Effects of Heat Stress and Dietary Zinc Source on Performance and Permeability of Mammary Epithelium of Lactating Dairy Cows PDF Download
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Author: Xisha Weng
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 186
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Book Description
Heat stress may negatively alter the barrier integrity of mammary epithelium, whereas organic source of dietary zinc has been shown to enhance epithelial integrity. The objective of the first study was to evaluate the effect of environmental heat stress and dietary zinc source (zinc-MET complex vs. zinc hydroxychloride) on lactating Holstein cows' performance and permeability of mammary epithelium. Heat stress impaired cow's performance and increased gene expression of tight junction proteins in mammary tissue. Replacing a portion of zinc hydroxychloride with zinc-MET complex had no impact on cow performance but improved mammary epithelial integrity. The objective of the second study was to examine the effect of repeated mammary tissue collections during lactation on cow performance and udder health of lactating dairy cows. Lactating cows recovered rapidly from mammary tissue collections and no long term impacts of repeated mammary biopsy procedures on DMI, milk yield and composition, or udder health were observed.
Author: Xisha Weng
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 186
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Book Description
Heat stress may negatively alter the barrier integrity of mammary epithelium, whereas organic source of dietary zinc has been shown to enhance epithelial integrity. The objective of the first study was to evaluate the effect of environmental heat stress and dietary zinc source (zinc-MET complex vs. zinc hydroxychloride) on lactating Holstein cows' performance and permeability of mammary epithelium. Heat stress impaired cow's performance and increased gene expression of tight junction proteins in mammary tissue. Replacing a portion of zinc hydroxychloride with zinc-MET complex had no impact on cow performance but improved mammary epithelial integrity. The objective of the second study was to examine the effect of repeated mammary tissue collections during lactation on cow performance and udder health of lactating dairy cows. Lactating cows recovered rapidly from mammary tissue collections and no long term impacts of repeated mammary biopsy procedures on DMI, milk yield and composition, or udder health were observed.
Author: Ananda Barbara Portela Fontoura
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Heat stress (HS) compromises the gastrointestinal barrier and leads to inflammation in non-ruminants. However, it is unclear whether exposure to environmental conditions that cause HS enhances gastrointestinal permeability with compromised growth and milk production in dairy cattle. Developing nutritional strategies to manage HS in cattle are of importance to the dairy industry. Dietary supplementation of organic acid and pure botanicals (OA/PB) has been shown to improve growth performance by enhancing gastrointestinal health in swine and poultry species. Because the role of dietary OA/PB supplementation in ruminants had not received prior attention, our objectives were to 1) evaluate the effects of HS and dietary OA/PB supplementation on growth in dairy calves, and 2) evaluate the effects of HS and dietary OA/PB supplementation on gastrointestinal permeability and milk production in mid-lactating dairy cows. For study 1, sixty-two weaned heifer and bull calves (62 ± 2 d; 91 ± 10.9 kg) were randomly assigned to one of five groups (n = 11 to 14/group): thermoneutral conditions (TN-Con), HS conditions (HS-Con), TN conditions and pair-fed to HS-Con (TN-PF), HS with low-dose OA/PB (75 mg/kg of body weight [BW]; HS-Low), or HS with high-dose OA/PB (150 mg/kg of BW; HS-High). After a 7-d acclimation period, calves were exposed to TN or HS for a period of 19 d. Blood samples were collected and growth performance was evaluated. We observed that HS-Con calves had reduced growth compared to TN-Con and TN-PF. Regarding dietary OA/PB supplementation, HS-Low partially restored dry matter intake (DMI) without modifying growth performance. Thus, we conclude that dietary OA/PB supplementation does not improve growth performance in heat-stressed calves. For study 2, forty-six multiparous lactating dairy cows (208 ± 4.65 d in milk; 3.0 ± 0.42 lactation; and 39.2 ± 0.26 kg of milk yield) were randomly assigned to one of four groups (n = 10 to 12/group): TN-Con, HS-Con, TN-PF, or HS supplemented with OA/PB (75 mg/kg of BW; HS-OAPB). Cows acclimated in TN for 7-d, and then exposed to HS or remained in TN for 14-d. Blood and milk samples were collected. Changes in milk production and gastrointestinal permeability were evaluated. We observed that HS-Con cows had reduced DMI, energy-corrected milk yield, and milk protein and lactose yields compared to TN-Con, TN-PF and HS-OAPB cows. Milk- and plasma-urea nitrogen were reduced in HS-OAPB compared to HS-Con cows. Gastrointestinal permeability was greater in HS-Con, relative to TN-Con or TN-PF. We conclude that HS increased gastrointestinal permeability and that OA/PB feeding partially restores lactation performance by increasing DMI and improving intestinal barrier, and thereby enhancing milk yield and nitrogen efficiency.
Author: James Shaffer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Two experiments were conducted to explore potential cellular and biochemical mechanisms by which zinc may impact milk production and mammary health of dairy cattle. For the first experiment, twelve lactating Holstein cows were enrolled in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square, and provided a balanced diet supplemented with either 30 ppm zinc as ZnSO4 (30-ZS), 60 ppm zinc as ZnSO4 (60-ZS), or 60 ppm zinc as a mixture of ZnSO4 and Zn methionine (60-ZM). Blood and milk were collected and analyzed for markers of blood-milk leak and dairy food properties of milk. Milk cells were also isolated and analyzed for RNA abundance of genes related to zinc-mediated apoptosis. Aside from a tendency for 60-ZS to increase feed intake and 60-ZM to increase milk fat compared to 30-ZS, no effects were observed on performance, markers of blood-milk leak, transcript abundance of selected genes, or dairy food properties of milk. A cell culture study was also conducted using immortalized bovine mammary epithelial (MAC-T) cells. Messenger RNA abundance of GPR39--a G protein-coupled receptor shown to regulate cellular activity in response to extracellular zinc concentrations in other epithelial cell lines--was knocked down using RNA interference. Following GPR39 knockdown, cells were treated with 0 or 100 [mu]M zinc. Phosphorylation of the kinases ERK1/2 and AKT was measured in GPR39-knockdown and control cells treated with either 0 or 100 [mu]M zinc. No effect of zinc treatment or GPR39 knockdown was detected on kinase phosphorylation. Interestingly, the 100 [mu]M zinc treatment showed a tendency to increase GPR39 mRNA abundance in control cells. There remain many questions about the cellular mechanisms whereby zinc can impact milk production in dairy cattle.
Author: John F. Patience
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9086867561
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 264
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Book Description
'Feed efficiency in swine' has been prepared as a comprehensive treatise on the current state of our understanding of this topic which is so important to the pork industry. Each chapter is written by international authorities who understand both the science and application of their topic area. The book provides detailed insight into the many factors affecting feed efficiency, ranging from diet processing to herd health, from nutrition to physiology and from day-to-day barn management to the adoption of advanced technologies. The authors explain such practical aspects as the challenge of interpreting feed efficiency information obtained on farm or the role of liquid feeding. The authors also delve into more scientific topics such as amino acid or energy metabolism or animal physiology. This book is written for people who have a technical interest in pork production, including nutritionists, geneticists, farm management specialists, veterinarians, other academics and, of course, pork producers.
Author: Alexandre Lelandy Alves Scanavez
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Heat stress poses major challenges to the dairy industry, disrupting the well-being and productivity of cows. Besides affecting lactating cows, exposure to heat stress during the dry period increases core body temperature (CBT) and alters hormonal profile and mammary gland development, ultimately affecting milk yield in the subsequent lactation. Reproductive performance is severely reduced in dairy cows exposed to heat stress. Even though it is well accepted that estrus expression is reduced during periods of heat stress, it is not clear whether herd-level indicators of estrus-detection efficiency, such as insemination risk, are impacted during periods of heat stress. This dissertation focused on exploring the use of CBT during the dry period as a predictor of postpartum health, production, and reproductive performance during the subsequent lactation. Furthermore, potential implications of heat stress and other seasonal stressors on insemination risk were evaluated. Study 1 investigated the relationships between CBT during the dry period and health, milk production, and reproduction during the subsequent lactation. Dry cows with increased CBT were more susceptible to health disorders and had reduced milk yield early in the subsequent lactation. No association was observed between CBT during the dry period and reproductive performance after parturition. Study 2 explored factors associated with CBT in dry dairy cows and focused on determining the ideal time of the day to assess CBT of heat-stressed dry cows. Core body temperature was increased in cows pregnant with twins and was associated negatively with gestation length. Furthermore, results indicated that 2215 h is the most appropriate time of the day to assess CBT of dry cows exposed to heat stress. Study 3 aimed to compare physiologic and metabolic characteristics of cooled cows classified as having high or low CBT during the dry period. In addition, this study investigated the association between CBT during the dry period and health, milk yield, and reproductive performance after parturition. Cows with high CBT during the dry period had distinct concentrations of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein and indicators of energy balance during the transition period and had reduced milk yield compared with low-CBT cows. Furthermore, CBT during the dry period was a useful predictor of postpartum health disorders. Reproductive performance, however, did not differ between cows that had high or low CBT during the dry period. Study 4 investigated temporal patterns of insemination risk in large dairy herds and explored associations between insemination risk and herd-level traits. Seasonal variation of insemination risk was minimal, with increased insemination risk observed during autumn. Greater values of insemination risk were observed in dry-lot herds, with low mortality of cows, and longer voluntary waiting period for primiparous cows. In summary, assessment of CBT in dry cows may be a useful tool to identify groups of cows more likely to present health disorders and impaired productive performance after parturition. In addition, insemination risk is not reduced during the summer, but it is severely affected by herd-level traits such as housing system, mortality of cows, and voluntary waiting period for primiparous cows.
Author: Anjali Aggarwal
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 813220879X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 200
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Book Description
Dr. Anjali Aggarwal is working as a Senior Scientist at National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (India). She holds a PhD degree in Animal Physiology and is involved in research and teaching at post-graduate level. Her area of research work is stress and environmental physiology. She has more than 50 publications, two technical bulletins, four manuals and many book chapters to her credit. She has successfully guided many post-graduate and PhD students. Her major research accomplishments are on microclimatic modification for alleviation of heat and cold stress, mist and fan cooling systems for cows and buffaloes, and use of wallowing tank in buffaloes. Her work involves the use of technology of supplementing micronutrients during dry period and early lactation to crossbred and indigenous cows for alleviating metabolic and oxidative stress and improved health and productivity. Studies are also done in her lab on partitioning of heat loss from skin and pulmonary system of cattle and buffaloes as a result of exercise or exposure to heat stress. Dr. R.C. Upadhyay is working as Head, Dairy Cattle Physiology Division at National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (India). He graduated in Veterinary Sciences and obtained his PhD degree in Animal Physiology. His area of recent research is climate change, stress, and environmental physiology. His major research accomplishment is on climate change impact assessment of milk production and growth in livestock. His work also involves studying methane conversion and emission factors for Indian livestock and use of IPCC methodology of methane inventory of Indian livestock. Heat shock protein-70 expression studies in cattle and buffaloes are also done in his lab. Draught animal power evaluation, fatigue assessment, work-rest cycle and work limiting factors form the highlights of his work. Studies on partitioning of heat loss from skin and pulmonary system of cattle and buffaloes and electrocardiographic studies in cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat are also undertaken in his lab. He has more than 75 research papers, four books and several book chapters to his credit. Technologies developed and research done by him include methodology of methane measurement: open and closed circuit for cattle and buffaloes; inventory of methane emission from livestock using IPCC methodology; livestock stress index: thermal stress measurement based on physiological functions; and draught power evaluation system and large animal treadmill system. He received training in Radio-nuclides in medicine at Australian School of Nuclear Technology, Lucas heights, NSW, Australia in 1985 and Use of radioisotopes in cardiovascular investigations at CSIRO, Prospect, NSW, Australia, during 1985-86. He has guided several post-graduate and PhD students. He is recipient of Hari Om Ashram Award-1990 (ICAR) for outstanding research in animal sciences.
Author: R. Michael Akers
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119279674
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 291
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Book Description
Michael Akers provides the basics for understanding mammary development and lactation and conveys the critical regulatory events in lactation. This text willl prove to be an invaluable overview of mamorary development and lactation for undergraduates and graduates studying lactation, new researchers, and as a review for established scientists. Additionally, the book will be an important resource for professionals in the animal and dairy industry and for those in other scientific disciplines such as food chemistry, cell biology, and endocrinology whose work is closely tied to mammary gland development and function. Lactation and the Mammary Gland covers growth and development of the mammary gland including comparisons between species. It imparts and emphasizes the critical nature of mammary growth and the onset of lactation at the time of parturition. Special emphasis is given to the endocrine and growth factor regulation of both mammogenesis and lactogenesis. A thorough discussion of the role of growth hormone in development and maintenance of lactation or galactopoiesis adds to this book's value as a text and reference. The author reviews the presence of hormones, growth factors, and other bioactive compounds in milk and mammary secretions as well as the potential for use of the mammary gland as a bioreactor in the pharmaceutical industry. A description of the nutritional and management factors in milk production round out the book's comprehensive coverage.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309039940
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 765
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Book Description
Diet and Health examines the many complex issues concerning diet and its role in increasing or decreasing the risk of chronic disease. It proposes dietary recommendations for reducing the risk of the major diseases and causes of death today: atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (including heart attack and stroke), cancer, high blood pressure, obesity, osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, liver disease, and dental caries.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309037956
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 384
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Book Description
This lively book examines recent trends in animal product consumption and diet; reviews industry efforts, policies, and programs aimed at improving the nutritional attributes of animal products; and offers suggestions for further research. In addition, the volume reviews dietary and health recommendations from major health organizations and notes specific target levels for nutrients.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Languages : en
Pages : 500
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Book Description
