : en
Pages : 561
Book Description
• Examines the foundational texts and principles of Hermeticism and alchemy, showing how they offer a foundation for a psycho-spiritual creative practice • Takes the reader on a Hermetic journey through each of the seven traditional planets, offering meditative discourses that speak directly to the intuitive soul • Provides examples from traditional alchemical art and the author’s own intricate esoteric paintings Drawing on ancient Egyptian and Greek cosmogonies and essential Hermetic texts, such as the Corpus Hermeticum, the Emerald Tablet (Tabula Smaragdina), and the Nag Hammadi codices, Marlene Seven Bremner offers a detailed understanding of Hermetic philosophy and the art of alchemy as a foundation for a psycho-spiritual creative practice. Offering examples from traditional alchemical art and her own intricate esoteric paintings, Bremner examines the foundational principles of Hermeticism and alchemy and shows how these traditions are a direct means for accessing higher consciousness and true self-knowledge, or gnosis, as well as a way to extract the essence of one’s own creative gifts. The author takes the reader on a Hermetic journey through each of the seven traditional planets--Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, the Sun, Venus, Mercury, and the Moon--exploring their mythological, philosophical, alchemical, Qabalistic, magical, astrological, and energetic natures and offering meditative discourses that reach past the rational mind to speak directly to the intuitive soul. She relates the seven planets to the esoteric anatomy of the human body, specifically the seven chakras, and shows how the planets can offer understanding and experience of archetypal energies and patterns in the body, in one’s life, and in the creative process. A profound synthesis of magical and occult teachings as well as an initiation into the alchemical opus, this book reveals how to integrate and apply Hermetic and alchemical principles to awaken inner knowing, liberate the imagination, and live a mystical, creative, and truly inspired life.
Publisher: Simon and Schuster
ISBN: 1644112892
Category : Body, Mind & Spirit
Languages : en
Pages : 561
Book Description
• Examines the foundational texts and principles of Hermeticism and alchemy, showing how they offer a foundation for a psycho-spiritual creative practice • Takes the reader on a Hermetic journey through each of the seven traditional planets, offering meditative discourses that speak directly to the intuitive soul • Provides examples from traditional alchemical art and the author’s own intricate esoteric paintings Drawing on ancient Egyptian and Greek cosmogonies and essential Hermetic texts, such as the Corpus Hermeticum, the Emerald Tablet (Tabula Smaragdina), and the Nag Hammadi codices, Marlene Seven Bremner offers a detailed understanding of Hermetic philosophy and the art of alchemy as a foundation for a psycho-spiritual creative practice. Offering examples from traditional alchemical art and her own intricate esoteric paintings, Bremner examines the foundational principles of Hermeticism and alchemy and shows how these traditions are a direct means for accessing higher consciousness and true self-knowledge, or gnosis, as well as a way to extract the essence of one’s own creative gifts. The author takes the reader on a Hermetic journey through each of the seven traditional planets--Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, the Sun, Venus, Mercury, and the Moon--exploring their mythological, philosophical, alchemical, Qabalistic, magical, astrological, and energetic natures and offering meditative discourses that reach past the rational mind to speak directly to the intuitive soul. She relates the seven planets to the esoteric anatomy of the human body, specifically the seven chakras, and shows how the planets can offer understanding and experience of archetypal energies and patterns in the body, in one’s life, and in the creative process. A profound synthesis of magical and occult teachings as well as an initiation into the alchemical opus, this book reveals how to integrate and apply Hermetic and alchemical principles to awaken inner knowing, liberate the imagination, and live a mystical, creative, and truly inspired life.
Taoism and Self Knowledge
Author: Catherine Despeux
Publisher: BRILL
ISBN: 900438345X
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 311
Book Description
Catherine Despeux’s book Taoism and Self Knowledge is a study of the Internal Alchemical text "Chart for the Cultivation of Perfection." It begins with an analysis of pictographic and symbolic representation of the body in early Taoism after which the author examines different extant versions of the "Chart" as it was transmitted among Quanzhen groups in the Qing dynasty. The book is comprised of four main parts: the principal parts of the body and their nomenclature in Internal Alchemy, the spirits in the human body, and the alchemical processes and procedures used in thunder rituals and self-cultivation. This is a revised, expanded edition of the original French edition Taoïsme et connaissance de soi. La carte de la culture de la perfection (Xiuzhen tu) Paris, 2012.
Publisher: BRILL
ISBN: 900438345X
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 311
Book Description
Catherine Despeux’s book Taoism and Self Knowledge is a study of the Internal Alchemical text "Chart for the Cultivation of Perfection." It begins with an analysis of pictographic and symbolic representation of the body in early Taoism after which the author examines different extant versions of the "Chart" as it was transmitted among Quanzhen groups in the Qing dynasty. The book is comprised of four main parts: the principal parts of the body and their nomenclature in Internal Alchemy, the spirits in the human body, and the alchemical processes and procedures used in thunder rituals and self-cultivation. This is a revised, expanded edition of the original French edition Taoïsme et connaissance de soi. La carte de la culture de la perfection (Xiuzhen tu) Paris, 2012.
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Author: Harold David Roth
Publisher: Columbia University Press
ISBN: 9780231115643
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 304
Book Description
Presents a translation and commentary to the oldest known extant Taoist text, Inward Training (Nei-yeh), which is composed of short poetic verses devoted to the practice of breath meditation and its resultant insights about human nature and the cosmos. Roth argues that Inward Training is the basis of early Taoism, and suggests that there may be more continuity between early philosophical Taoism and later Taoist religion than scholars have thought.
Publisher: Columbia University Press
ISBN: 9780231115643
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 304
Book Description
Presents a translation and commentary to the oldest known extant Taoist text, Inward Training (Nei-yeh), which is composed of short poetic verses devoted to the practice of breath meditation and its resultant insights about human nature and the cosmos. Roth argues that Inward Training is the basis of early Taoism, and suggests that there may be more continuity between early philosophical Taoism and later Taoist religion than scholars have thought.
The World Upside Down
Author: Isabelle Robinet
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780984308262
Category : Alchemy
Languages : en
Pages : 129
Book Description
This book contains four essays on Internal Alchemy (Neidan) by Isabelle Robinet, originally published in French and translated here for the first time into English. The essays are concerned with the alchemical principle of "inversion"; the devices used by the alchemists to "give form to the Formless by the word, and thus manifest the authentic and absolute Dao"; the symbolic function of numbers in Taoism and in Internal Alchemy; and the original meanings of the terms "External Elixir" (waidan) and "Internal Elixir" (neidan). Table of Contents Acknowledgements, vii 1. The World Upside Down in Taoist Internal Alchemy, 1 2. The Alchemical Language, or the Effort to Say the Contradictory, 17 3. Role and Meaning of Numbers in Taoist Cosmology and Alchemy, 45 4. On the Meaning of the Terms Waidan and Neidan, 75 Tables and Pictures, 103 Appendix: Works by Isabelle Robinet, 113 Glossary of Chinese Characters, 117 Works Quoted, 123
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780984308262
Category : Alchemy
Languages : en
Pages : 129
Book Description
This book contains four essays on Internal Alchemy (Neidan) by Isabelle Robinet, originally published in French and translated here for the first time into English. The essays are concerned with the alchemical principle of "inversion"; the devices used by the alchemists to "give form to the Formless by the word, and thus manifest the authentic and absolute Dao"; the symbolic function of numbers in Taoism and in Internal Alchemy; and the original meanings of the terms "External Elixir" (waidan) and "Internal Elixir" (neidan). Table of Contents Acknowledgements, vii 1. The World Upside Down in Taoist Internal Alchemy, 1 2. The Alchemical Language, or the Effort to Say the Contradictory, 17 3. Role and Meaning of Numbers in Taoist Cosmology and Alchemy, 45 4. On the Meaning of the Terms Waidan and Neidan, 75 Tables and Pictures, 103 Appendix: Works by Isabelle Robinet, 113 Glossary of Chinese Characters, 117 Works Quoted, 123
Tai Ji Qi
Author: Stuart Alve Olson
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781494247867
Category : Body, Mind & Spirit
Languages : en
Pages : 164
Book Description
Taijiquan is Internal Alchemy in motion, and the Taiji Qigong Form and supplemental exercises in Tai Ji Qi (Volume One of the Chen Kung Series) represent the very foundation for the Internal Alchemy aspects in the practice of Taijiquan.The information in Stuart Alve Olson's six-volume Chen Kung Series, available to the Chinese reader for nearly eighty years, covers the entire Yang family system of Taijiquan practice and philosophy. Chen Kung's original Chinese book, published in 1936, is a distinct and invaluable resource that is now accessible to English readers through the brilliant translation work and insightful commentary of Stuart Alve Olson.No matter what style of Taijiquan (Tai Chi Chuan) you practice or what level of skill you have achieved, the Chen Kung Series will greatly broaden your knowledge and skills, as it is truly a “Master's Program” on the art of Taijiquan.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781494247867
Category : Body, Mind & Spirit
Languages : en
Pages : 164
Book Description
Taijiquan is Internal Alchemy in motion, and the Taiji Qigong Form and supplemental exercises in Tai Ji Qi (Volume One of the Chen Kung Series) represent the very foundation for the Internal Alchemy aspects in the practice of Taijiquan.The information in Stuart Alve Olson's six-volume Chen Kung Series, available to the Chinese reader for nearly eighty years, covers the entire Yang family system of Taijiquan practice and philosophy. Chen Kung's original Chinese book, published in 1936, is a distinct and invaluable resource that is now accessible to English readers through the brilliant translation work and insightful commentary of Stuart Alve Olson.No matter what style of Taijiquan (Tai Chi Chuan) you practice or what level of skill you have achieved, the Chen Kung Series will greatly broaden your knowledge and skills, as it is truly a “Master's Program” on the art of Taijiquan.
Awakening to Reality
Author: Fabrizio Pregadio
Publisher: Golden Elixir Press
ISBN: 0984308210
Category : Body, Mind & Spirit
Languages : en
Pages : 114
Book Description
Awakening to Reality (Wuzhen pian) is one of the most important and best-known Taoist alchemical texts. Written in the eleventh century, it describes in a poetical form, and in a typically cryptic and allusive language, several facets of Neidan, or internal alchemy. The present book presents the first part of the text, consisting of sixteen poems, which contain a concise but comprehensive exposition of Neidan. In addition to notes that intend to clarify the meaning of the more obscure points, the book also contains selections from a commentary dating from the late eighteenth century, which is distinguished by the use of a lucid and plain language. Fabrizio Pregadio has taught at the University of Venice (1996-97), the Technical University of Berlin (1998-2001), and Stanford University (2001-08). He is the author of Great Clarity: Daoism and Alchemy in Early Medieval China (Stanford University Press, 2006) and the editor of The Encyclopedia of Taoism (Routledge, 2008).
Publisher: Golden Elixir Press
ISBN: 0984308210
Category : Body, Mind & Spirit
Languages : en
Pages : 114
Book Description
Awakening to Reality (Wuzhen pian) is one of the most important and best-known Taoist alchemical texts. Written in the eleventh century, it describes in a poetical form, and in a typically cryptic and allusive language, several facets of Neidan, or internal alchemy. The present book presents the first part of the text, consisting of sixteen poems, which contain a concise but comprehensive exposition of Neidan. In addition to notes that intend to clarify the meaning of the more obscure points, the book also contains selections from a commentary dating from the late eighteenth century, which is distinguished by the use of a lucid and plain language. Fabrizio Pregadio has taught at the University of Venice (1996-97), the Technical University of Berlin (1998-2001), and Stanford University (2001-08). He is the author of Great Clarity: Daoism and Alchemy in Early Medieval China (Stanford University Press, 2006) and the editor of The Encyclopedia of Taoism (Routledge, 2008).