Essays on Labor Market Institutions, Growth and Gender Inequality PDF Download
Are you looking for read ebook online? Search for your book and save it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Download Essays on Labor Market Institutions, Growth and Gender Inequality PDF full book. Access full book title Essays on Labor Market Institutions, Growth and Gender Inequality by Farzana Munir. Download full books in PDF and EPUB format.
Author: Farzana Munir
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Get Book Here
Book Description
The present dissertation aims to describe three essays related to labor market institutions, growth and gender inequality. Essay 1 addresses the impact of labor market institutions on economic growth. Using a quantitative study and considering the time and country-specific characteristics, I analyzed the role of labor market institutions in conventional growth models framework, by controlling state and policy variables. Growth is found to be strongly but negatively determined by labor tax rate, while weakly but positively by degree of centralization, benefit replacement rate, and union density. Moreover, analysis of interactions between labor market institutions are found to be crucial for policy concerns. The findings also suggest that more important is to consider how these taxes are being used. Essay 2 aims to explain that whether growth or sectoral growth can have impact on womens welfare. Complex relationship is observed based on type of countries and type and pattern of growth. Fertility is found to be a potential channel linking growth with womens welfare. Based on the separate analysis for OECD and non-OECD countries, it is suggested that growth does not automatically enhance womens welfare. So, when dealing with growth strategies, it is necessary to ensure that women benefit equally likely men from growth or sectoral growth. It is also suggested that along with growth pattern, cultural norms and peoples mindset could be important determinant for womens welfare. Essay 3 tests the prevailing theme of gender inequality related to test score performance. In some societies, it is considered that males performed better in math and females in verbal abilities and that this is natural. The aim is to look for the role of gender itself and other environmental factors in impacting students performance at the end of compulsory education in math, reading and math sub-scale domains. Analysis at this stage is important because it can have its impact in future selection of educational fields and careers. Analysis of test score performance shows that gender indeed impacts, as plain gender gap is found even after controlling for other environmental factors. However, it is found that there is a possibility to mitigate this gap through environmental factors where schooling or institutional impact is found to have a substantial impact. Among other environmental factors, role of highly educated mothers, full-time working mothers, public schools, more proportion of fully certified teachers, and improvement in role of females are proved to be decisive in improving females test performances in both reading and math.
Author: Farzana Munir
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Get Book Here
Book Description
The present dissertation aims to describe three essays related to labor market institutions, growth and gender inequality. Essay 1 addresses the impact of labor market institutions on economic growth. Using a quantitative study and considering the time and country-specific characteristics, I analyzed the role of labor market institutions in conventional growth models framework, by controlling state and policy variables. Growth is found to be strongly but negatively determined by labor tax rate, while weakly but positively by degree of centralization, benefit replacement rate, and union density. Moreover, analysis of interactions between labor market institutions are found to be crucial for policy concerns. The findings also suggest that more important is to consider how these taxes are being used. Essay 2 aims to explain that whether growth or sectoral growth can have impact on womens welfare. Complex relationship is observed based on type of countries and type and pattern of growth. Fertility is found to be a potential channel linking growth with womens welfare. Based on the separate analysis for OECD and non-OECD countries, it is suggested that growth does not automatically enhance womens welfare. So, when dealing with growth strategies, it is necessary to ensure that women benefit equally likely men from growth or sectoral growth. It is also suggested that along with growth pattern, cultural norms and peoples mindset could be important determinant for womens welfare. Essay 3 tests the prevailing theme of gender inequality related to test score performance. In some societies, it is considered that males performed better in math and females in verbal abilities and that this is natural. The aim is to look for the role of gender itself and other environmental factors in impacting students performance at the end of compulsory education in math, reading and math sub-scale domains. Analysis at this stage is important because it can have its impact in future selection of educational fields and careers. Analysis of test score performance shows that gender indeed impacts, as plain gender gap is found even after controlling for other environmental factors. However, it is found that there is a possibility to mitigate this gap through environmental factors where schooling or institutional impact is found to have a substantial impact. Among other environmental factors, role of highly educated mothers, full-time working mothers, public schools, more proportion of fully certified teachers, and improvement in role of females are proved to be decisive in improving females test performances in both reading and math.
Author: Janine Berg
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN: 1784712108
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 430
Get Book Here
Book Description
Labour market institutions, including collective bargaining, the regulation of employment contracts and social protection policies, are instrumental for improving the well-being of workers, their families and society. In many countries, these instituti
Author: Anna Linderoth
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789180143936
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author: Raquel Fernández
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1513571168
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 50
Get Book Here
Book Description
This paper considers various dimensions and sources of gender inequality and presents policies and best practices to address these. With women accounting for fifty percent of the global population, inclusive growth can only be achieved if it promotes gender equality. Despite recent progress, gender gaps remain across all stages of life, including before birth, and negatively impact health, education, and economic outcomes for women. The roadmap to gender equality has to rely on legal framework reforms, policies to promote equal access, and efforts to tackle entrenched social norms. These need to be set in the context of arising new trends such as digitalization, climate change, as well as shocks such as pandemics.
Author: Julia Philipp
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author: Joanne Tan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 194
Get Book Here
Book Description
This thesis examines the themes of sorting, inequality and the impact of technological change on the labor market. In particular, it addresses the questions of how workers sort within and between firms and how this influences labor market inequality, both in the workforce as a while, as well as between demographic and skill groups. It also considers how changes in technology affects the labor market conditions faced by workers and firms. These questions are tackled over three chapters. The first chapter, entitled `Multidimensional heterogeneity and matching in a frictional labor market - an application to polarization' deals with the sorting of workers to firms along multidimensional characteristics and quantifies the impact of technological change on the evolution of sorting patterns, wages and employment outcomes of different skill and demographic groups. I construct a model of directed search with two-sided multidimensional heterogeneity and estimate the model on US data. I find that production complementarities between cognitive and interpersonal skills and tasks have increased, relative to hat between manual skills and manual tasks. This change in production technology accounts for a large part of wage and job polarization in the US. Also, despite being gender-blind, the model can explain a substantial fraction of the narrowing of gender wage and job rank gaps from the 1980s to the present day. The second chapter, entitled `Intra-firm hierarchies and gender gaps' and coauthored with Nicolo Dalvit and Aseem Patel, studies the sorting of women into layers of hierarchy within firms, using administrative French data, and examines the incidence of gender wage and employment gaps across hierarchies over time. Further, by exploiting a policy on corporate board quotas in France, it assesses the impact of an increase in female leadership on gender wage and employment outcomes within firms. We find that hierarchies matter in gender wage and employment gaps. Gender wage and employment gaps increase with each layer of firm hierarchy, even if these gaps narrow more over time in the upper layers. In addition, improvements in top female leadership has differing impacts across hierarchies. While a greater share of female corporate board members narrows the gender wage gap in top layers of hierarchy, it has no such impact on lower layers. Instead, it increases the share of women in lower layers working part-time, at the expense of full-time employment. The opposite is true for women in upper layers. The third chapter, `Occupational Shortage and Labor Market Adjustments: a Theory of Islands', coauthored with Riccardo Zago, addresses the incidence of occupational shortage, and assesses whether it leads to wage and employment adjustments. Using a unique dataset on reported vacancies that firms find difficult to fill, we document the incidence of shortage across regions, industries and occupation groups. We find that shortage only leads to wage and employment adjustments in non-routine occupations, but not in routine occupations. We show how the secular decline of the routine occupations, caused by technological change, can account for the persistence in shortage in the routine sector and its inability to adjust.
Author: Mia Hultin
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789176040843
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 21
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author: Sean P. MacDonald
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 392
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author: Zoe B. Cullen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Get Book Here
Book Description
This dissertation explores questions in labor economics with a particular focus on economic inequality. As one might expect, race, gender, and location are recurring themes. The dissertation makes headway on long-standing questions in economics, in large part, through the collection of administrative datasets, and complementary field experiments. In the first chapter, I present evidence that employers pay a premium to equalize pay between workers if those workers can share information about their compensation. To establish a causal relationship between pay transparency and wage compression, I work with the operator of an online labor market who granted me access to detailed records of the tasks that employers advertise and the prices at which workers are willing to do them. These data capture the entire wage determination process, making it possible to observe the drivers of wage compression and the gender wage gap. Three facts emerge. First, for a particular multi-worker setting, pay between any two workers differs on average by over fifty percent when workers propose a price for their services. Second, when workers are in the same location, employers deliberately raise the pay of lower bidders, reducing dispersion, irrespective of differences in assessed productivity or reservation values. Finally, employers who compress pay when workers work in the same place will allow disparities when workers are physically separated. Overall, we find that even in this short-term spot market for labor, consideration of relative pay are quantitatively important for both wages and labor supply. We combine these online platform data with a field experiment to show that, with few institutional constraints, paying a premium to compress pay may be efficient when workers can communicate pay. Our field experiment shows that when pay is unequal, workers strategically use information about co-worker pay to negotiate higher wages that can double the time it takes to complete a job. Worker morale response to lower relative pay can lead quality of output to fall by a full standard deviation. An employer can make trade-offs between these costs by adjusting the terms of negotiation or compressing pay. A profit maximizing employer may optimally equalize wages ex-ante in equilibrium. An important extension to this empirical result is the effect of gender on the ramifications of pay transparency. While a male worker who communicates with co-workers is, on average, able to close the wage gap between the highest paid work and himself by 85 percent, a female worker in the same position closes the gap by 12 percent. This result may give pause to advocates of pay transparency policies if their goal is more equal pay for men and women. The second and third chapter examine the relationship between place and productivity. In the second chapter, I study the impact on aggregate productivity of policies that affect a firm's choice of where to locate. In particular, I study the relationship between state corporate taxes and the investment of firms in R & D, as captured by new patents. While tax advantaged-areas make investment cheaper for firms, they often require firms to locate where their productivity will be lower. In this chapter, I create a unique patent-establishment panel dataset by linking the residence of scientists on each patent application granted, over a thirty-year window, with the address of U.S. establishments. With this dataset, I show that innovation productivity is lower in low tax places, suggesting that place-based productivity is a more important determinant of innovative activity than traditional explanations which focus on the cost of investment. Our analysis proceeds in three steps. First, we analyze establishment mobility and show that lower taxes attract establishments. In particular, a one percent lower corporate tax rate increases the share of establishments in a local area by roughly 3.4%. Second, we exploit establishment migration to separate variation in innovation productivity due to establishment-specific and place-specific characteristics. We show that moving to a place that is 5% more productive increases a given firm's patent activity by 1\%. We follow this literature in evaluating the validity of this variation using pre-move behavior and control functions in the spirit of Dahl (2002). We then relate these place effects to corporate taxes and document that low tax places tend to have lower innovation productivity. The third chapter provides evidence that the voluntary choice of African-Americans to move from Northern regions in the U.S. to Southern regions is responsible in part for lower occupational standing and real income. I find that these migration patterns are also part of a trend that accelerated during the early 21st century among Northern born African-Americans. We combine evidence from four nationally-representative surveys, the U.S. Census, American Community Survey, Current Population Survey, and the Survey of Income Program and Participation, to statistically assess the forces behind a reverse migration from North to South and associated economic trade-offs. Using variation in the precise timing of individual moves and a model of the wage process, I provide evidence that, on average, African-American are moving to places where their earnings are lower after adjusting for regional price differences, and much lower relative to non-Hispanic white migrants. As suggestive evidence about the reason for these moves, we find that the magnitude of the economic trade-off between origin and destination is proportional to the severity and duration of riots which occurred in Northern cities at the time of the earlier Great Migration. We conclude from this that attractive amenities of the South may play a minor role in driving a reverse migration relative to the failure of some Northern cities to integrate during the 20th century. In chapters 1 and 2, I work closely with co-authors Bobak Pakzad Hurson, currently a classmate of mine, and Juan Carlos Suarez Serrato, who was a post-doc at Stanford at the inception of our collaboration, and who has since take a faculty position at Duke University.
Author: Gülay Özcan
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789174472295
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 27
Get Book Here
Book Description
