Author: Franco Ferrari
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9403519754
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 495
Book Description
The absence of a coherent body of case law on due process has increasingly motivated recalcitrant parties to use due process as a strategic tool, thereby putting at risk the prospect of obtaining an enforceable award in expeditious proceedings. Countering this inherent danger, here for the first time is a comprehensive study on due process as a limit to arbitral discretion, showing how due process applies in practice in key jurisdictions around the world. Based on country reports prepared by leading arbitration practitioners and academics, the book explores how courts in major arbitration jurisdictions apply due process guarantees when performing their post-award review. The contributors, driven by an interest in exploring the interplay between due process and efficiency, focus on those due process guarantees that set limits to arbitral discretion. Matters covered include the following: the right to be heard and how it may be affected by submission deadlines, evidentiary offers by the opposing party, and directions to the parties as to which aspects require further pleading; the right to be treated equally and its interplay with the duty to give each party full opportunity to present its case and to comment on submissions and evidence filed by the other party; the duty to effect proper notice, including delivery and language issues; the independence and impartiality of arbitrators with a focus on when an arbitrator’s conduct can become the basis for a successful challenge; and courts’ standards of deference when examining issues arising at the post-award stage. An introductory general report thoroughly analyses the normative basis of due process and its interplay with party autonomy, as well as applicable standards of review and commonalities among manifestations of due process across jurisdictions. A signal contribution to the debate regarding the so-called due process paranoia affecting arbitral tribunals – a topic relevant in every single arbitration proceeding – this book provides practical guidelines on how to maintain the balance between due process and efficiency and how to apply due process and counteract its misuse in arbitration proceedings. It will be welcomed by counsel, arbitrators, and judges from all countries, as well as by academics and researchers concerned with international commercial arbitration.
Due Process as a Limit to Discretion in International Commercial Arbitration
Author: Franco Ferrari
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9403519754
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 495
Book Description
The absence of a coherent body of case law on due process has increasingly motivated recalcitrant parties to use due process as a strategic tool, thereby putting at risk the prospect of obtaining an enforceable award in expeditious proceedings. Countering this inherent danger, here for the first time is a comprehensive study on due process as a limit to arbitral discretion, showing how due process applies in practice in key jurisdictions around the world. Based on country reports prepared by leading arbitration practitioners and academics, the book explores how courts in major arbitration jurisdictions apply due process guarantees when performing their post-award review. The contributors, driven by an interest in exploring the interplay between due process and efficiency, focus on those due process guarantees that set limits to arbitral discretion. Matters covered include the following: the right to be heard and how it may be affected by submission deadlines, evidentiary offers by the opposing party, and directions to the parties as to which aspects require further pleading; the right to be treated equally and its interplay with the duty to give each party full opportunity to present its case and to comment on submissions and evidence filed by the other party; the duty to effect proper notice, including delivery and language issues; the independence and impartiality of arbitrators with a focus on when an arbitrator’s conduct can become the basis for a successful challenge; and courts’ standards of deference when examining issues arising at the post-award stage. An introductory general report thoroughly analyses the normative basis of due process and its interplay with party autonomy, as well as applicable standards of review and commonalities among manifestations of due process across jurisdictions. A signal contribution to the debate regarding the so-called due process paranoia affecting arbitral tribunals – a topic relevant in every single arbitration proceeding – this book provides practical guidelines on how to maintain the balance between due process and efficiency and how to apply due process and counteract its misuse in arbitration proceedings. It will be welcomed by counsel, arbitrators, and judges from all countries, as well as by academics and researchers concerned with international commercial arbitration.
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9403519754
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 495
Book Description
The absence of a coherent body of case law on due process has increasingly motivated recalcitrant parties to use due process as a strategic tool, thereby putting at risk the prospect of obtaining an enforceable award in expeditious proceedings. Countering this inherent danger, here for the first time is a comprehensive study on due process as a limit to arbitral discretion, showing how due process applies in practice in key jurisdictions around the world. Based on country reports prepared by leading arbitration practitioners and academics, the book explores how courts in major arbitration jurisdictions apply due process guarantees when performing their post-award review. The contributors, driven by an interest in exploring the interplay between due process and efficiency, focus on those due process guarantees that set limits to arbitral discretion. Matters covered include the following: the right to be heard and how it may be affected by submission deadlines, evidentiary offers by the opposing party, and directions to the parties as to which aspects require further pleading; the right to be treated equally and its interplay with the duty to give each party full opportunity to present its case and to comment on submissions and evidence filed by the other party; the duty to effect proper notice, including delivery and language issues; the independence and impartiality of arbitrators with a focus on when an arbitrator’s conduct can become the basis for a successful challenge; and courts’ standards of deference when examining issues arising at the post-award stage. An introductory general report thoroughly analyses the normative basis of due process and its interplay with party autonomy, as well as applicable standards of review and commonalities among manifestations of due process across jurisdictions. A signal contribution to the debate regarding the so-called due process paranoia affecting arbitral tribunals – a topic relevant in every single arbitration proceeding – this book provides practical guidelines on how to maintain the balance between due process and efficiency and how to apply due process and counteract its misuse in arbitration proceedings. It will be welcomed by counsel, arbitrators, and judges from all countries, as well as by academics and researchers concerned with international commercial arbitration.
International Commercial Arbitration
Author: Franco Ferrari
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN: 1800882793
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 279
Book Description
This indispensable book offers a concise comparative introduction to international commercial arbitration (ICA). With reference to recent case law from leading jurisdictions and up-to-date rules revisions, International Commercial Arbitration offers a thorough overview of the issues raised in arbitration, from the time of drafting of the arbitration clause to the rendering of the arbitral award and the post-award stage.
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN: 1800882793
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 279
Book Description
This indispensable book offers a concise comparative introduction to international commercial arbitration (ICA). With reference to recent case law from leading jurisdictions and up-to-date rules revisions, International Commercial Arbitration offers a thorough overview of the issues raised in arbitration, from the time of drafting of the arbitration clause to the rendering of the arbitral award and the post-award stage.
By Peaceful Means
Author: Charles N. Brower
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0192848089
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 625
Book Description
Distinguished scholars and practitioners commemorate and expand upon the work of international judge, arbitrator, and professor, David D. Caron (1952-2018). By Peaceful Means is an insightful examination of how international dispute resolution seeks to avert disaster and mitigate discord, and how it might continue to do so in our uncertain future.
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0192848089
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 625
Book Description
Distinguished scholars and practitioners commemorate and expand upon the work of international judge, arbitrator, and professor, David D. Caron (1952-2018). By Peaceful Means is an insightful examination of how international dispute resolution seeks to avert disaster and mitigate discord, and how it might continue to do so in our uncertain future.
Handbook of Evidence in International Commercial Arbitration
Author: Franco Ferrari
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9403543248
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 690
Book Description
In arbitration, evidence provides the basis for almost every decision, be it procedural, jurisdictional, or substantive. However, users from different legal traditions may not share the same understanding as to how an arbitral tribunal ought to proceed in this regard. Therefore, it is important for lawyers to know how to collect, develop, and present evidence in arbitration proceedings, not only from a legal perspective but also from a cultural point of view. It is against this backdrop that the editors have invited a diverse group of distinguished arbitration practitioners and academics to contribute to this matchless Handbook of Evidence in International Commercial Arbitration. Key concepts and issues related to evidence in arbitration covered include the following: the normative framework on evidence in arbitration proceedings; the burden and standard of proof; means of evidence, including documents, experts, and witnesses; questions of admissibility, including issues of privilege and confidentiality; the assessment of evidence and its probative value; court assistance and sanctions. With its systematic analysis of the key concepts of evidence, holistic discussion of the applicable normative framework, cross-cultural perspectives on the taking of evidence in arbitration, and reference to case law from major arbitration hubs, this book will become an undisputed point of reference for academics and practitioners alike. Critical acclaim: “This handbook elegantly captures the range of issues that arises regarding evidence in international arbitration. Bringing together the foremost experts in the field, each contribution offers a thoughtful analysis on these issues and the compilation deserves a prominent spot in every practitioner’s arbitral library.” Chiann Bao, Independent Arbitrator (Arbitration Chambers) and Vice President of the ICC Court of Arbitration “This publication well deserves recognition as a landmark handbook on evidence in international commercial arbitration. It comprehensively discusses the whole evidentiary process from its foundations taking a comparative and harmonizing perspective as well as the burden and standards of proof to the various evidentiary means up to the assessment of evidence. Written by leading academics and practitioners from all over the world, it will be a safe haven for anyone facing discrete evidentiary issues and looking for answers to fundamental or actual questions including as to privileges, confidentiality, virtual hearings or data protection.” Professor Filip De Ly, Chair of the ILA International Commercial Arbitration Committee
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9403543248
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 690
Book Description
In arbitration, evidence provides the basis for almost every decision, be it procedural, jurisdictional, or substantive. However, users from different legal traditions may not share the same understanding as to how an arbitral tribunal ought to proceed in this regard. Therefore, it is important for lawyers to know how to collect, develop, and present evidence in arbitration proceedings, not only from a legal perspective but also from a cultural point of view. It is against this backdrop that the editors have invited a diverse group of distinguished arbitration practitioners and academics to contribute to this matchless Handbook of Evidence in International Commercial Arbitration. Key concepts and issues related to evidence in arbitration covered include the following: the normative framework on evidence in arbitration proceedings; the burden and standard of proof; means of evidence, including documents, experts, and witnesses; questions of admissibility, including issues of privilege and confidentiality; the assessment of evidence and its probative value; court assistance and sanctions. With its systematic analysis of the key concepts of evidence, holistic discussion of the applicable normative framework, cross-cultural perspectives on the taking of evidence in arbitration, and reference to case law from major arbitration hubs, this book will become an undisputed point of reference for academics and practitioners alike. Critical acclaim: “This handbook elegantly captures the range of issues that arises regarding evidence in international arbitration. Bringing together the foremost experts in the field, each contribution offers a thoughtful analysis on these issues and the compilation deserves a prominent spot in every practitioner’s arbitral library.” Chiann Bao, Independent Arbitrator (Arbitration Chambers) and Vice President of the ICC Court of Arbitration “This publication well deserves recognition as a landmark handbook on evidence in international commercial arbitration. It comprehensively discusses the whole evidentiary process from its foundations taking a comparative and harmonizing perspective as well as the burden and standards of proof to the various evidentiary means up to the assessment of evidence. Written by leading academics and practitioners from all over the world, it will be a safe haven for anyone facing discrete evidentiary issues and looking for answers to fundamental or actual questions including as to privileges, confidentiality, virtual hearings or data protection.” Professor Filip De Ly, Chair of the ILA International Commercial Arbitration Committee
Transnational Due Process and Article V(1)(b) of the New York Convention
Author: Dan Xie
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9403524472
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 342
Book Description
Widely regarded as the most important ground for refusal under the 1958 United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (New York Convention), Article V(1)(b), commonly referred to as the ‘due process’ clause, is interpreted in diverse ways across jurisdictions. This book not only thoroughly examines the variety of approaches to the clause adopted by different national courts but also presents a particular understanding of the transnational approach to the due process defence grounded in the interpretative framework of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Drawing on insights and methods from comparative law that consider not only national legal systems but also international commercial arbitration and other international legal regimes, the author specifically leverages the principle of audiatur et altera pars and subsequent state practice. Among the matters examined are the following: threshold requirements for the due process defence; policy considerations of and relevant limits to the interpretation and application of the due process defence; proper notice of the appointment of the arbitrator or of the arbitration proceedings; opportunity to present a case and equal treatment; and the lex arbitri, lex fori, and uniform transnational approaches to the applicable law for the due process defence. The book includes a detailed comparative analysis of numerous domestic judicial decisions across jurisdictions. A comprehensive bibliography includes references to cases, awards, treaties, UN Documents, legislation, institutional rules, and soft laws. The book shows clearly how an understanding of transnational due process grounded in the interpretative framework mandated by international law can contribute to the uniform interpretation and application of Article V(1)(b), thus contributing to debates on the decentralised interpretation of international law by domestic courts. Resolving a range of practical questions about the precise content of the due process defence, the book’s stable and principled framework for interpreting the due process defence will be greatly appreciated by arbitration professionals. Judges will benefit from its endorsement of international judicial cooperation through the recognition and consideration of foreign court decisions, fostering a more harmonised interpretation of the New York Convention.
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9403524472
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 342
Book Description
Widely regarded as the most important ground for refusal under the 1958 United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (New York Convention), Article V(1)(b), commonly referred to as the ‘due process’ clause, is interpreted in diverse ways across jurisdictions. This book not only thoroughly examines the variety of approaches to the clause adopted by different national courts but also presents a particular understanding of the transnational approach to the due process defence grounded in the interpretative framework of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Drawing on insights and methods from comparative law that consider not only national legal systems but also international commercial arbitration and other international legal regimes, the author specifically leverages the principle of audiatur et altera pars and subsequent state practice. Among the matters examined are the following: threshold requirements for the due process defence; policy considerations of and relevant limits to the interpretation and application of the due process defence; proper notice of the appointment of the arbitrator or of the arbitration proceedings; opportunity to present a case and equal treatment; and the lex arbitri, lex fori, and uniform transnational approaches to the applicable law for the due process defence. The book includes a detailed comparative analysis of numerous domestic judicial decisions across jurisdictions. A comprehensive bibliography includes references to cases, awards, treaties, UN Documents, legislation, institutional rules, and soft laws. The book shows clearly how an understanding of transnational due process grounded in the interpretative framework mandated by international law can contribute to the uniform interpretation and application of Article V(1)(b), thus contributing to debates on the decentralised interpretation of international law by domestic courts. Resolving a range of practical questions about the precise content of the due process defence, the book’s stable and principled framework for interpreting the due process defence will be greatly appreciated by arbitration professionals. Judges will benefit from its endorsement of international judicial cooperation through the recognition and consideration of foreign court decisions, fostering a more harmonised interpretation of the New York Convention.
Yearbook Commercial Arbitration, Volume XLV (2020)
Author: Stephan W. Schill
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9403522615
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 613
Book Description
The Yearbook Commercial Arbitration continues its longstanding commitment to serving as a primary resource for the international arbitration community, with reports on arbitral awards and court decisions applying the leading arbitration conventions and decisions of general interest to the practice of international arbitration as well as announcements of arbitration legislation and rules. Volume XLV (2020) includes: excerpts of arbitral awards made under the auspices of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and the Milan Chamber of Arbitration (CAM), as well as twelve awards reflecting the practice of tribunals constituted under the auspices of the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC); notes on new and amended arbitration rules, including references to their online publication; notes on recent developments in arbitration law and practice in Ethiopia, Lithuania, Macao SAR, Palau, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, and Tonga; excerpts of 87 court decisions applying the 1958 New York Convention from 27 countries – including, for the first time, a selection of seven cases from Egypt, and cases from Tanzania and Uzbekistan – all indexed by subject matter and linked to the commentaries on the New York Convention published in the Yearbook, authored by former General Editor and leading expert Prof. Dr. Albert Jan van den Berg; excerpts from two decision applying the 1965 Washington (ICSID) Convention and seven decisions applying the 1975 Panama (Inter-American) Convention, as well as a selection of four court decisions of general interest; an extensive Bibliography of recent books and journals on arbitration. The Yearbook is edited by the International Council for Commercial Arbitration (ICCA), the world’s leading organization representing practitioners and academics in the field, under the general editorship of Prof. Dr. Stephan W. Schill and with the assistance of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, The Hague. It is an essential tool for lawyers, business people and scholars involved in the practice and study of international arbitration.
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9403522615
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 613
Book Description
The Yearbook Commercial Arbitration continues its longstanding commitment to serving as a primary resource for the international arbitration community, with reports on arbitral awards and court decisions applying the leading arbitration conventions and decisions of general interest to the practice of international arbitration as well as announcements of arbitration legislation and rules. Volume XLV (2020) includes: excerpts of arbitral awards made under the auspices of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and the Milan Chamber of Arbitration (CAM), as well as twelve awards reflecting the practice of tribunals constituted under the auspices of the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC); notes on new and amended arbitration rules, including references to their online publication; notes on recent developments in arbitration law and practice in Ethiopia, Lithuania, Macao SAR, Palau, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, and Tonga; excerpts of 87 court decisions applying the 1958 New York Convention from 27 countries – including, for the first time, a selection of seven cases from Egypt, and cases from Tanzania and Uzbekistan – all indexed by subject matter and linked to the commentaries on the New York Convention published in the Yearbook, authored by former General Editor and leading expert Prof. Dr. Albert Jan van den Berg; excerpts from two decision applying the 1965 Washington (ICSID) Convention and seven decisions applying the 1975 Panama (Inter-American) Convention, as well as a selection of four court decisions of general interest; an extensive Bibliography of recent books and journals on arbitration. The Yearbook is edited by the International Council for Commercial Arbitration (ICCA), the world’s leading organization representing practitioners and academics in the field, under the general editorship of Prof. Dr. Stephan W. Schill and with the assistance of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, The Hague. It is an essential tool for lawyers, business people and scholars involved in the practice and study of international arbitration.
International Commercial Contracts
Author: Giuditta Cordero-Moss
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1316514234
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 527
Book Description
Verifies the impact of national law and transnational rules on international contracts, particularly those with an arbitration clause.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1316514234
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 527
Book Description
Verifies the impact of national law and transnational rules on international contracts, particularly those with an arbitration clause.
The Impact of Covid on International Disputes
Author: Shaheeza Lalani
Publisher: BRILL
ISBN: 900451483X
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 293
Book Description
The open access publication of this book has been published with the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation. With little warning, COVID-19 quickly escalated into a generational crisis, creating sustained havoc seen perhaps only in past cases of war, attack, and natural disasters. In the bedlam of the early months, health, science, political, and economic communities were hit with sudden force, required to quickly shift and rearrange the normal order of work. In arbitration, leaders took imperfect information to make dramatic decisions. In process and procedure, arbitral institutions, arbitrators, legal counsel, and clients were swept into this turmoil. In some cases, bold initiatives, still in design and testing, were quickly put into service, upsetting norms and traditions and the very notions of traditional process. The Impact of COVID on International Disputes includes contributions from legal practitioners and academics, takes a fresh look at issues addressed in international arbitration during the COVID-19 pandemic, gathering best practices, additional perspective and predictions based on current practices that will help parties, legal counsel and arbitrators in the future.
Publisher: BRILL
ISBN: 900451483X
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 293
Book Description
The open access publication of this book has been published with the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation. With little warning, COVID-19 quickly escalated into a generational crisis, creating sustained havoc seen perhaps only in past cases of war, attack, and natural disasters. In the bedlam of the early months, health, science, political, and economic communities were hit with sudden force, required to quickly shift and rearrange the normal order of work. In arbitration, leaders took imperfect information to make dramatic decisions. In process and procedure, arbitral institutions, arbitrators, legal counsel, and clients were swept into this turmoil. In some cases, bold initiatives, still in design and testing, were quickly put into service, upsetting norms and traditions and the very notions of traditional process. The Impact of COVID on International Disputes includes contributions from legal practitioners and academics, takes a fresh look at issues addressed in international arbitration during the COVID-19 pandemic, gathering best practices, additional perspective and predictions based on current practices that will help parties, legal counsel and arbitrators in the future.
International Arbitration and Technology
Author: Pietro Ortolani
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9403518162
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 280
Book Description
Digitalization is increasingly impacting the practice of international arbitration. Especially in the wake of COVID-19, technological solutions are adopted by counsel, tribunals, and arbitral institutions. This trend is likely to continue in the future, thus changing the way in which international arbitration is practiced. International arbitration and technology offers the first up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the interplay between technology and international arbitration, with a specific focus on the technological developments which are currently available and already practically relevant. The authors’ practical perspectives on the impact of technology on arbitration yield valuable insights for arbitrators, tribunal secretaries, international arbitration counsel, and arbitral institutions. As many aspects of their work are already impacted by technology, they will find much value within this book’s pages. Furthermore, the book is of interest for academics working in the fields of international dispute resolution, and law and technology.
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9403518162
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 280
Book Description
Digitalization is increasingly impacting the practice of international arbitration. Especially in the wake of COVID-19, technological solutions are adopted by counsel, tribunals, and arbitral institutions. This trend is likely to continue in the future, thus changing the way in which international arbitration is practiced. International arbitration and technology offers the first up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the interplay between technology and international arbitration, with a specific focus on the technological developments which are currently available and already practically relevant. The authors’ practical perspectives on the impact of technology on arbitration yield valuable insights for arbitrators, tribunal secretaries, international arbitration counsel, and arbitral institutions. As many aspects of their work are already impacted by technology, they will find much value within this book’s pages. Furthermore, the book is of interest for academics working in the fields of international dispute resolution, and law and technology.
Forum Shopping Despite Unification of Law
Author: Franco Ferrari
Publisher: BRILL
ISBN: 9004502920
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 464
Book Description
Watch the interview with Franco Ferrari on Forum Shopping Despite Unification of Law According to some commentators, forum shopping is an “evil” that must be eradicated. It has been suggested that the unification of substantive law through international conventions constitutes one way to achieve this outcome. This book shows that the drafting of uniform substantive law convention cannot prevent forum shopping. The reasons are classified into two main categories: convention-extrinsic and convention-intrinsic reasons. The former category comprises those reasons upon which uniform substantive law conventions do not have an impact at all. These reasons range from the costs of access to justice to the bias of potential adjudicators to the enforceability of judgments. The convention-intrinsic reasons, on the other hand, are reasons that relate to the nature and design of uniform substantive law conventions, and include their limited substantive and international spheres of application as well as their limited scope of application, the need to provide for reservations, etc. This book also focuses on another reason why forum shopping cannot be overcome: the impossibility of ensuring uniform applications and interpretations of the various uniform substantive law conventions.
Publisher: BRILL
ISBN: 9004502920
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 464
Book Description
Watch the interview with Franco Ferrari on Forum Shopping Despite Unification of Law According to some commentators, forum shopping is an “evil” that must be eradicated. It has been suggested that the unification of substantive law through international conventions constitutes one way to achieve this outcome. This book shows that the drafting of uniform substantive law convention cannot prevent forum shopping. The reasons are classified into two main categories: convention-extrinsic and convention-intrinsic reasons. The former category comprises those reasons upon which uniform substantive law conventions do not have an impact at all. These reasons range from the costs of access to justice to the bias of potential adjudicators to the enforceability of judgments. The convention-intrinsic reasons, on the other hand, are reasons that relate to the nature and design of uniform substantive law conventions, and include their limited substantive and international spheres of application as well as their limited scope of application, the need to provide for reservations, etc. This book also focuses on another reason why forum shopping cannot be overcome: the impossibility of ensuring uniform applications and interpretations of the various uniform substantive law conventions.