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Author: Lawrence Costa
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 276
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Book Description
I study the effect of higher education on lifecycle earnings and focus on three ways in which education may help drive earnings: the effect of higher education on one’s skills, the effect on one’s ability to accumulate new skills in the future, and the relationship between education and one’s likelihood of unemployment.
Author: Lawrence Costa
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 276
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Book Description
I study the effect of higher education on lifecycle earnings and focus on three ways in which education may help drive earnings: the effect of higher education on one’s skills, the effect on one’s ability to accumulate new skills in the future, and the relationship between education and one’s likelihood of unemployment.
Author: Elisabeth Lång
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
ISBN: 9176854639
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 28
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Book Description
The objective of this thesis is to improve the understanding of how several individual characteristics, namely education (years of schooling), health indicators (height, weight, smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise), criminal behavior, and crime victimization, influence labor market outcomes in the short and long run. The first part of the thesis consists of three studies in which I adopt a within-twin-pair difference approach to analyze how education, health indicators, and earnings are associated with each other over the life cycle. The second part of the thesis includes two studies in which I use field experiments in order to test the employability of exoffenders and crime victims. The first essay, Learning for life?, describes an analysis of the education premium in earnings and health-related behaviors throughout adulthood among twins. The results show that the education premium in earnings, net of genetic inheritance, is rather small over the life cycle but increases with the level of education. The results also show that the education premium in health-related behaviors is mainly concentrated on smoking habits. The influences of education on earnings and health-related behaviors seem to work independently of each other, and there are no signs that health-related behaviors influence the education premium in earnings or vice versa. The second essay, Blowing up money?, details an analysis of the association between smoking and earnings in two different historical social contexts in Sweden: the 1970s and the 2000s. I also consider possible differences in this association in the short and long run as well as between the sexes. The results show that the earnings penalty for smoking is much stronger in the 2000s as compared to the 1970s (for both sexes) and that it is larger in the long run as compared to the short run (for men). The third essay, Two by two, inch by inch, describes an analysis of the height premium among Swedish twins. The results show that the height premium is relatively constant over the life cycle and that it is larger below median height for men and above median height for young women. The estimates are similar for monozygotic and dizygotic twins, indicating that environmentally and genetically induced height differences are similarly associated with earnings over the life cycle. The fourth essay, The employability of ex-offenders, published in IZA Journal of Labor Policy (2017), 6:6, details an analysis of whether male and female exoffenders are discriminated against when applying for jobs in the Swedish labor market. The results show that employers do discriminate against exoffenders but that the degree of discrimination varies across occupations. Discrimination against ex-offenders is pronounced in female-dominated and high-skilled occupations. The magnitude of discrimination against exoffenders does not vary by applicants’ sex. The fifth essay, Victimized twice?, describes an analysis of whether male and female crime victims are discriminated against when applying for jobs in the Swedish labor market. This study is the first to consider potential hiring discrimination against crime victims. The results show that employers do discriminate against crime victims. The discrimination varies with the sex of the crime victim and occupational characteristics and is concentrated among high-skilled jobs for female crime victims and among femaledominated jobs for male crime victims.
Author: Anjali Priya Verma
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This dissertation examines the determinants of disparity in education and labor market outcomes. The first chapter, co-authored with Imelda, examines the impact of clean energy access on adult health and labor supply outcomes by exploiting a nationwide roll-out of clean cooking fuel program in Indonesia. This program led to a large-scale fuel switching, from kerosene, a dirty fuel, to liquid petroleum gas, a cleaner one. Using longitudinal survey data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey and exploiting the staggered structure of the program rollout, we find that access to clean cooking fuel led to a significant improvement in women’s health, particularly among those who spend most of their time indoors doing housework. We also find an increase in women’s work hours, suggesting that access to cleaner fuel can improve women’s health and plausibly their productivity, allowing them to supply more market labor. For men, we find an increase in the work hours and propensity to have an additional job, mainly in households where women accrued the largest health and labor benefits from the program. These results highlight the role of clean energy in reducing gender disparity in health and point to the existence of positive externalities from the improved health of women on other members of the household. The second paper studies the labor supply response of women to changes in expected alimony income. Using an alimony law change in the US that significantly reduced the post-divorce alimony support among women, I first show that this led to an increase in divorce probability. Second, consistent with the theoretical prediction from a simple model of labor supply, the reform led to an increase in the female labor force participation, with a larger increase among ever-married and more educated samples of women. As a result, the average female wage income increased after the reform. While labor supply increased, I show that most of this increase was concentrated in part-time employment, which may not be sufficient to compensate for the expected loss in alimony income. In light of the recent movement in the US to reform alimony laws, these findings are pertinent to understand its implications on women’s labor supply and economic well-being. The third chapter, co-authored with Akiva Yonah Meiselman, studies the long-run effects of disruptive peers in disciplinary schools on educational and labor market outcomes of students placed at these institutions. Students placed at disciplinary schools tend to have significantly worse future outcomes. We provide evidence that the composition of peers at these institutions plays an important role in explaining this link. We use rich administrative data of high school students in Texas which provides a detailed record of each student’s disciplinary placements, including their exact date of placement and assignment duration. This allows us to identify the relevant peers for each student based on their overlap at the institution. We leverage within school-year variation in peer composition at each institution to ask whether a student who overlaps with particularly disruptive peers has worse subsequent outcomes. We show that exposure to peers in highest quintile of disruptiveness relative to lowest quintile when placed at a disciplinary school increases students’ subsequent removals, reduces their educational attainment, and worsens labor market outcomes. Moreover, these effects are stronger when students have a similar peer group in terms of the reason for removal, or when the distribution of disruptiveness among peers is more concentrated than dispersed around the mean. Our findings draw attention to an unintended consequence of student removal to disciplinary schools, and highlights how brief exposures to disruptive peers can affect an individual’s long-run trajectories
Author: Elisabeth Lång
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The objective of this thesis is to improve the understanding of how several individual characteristics, namely education (years of schooling), health indicators (height, weight, smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise), criminal behavior, and crime victimization, influence labor market outcomes in the short and long run. The first part of the thesis consists of three studies in which I adopt a within-twin-pair difference approach to analyze how education, health indicators, and earnings are associated with each other over the life cycle. The second part of the thesis includes two studies in which I use field experiments in order to test the employability of exoffenders and crime victims. The first essay, Learning for life?, describes an analysis of the education premium in earnings and health-related behaviors throughout adulthood among twins. The results show that the education premium in earnings, net of genetic inheritance, is rather small over the life cycle but increases with the level of education. The results also show that the education premium in health-related behaviors is mainly concentrated on smoking habits. The influences of education on earnings and health-related behaviors seem to work independently of each other, and there are no signs that health-related behaviors influence the education premium in earnings or vice versa. The second essay, Blowing up money? , details an analysis of the association between smoking and earnings in two different historical social contexts in Sweden: the 1970s and the 2000s. I also consider possible differences in this association in the short and long run as well as between the sexes. The results show that the earnings penalty for smoking is much stronger in the 2000s as compared to the 1970s (for both sexes) and that it is larger in the long run as compared to the short run (for men). The third essay, Two by two, inch by inch , describes an analysis of the height premium among Swedish twins. The results show that the height premium is relatively constant over the life cycle and that it is larger below median height for men and above median height for young women. The estimates are similar for monozygotic and dizygotic twins, indicating that environmentally and genetically induced height differences are similarly associated with earnings over the life cycle. The fourth essay, The employability of ex-offenders, published in IZA Journal of Labor Policy (2017), 6:6, details an analysis of whether male and female exoffenders are discriminated against when applying for jobs in the Swedish labor market. The results show that employers do discriminate against exoffenders but that the degree of discrimination varies across occupations. Discrimination against ex-offenders is pronounced in female-dominated and high-skilled occupations. The magnitude of discrimination against exoffenders does not vary by applicants’ sex. The fifth essay, Victimized twice?, describes an analysis of whether male and female crime victims are discriminated against when applying for jobs in the Swedish labor market. This study is the first to consider potential hiring discrimination against crime victims. The results show that employers do discriminate against crime victims. The discrimination varies with the sex of the crime victim and occupational characteristics and is concentrated among high-skilled jobs for female crime victims and among femaledominated jobs for male crime victims.
Author: Pavlina Karasiatou
Publisher: Presses univ. de Louvain
ISBN: 2874632023
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 111
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Book Description
Education and work account for the largest period in a person's life. Furthermore, there are strong ties between education and the labour market. This thesis explores the interrelations among them and identifies gains and losses for the individual.
Author: Shoya Ishimaru
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The first chapter examines the importance of college and labor market options associated with childhood location in shaping educational and labor market outcomes experienced by a person later in life. I estimate a dynamic model that considers post-high school choices of whether and where to attend college and where to work, subject to home preferences, mobility costs, and spatial search frictions. The estimated model suggests that spatial gaps in local college and labor market options in the United States give rise to a 6 percentage point gap in the college attendance rate and an 11% gap in the wage rate at 10 years of experience between the 90th and 10th percentiles of across-county variation in each outcome. The second chapter suggests how the difference between linear IV and OLS coefficients can be interpreted and empirically decomposed when the treatment effect is nonlinear and heterogeneous in the true causal relationship. I show that the IV-OLS coefficient gap consists of three components: the difference in weights on treatment levels, the difference in weights on observables, and the difference in identified marginal effects. Using my framework, I revisit return to schooling estimates with compulsory schooling and college availability instruments. The third chapter investigates equilibrium impacts of federal policies such as free-college proposals, taking into account that human capital production is cumulative and that state governments have resource constraints. In the model, a state government cares about household welfare and aggregate educational attainment. Realizing that household choices vary with its decisions, the government chooses income tax rates, per-student expenditure levels on public K-12 and college education, college tuition and the provision of other public goods, subject to its budget constraint. We estimate the model using data from the U.S. Using counterfactual simulations, we find that free-public-college policies, mandatory or subsidized, would decrease state expenditure on and hence the quality of public education. More students would obtain college degrees due to increased enrollment. Over 86% of all households would lose while about 60% of the lowest income quintile would gain from such policies.
Author: Ali Murat Berker
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 328
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Book Description
Author: Laurence J. Kotlikoff
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 9780262263344
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 596
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Book Description
This collection of essays, coauthored with other distinguished economists, offers new perspectives on saving, intergenerational economic ties, retirement planning, and the distribution of wealth. The book links life-cycle microeconomic behavior to important macroeconomic outcomes, including the roughly 50 percent postwar decline in America's rate of saving and its increasing wealth inequality. The book traces these outcomes to the government's five-decade-long policy of transferring, in the form of annuities, ever larger sums from young savers to old spenders. The book presents new theoretical and empirical analyses of altruism that rule out the possibility that private intergenerational transfers have offset those by the government.While rational life-cycle behavior can explain broad economic outcomes, the book also shows that a significant minority of households fail to make coherent life-cycle saving and insurance decisions. These mistakes are compounded by reliance on conventional financial planning tools, which the book compares with Economic Security Planner (ESPlanner), a new life-cycle financial planning software program. The application of ESPlanner to U.S. data indicates that most Americans approaching retirement age are saving at much lower rates than they should be, given potential major cuts in Social Security benefits.
Author: Maria Eugenia Canon
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Academic achievement
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
"Earnings across the lifecycle depend both on agents' initial conditions (pre-market factors, i.e., skills individuals acquire before entering the labor market) as well as on their labor market experience. In the following chapters I study differences in these initial conditions and the dynamics of earnings within and across employers. What explains differences in pre-market factors? Three types of inputs are believed to determine the skills agents take to the labor market: ability, family inputs and school inputs. Therefore it is crucial to understand first the importance of each of these inputs. The literature on the production of achievement has not been able to provide an estimation that can take the three factors into account simultaneously at the student level. Chapter 1 attempts to fill this gap by providing an estimation of the production function of achievement where both types of investments (families and schools) are considered in a framework where the inputs are allowed to be correlated with the unobserved term, ability to learn. I do this by applying Olley and Pakes' (1996) algorithm which accommodates for endogeneity problems in the choice of inputs for the production of achievement and by using parents' saving for their child's postsecondary education to control for the unobserved component (i.e. ability to learn) in the production of skills. What makes this saving measure informative is the fact that parents decide it at the same time they choose the home and school inputs that will affect the observed test score (the current outcome). However those savings will not affect the current outcome, but instead will affect future labor market outcomes through college choices. The estimates for the role of family inputs are in line with previous findings. Additionally, the estimates of school inputs show that they are also important for the formation of students' skills even after controlling for ability to learn. The estimates of the production function are used to compute counterfactual exercises. In particular, this paper evaluates what would happen if the inputs for black students are reassigned so that their inputs are the actual amount they receive plus the differential that white students receive. This exercise shows that equalizing home inputs would reduce the achievement gap by 15.6 percent while equalizing school inputs would do it by 9.2 percent. If instead inputs are altered only in 12th grade, home and school inputs have a similar impact on students' achievement: school inputs would reduce the gap by 7.2 percent while home inputs would do it by 7.4 percent. Chapter 2 explores a further area that Chapter 1 does not discuss: whether parents substitute or complement families and school inputs. Parents may alter the investment in their child's human capital in response to changes in schooling inputs. If substitutability between parental and school inputs in the production of achievement is prevalent, then increases in school inputs could crowd out parental inputs. If instead there exist complementarities between school and parental inputs, then increases in school inputs might increase parental involvement. Chapter 2 studies whether parents react when their child's school inputs decrease by studying out-of-school suspensions and their effect on parental involvement. Because out-of-school suspensions are chosen by the class teacher or the principal of the school and not by the parents, they are a good candidate for exogenous (to parental choice) variation in the level of school resources across students. Out-of-school suspensions are a consequence of student misbehavior, and thus do not occur randomly across students. Therefore, in order to capture the effect of how parents react to the decrease in school inputs, I instrument the number of out-of-school suspensions with measures of "principal's preference toward discipline." The identification comes from the fact that students in schools with stricter principals are more likely to be suspended. The estimates show that without controlling for selection, out-of-school suspensions are negatively correlated with the level of parental involvement. Once selection is taken into account, the effect disappears. Earnings depend not only on pre-market factors but also on the agent's experience in the labor market. That is, it is important which job he gets and how his earnings evolve within and across employers. In their seminal paper, Topel and Ward (1992) estimate that nearly a third of total wage growth in the first 10 years of labor market experience is due to wage jumps at the time of changing a job. Unfortunately, the job ladder model, the workhorse for this literature, cannot explain the big number of wage cuts for workers that change employers (as opposed to those who remain in their job). An extension of the job ladder model that has been proposed to ameliorate this failure is the introduction of a shock to the existing employer-employee match. But such a process has not been identified empirically in the literature yet. Chapter 3 uses a particular feature of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) to provide a convincing identification strategy for the wage shock process: two measures of workers' compensation, wages and labor earnings. The first part of the chapter shows that although the dynamics of wages are consistent with a job ladder model, the same is not true for the dynamics of earnings. While relatively large wage increases follow job-to-job transitions, we observe that job-to-job transitions are negatively correlated with hourly earnings. We speculate that this is due to the fact that job-to-job transitions are more likely to follow a large reduction in wages. We find that this result is robust to mis-measurement in the labor supply and disappears for workers paid by the year. The rationale for this last finding is that workers paid by the year are much less likely to be hit by wage shocks than other workers. Using the multiple measures of workers' compensation and data on employment transition, we calibrate a modified job ladder model that allows for shocks to the employer-employee match. We show that the model fits the data well and that a model that does not include this feature would fail to match the data"--Page v-vii.
Author: Tung Nguyen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Economics
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
This dissertation is composed of three essays. First chapter. The Impact of Bilingual Education on Economic and Social Assimilation: Evidence from California’s Proposition 227. Bilingual education is one of the main educational programs schools in the U.S. use to help limited English proficient students, yet very little evidence exists about the causal impacts of bilingual education on adulthood outcomes. I use a triple-differences strategy, in which I compare the outcomes of foreign-born Hispanics to US-born Hispanics who attended elementary school before and after the policy change in California, and address the potential issue of differential cohort trend between foreign-born and US-born using Hispanics from Texas. This paper exploits the 1998 ban on bilingual education in California to identify the causal impact of exposure to bilingual education on the social and labor market outcomes of young adults. Second chapter. The Impact of Bilingual Education on Long-run Outcomes: Evidence from Arizona’s Proposition 203. In this chapter, I investigate the causal impact of exposure to bilingual education on different outcomes of young adults exploiting the ban on bilingual education in Arizona resulting from a voter referendum in 2000. Third chapter. The Effects of Marginal Tax Rate on Self-employment Entry. This chapter investigates the effects of marginal tax rates on the decision to become self-employed.
