En Masse Cloning of Expressed Disease Resistance Genes of Wheat (Tritcum Aestivum) Using RNA Differential Display Via Degenerate Primers and Data Mining Methods PDF Download
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Author: Muharrem Dilbirligi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Wheat
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
"Several pests causing about 25% yield loss/year attack wheat plant. Genetic control via manipulating resistance genes is the most effective and economical method of controlling pests using two conventional approaches, map-based cloning and transposon tagging. However, these methods were not effective to clone wheat resistance genes due to the fact that wheat has a larger genome, of which 95-99% is non-transcribing-nested cluster of retrotransposons and duplicated genes. Therefore, a gene cloning approach that target only the expressed portion of the genome and mapping approaches that physically localize genes into only gene containing regions are desirable for wheat. Irrespective of the host or the pest type, most resistance genes share a strong protein sequence similarity especially for domains and motifs. Also, expression profile of the majority of cloned resistance genes are unique. They are rarely and constitutively expressed. The objective of our study was to identify expressed resistance genes and physical localize them. Using modified RNA fingerprinting and data mining approaches, we identified 220 expressed resistance gene candidates out of the 728 analyzed. About 76% (167/220) were rare transcripts including 73 novel sequences. Irrespective of the cloning methods used, 184 out of 220 (36 unknown were eliminated) expressed resistance gene candidates were attempted to map physically. Physical mapping localized 310 resistance loci in wheat genome detected by the 121 candidate resistance gene sequences. Comparative analysis resulted in identification of 26 resistance gene cluster encompassing ̃16% of the wheat genome. Five major resistance gene clusters were observed to contain loci corresponding to 67 sequences. Wheat genome contains 269 morphologically characterized resistance genes. Two hundred twenty nine of them were genetically studied. Construction of consensus genetic maps using individual 137 genetic linkage maps allowed us to localize 110 (80 single gene inherited and 30 QTL type) morphologically characterized wheat resistance genes on the consensus genetic maps. Comparison of consensus genetic maps with consensus physical maps resulted in physical mapping of 80 single-gene-inherited and 10 QTL-type wheat resistance genes into 20 smaller chromosomal regions. About 93% (85 of 90) of the wheat resistance genes were localized into 18 smaller regions where 131 of the candidate resistance gene loci mapped. About 75% of both the morphologically characterized resistance genes and the identified candidate sequences mapped to the distal 20% of the chromosomal regions"--Abstract.
Author: Muharrem Dilbirligi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Wheat
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
"Several pests causing about 25% yield loss/year attack wheat plant. Genetic control via manipulating resistance genes is the most effective and economical method of controlling pests using two conventional approaches, map-based cloning and transposon tagging. However, these methods were not effective to clone wheat resistance genes due to the fact that wheat has a larger genome, of which 95-99% is non-transcribing-nested cluster of retrotransposons and duplicated genes. Therefore, a gene cloning approach that target only the expressed portion of the genome and mapping approaches that physically localize genes into only gene containing regions are desirable for wheat. Irrespective of the host or the pest type, most resistance genes share a strong protein sequence similarity especially for domains and motifs. Also, expression profile of the majority of cloned resistance genes are unique. They are rarely and constitutively expressed. The objective of our study was to identify expressed resistance genes and physical localize them. Using modified RNA fingerprinting and data mining approaches, we identified 220 expressed resistance gene candidates out of the 728 analyzed. About 76% (167/220) were rare transcripts including 73 novel sequences. Irrespective of the cloning methods used, 184 out of 220 (36 unknown were eliminated) expressed resistance gene candidates were attempted to map physically. Physical mapping localized 310 resistance loci in wheat genome detected by the 121 candidate resistance gene sequences. Comparative analysis resulted in identification of 26 resistance gene cluster encompassing ̃16% of the wheat genome. Five major resistance gene clusters were observed to contain loci corresponding to 67 sequences. Wheat genome contains 269 morphologically characterized resistance genes. Two hundred twenty nine of them were genetically studied. Construction of consensus genetic maps using individual 137 genetic linkage maps allowed us to localize 110 (80 single gene inherited and 30 QTL type) morphologically characterized wheat resistance genes on the consensus genetic maps. Comparison of consensus genetic maps with consensus physical maps resulted in physical mapping of 80 single-gene-inherited and 10 QTL-type wheat resistance genes into 20 smaller chromosomal regions. About 93% (85 of 90) of the wheat resistance genes were localized into 18 smaller regions where 131 of the candidate resistance gene loci mapped. About 75% of both the morphologically characterized resistance genes and the identified candidate sequences mapped to the distal 20% of the chromosomal regions"--Abstract.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Dissertations, Academic
Languages : en
Pages : 882
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Book Description
Author: Gurdev S. Khush
Publisher: Int. Rice Res. Inst.
ISBN: 157808167X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 501
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Book Description
Geneticists contribute on a wide range of topics in this book, from classical genetics to the most advanced research on sequencing of the rice genome and functional genomics. They review advances in rice research and discuss molecular markers, genome organization and gene isolation.
Author: Catherine Feuillet
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 0387774890
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 774
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Book Description
Sequencing of the model plant genomes such as those of A. thaliana and rice has revolutionized our understanding of plant biology but it has yet to translate into the improvement of major crop species such as maize, wheat, or barley. Moreover, the comparative genomic studies in cereals that have been performed in the past decade have revealed the limits of conservation between rice and the other cereal genomes. This has necessitated the development of genomic resources and programs for maize, sorghum, wheat, and barley to serve as the foundation for future genome sequencing and the acceleration of genomic based improvement of these critically important crops. Cereals constitute over 50% of total crop production worldwide (http://www.fao.org/) and cereal seeds are one of the most important renewable resources for food, feed, and industrial raw materials. Crop species of the Triticeae tribe that comprise wheat, barley, and rye are essential components of human and domestic animal nutrition. With 17% of all crop area, wheat is the staple food for 40% of the world’s population, while barley ranks fifth in the world production. Their domestication in the Fertile Crescent 10,000 years ago ushered in the beginning of agriculture and signified an important breakthrough in the advancement of civilization. Rye is second after wheat among grains most commonly used in the production of bread and is also very important for mixed animal feeds. It can be cultivated in poor soils and climates that are generally not suitable for other cereals. Extensive genetics and cytogenetics studies performed in the Triticeae species over the last 50 years have led to the characterization of their chromosomal composition and origins and have supported intensive work to create new genetic resources. Cytogenetic studies in wheat have allowed the identification and characterization of the different homoeologous genomes and have demonstrated the utility of studying wheat genome evolution as a model for the analysis of polyploidization, a major force in the evolution of the eukaryotic genomes. Barley with its diploid genome shows high collinearity with the other Triticeae genomes and therefore serves as a good template for supporting genomic analyses in the wheat and rye genomes. The knowledge gained from genetic studies in the Triticeae has also been used to produce Triticale, the first human made hybrid crop that results from a cross between wheat and rye and combines the nutrition quality and productivity of wheat with the ruggedness of rye. Despite the economic importance of the Triticeae species and the need for accelerated crop improvement based on genomics studies, the size (1.7 Gb for the bread wheat genome, i.e., 5x the human genome and 40 times the rice genome), high repeat content (>80%), and complexity (polyploidy in wheat) of their genomes often have been considered too challenging for efficient molecular analysis and genetic improvement in these species. Consequently, Triticeae genomics has lagged behind the genomic advances of other cereal crops for many years. Recently, however, the situation has changed dramatically and robust genomic programs can be established in the Triticeae as a result of the convergence of several technology developments that have led to new, more efficient scientific capabilities and resources such as whole-genome and chromosome-specific BAC libraries, extensive EST collections, transformation systems, wild germplasm and mutant collections, as well as DNA chips. Currently, the Triticeae genomics "toolbox" is comprised of: - 9 publicly available BAC libraries from diploid (5), tetraploid (1) and hexaploid (3) wheat; 3 publicly available BAC libraries from barley and one BAC library from rye; - 3 wheat chromosome specific BAC libraries; - DNA chips including commercially available first generation chips from AFFYMETRIX containing 55’000 wheat and 22,000 barley genes; - A large number of wheat and barley genetic maps that are saturated by a significant number of markers; - The largest plant EST collection with 870’000 wheat ESTs, 440’000 barley ESTs and about 10’000 rye ESTs; - Established protocols for stable transformation by biolistic and agrobacterium as well as a transient expression system using VIGS in wheat and barley; and - Large collections of well characterized cultivated and wild genetic resources. International consortia, such as the International Triticeae Mapping Initiative (ITMI), have advanced synergies in the Triticeae genetics community in the development of additional mapping populations and markers that have led to a dramatic improvement in the resolution of the genetic maps and the amount of molecular markers in the three species resulting in the accelerated utilization of molecular markers in selection programs. Together, with the development of the genomic resources, the isolation of the first genes of agronomic interest by map-based cloning has been enabled and has proven the feasibility of forging the link between genotype and phenotype in the Triticeae species. Moreover, the first analyses of BAC sequences from wheat and barley have allowed preliminary characterizations of their genome organization and composition as well as the first inter- and intra-specific comparative genomic studies. These later have revealed important evolutionary mechanisms (e.g. unequal crossing over, illegitimate recombination) that have shaped the wheat and barley genomes during their evolution. These breakthroughs have demonstrated the feasibility of developing efficient genomic studies in the Triticeae and have led to the recent establishment of the International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (IWGSC) (http//:www.wheatgenome.org) and the International Barley Sequencing Consortium (www.isbc.org) that aim to sequence, respectively, the hexaploid wheat and barley genomes to accelerate gene discovery and crop improvement in the next decade. Large projects aiming at the establishment of the physical maps as well as a better characterization of their composition and organization through large scale random sequencing projects have been initiated already. Concurrently, a number of projects have been launched to develop high throughput functional genomics in wheat and barley. Transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics analyses of traits of agronomic importance, such as quality, disease resistance, drought, and salt tolerance, are underway in both species. Combined with the development of physical maps, efficient gene isolation will be enabled and improved sequencing technologies and reduced sequencing costs will permit ultimately genome sequencing and access to the entire wheat and barley gene regulatory elements repertoire. Because rye is closely related to wheat and barley in Triticeae evolution, the latest developments in wheat and barley genomics will be of great use for developing rye genomics and for providing tools for rye improvement. Finally, a new model for temperate grasses has emerged in the past year with the development of the genetics and genomics (including a 8x whole genome shotgun sequencing project) of Brachypodium, a member of the Poeae family that is more closely related to the Triticeae than rice and can provide valuable information for supporting Triticeae genomics in the near future. These recent breakthroughs have yet to be reviewed in a single source of literature and current handbooks on wheat, barley, or rye are dedicated mainly to progress in genetics. In "Genetics and Genomics of the Triticeae", we will aim to comprehensively review the recent progress in the development of structural and functional genomics tools in the Triticeae species and review the understanding of wheat, barley, and rye biology that has resulted from these new resources as well as to illuminate how this new found knowledge can be applied for the improvement of these essential species. The book will be the seventh volume in the ambitious series of books, Plant Genetics and Genomics (Richard A. Jorgensen, series editor) that will attempt to bring the field up-to-date on the genetics and genomics of important crop plants and genetic models. It is our hope that the publication will be a useful and timely tool for researchers and students alike working with the Triticeae.
Author: Kurt Weising
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1420040049
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 470
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Book Description
Given the explosive development of new molecular marker techniques over the last decade, newcomers and experts alike in the field of DNA fingerprinting will find an easy-to-follow guide to the multitude of techniques available in DNA Fingerprinting in Plants: Principles, Methods, and Applications, Second Edition. Along with step-by-step annotated p
Author: C. Neal Stewart, Jr.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118589483
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 554
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Book Description
Designed to inform and inspire the next generation of plant biotechnologists Plant Biotechnology and Genetics explores contemporary techniques and applications of plant biotechnology, illustrating the tremendous potential this technology has to change our world by improving the food supply. As an introductory text, its focus is on basic science and processes. It guides students from plant biology and genetics to breeding to principles and applications of plant biotechnology. Next, the text examines the critical issues of patents and intellectual property and then tackles the many controversies and consumer concerns over transgenic plants. The final chapter of the book provides an expert forecast of the future of plant biotechnology. Each chapter has been written by one or more leading practitioners in the field and then carefully edited to ensure thoroughness and consistency. The chapters are organized so that each one progressively builds upon the previous chapters. Questions set forth in each chapter help students deepen their understanding and facilitate classroom discussions. Inspirational autobiographical essays, written by pioneers and eminent scientists in the field today, are interspersed throughout the text. Authors explain how they became involved in the field and offer a personal perspective on their contributions and the future of the field. The text's accompanying CD-ROM offers full-color figures that can be used in classroom presentations with other teaching aids available online. This text is recommended for junior- and senior-level courses in plant biotechnology or plant genetics and for courses devoted to special topics at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. It is also an ideal reference for practitioners.
Author: B. Venkateswarlu
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400722206
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 617
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Book Description
Crops experience an assortment of environmental stresses which include abiotic viz., drought, water logging, salinity, extremes of temperature, high variability in radiation, subtle but perceptible changes in atmospheric gases and biotic viz., insects, birds, other pests, weeds, pathogens (viruses and other microbes). The ability to tolerate or adapt and overwinter by effectively countering these stresses is a very multifaceted phenomenon. In addition, the inability to do so which renders the crops susceptible is again the result of various exogenous and endogenous interactions in the ecosystem. Both biotic and abiotic stresses occur at various stages of plant development and frequently more than one stress concurrently affects the crop. Stresses result in both universal and definite effects on plant growth and development. One of the imposing tasks for the crop researchers globally is to distinguish and to diminish effects of these stress factors on the performance of crop plants, especially with respect to yield and quality of harvested products. This is of special significance in view of the impending climate change, with complex consequences for economically profitable and ecologically and environmentally sound global agriculture. The challenge at the hands of the crop scientist in such a scenario is to promote a competitive and multifunctional agriculture, leading to the production of highly nourishing, healthy and secure food and animal feed as well as raw materials for a wide variety of industrial applications. In order to successfully meet this challenge researchers have to understand the various aspects of these stresses in view of the current development from molecules to ecosystems. The book will focus on broad research areas in relation to these stresses which are in the forefront in contemporary crop stress research.
Author: Desmond S. T. Nicholl
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9780521004718
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 308
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Book Description
The author presents a basic introduction to the world of genetic engineering. Copyright © Libri GmbH. All rights reserved.
Author: Henry Daniell, Ph.D.
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1402031661
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 671
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Book Description
We have taught plant molecular biology and biotechnology at the undergraduate and graduate level for over 20 years. In the past few decades, the field of plant organelle molecular biology and biotechnology has made immense strides. From the green revolution to golden rice, plant organelles have revolutionized agriculture. Given the exponential growth in research, the problem of finding appropriate textbooks for courses in plant biotechnology and molecular biology has become a major challenge. After years of handing out photocopies of various journal articles and reviews scattered through out the print and electronic media, a serendipitous meeting occurred at the 2002 IATPC World Congress held in Orlando, Florida. After my talk and evaluating several posters presented by investigators from my laboratory, Dr. Jacco Flipsen, Publishing Manager of Kluwer Publishers asked me whether I would consider editing a book on Plant Organelles. I accepted this challenge, after months of deliberations, primarily because I was unsuccessful in finding a text book in this area for many years. I signed the contract with Kluwer in March 2003 with a promise to deliver a camera-ready textbook on July 1, 2004. Given the short deadline and the complexity of the task, I quickly realized this task would need a co-editor. Dr. Christine Chase was the first scientist who came to my mind because of her expertise in plant mitochondria, and she readily agreed to work with me on this book.
Author: Carmen Fenoll
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9780792346371
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 306
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Book Description
In 1992 a Concerted Action Programme (CAP) was initiated by Peter Sijmons with the purpose of intensifying collaborations between 16 European laboratories working on plant-parasitic nematodes. The four-year programme entitled Resistance Mechanisms Against Plant-Parasitic Nematodes focused on molecular aspects of the interaction between sedentary nematodes and plants on the model system Arabidopsis and on novel resistance strategies. Funding was provided mainly for exchange visits between collaborating laboratories and for the organization of annual meetings. During the last annual meeting which was held in May 1996 in Toledo, Spain, Carmen Fenoll initiated the production of this volume.
