Diversity and Function of Root-associated Fungal Communities in Relation to Nitrogen Nutrition in Temperate Forests PDF Download
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Author: Quang Dung Nguyen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Ectomycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic association with roots of a variety of plant species. They provide plants with nutrients in exchange of photosynthetic carbohydrates. In natural ecosystems, plants form associations not only with ectomycorrhizal fungi but also with a variety of other microbes. Interest in root-associated fungal communities is increasing because they may play an important role in plant nutrition and fitness. Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development but often a limiting factor in forest ecosystems. To date, little is known on the relationship ...
Author: Quang Dung Nguyen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Ectomycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic association with roots of a variety of plant species. They provide plants with nutrients in exchange of photosynthetic carbohydrates. In natural ecosystems, plants form associations not only with ectomycorrhizal fungi but also with a variety of other microbes. Interest in root-associated fungal communities is increasing because they may play an important role in plant nutrition and fitness. Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development but often a limiting factor in forest ecosystems. To date, little is known on the relationship ...
Author: Rodica Pena
Publisher: Cuvillier Verlag
ISBN: 3736969643
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 111
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Book Description
This research highlights the vital but often overlooked role of soil fungi in forest ecosystems, focusing on their impact on nutrient cycles, carbon storage, and plant growth. It delves into how these fungi, especially those connected to plant roots, contribute to the overall health and productivity of forests. The study breaks new ground by examining how changes in the environment, influenced by factors like climate change and forest management practices, affect these fungi and the essential services they provide. The investigation is structured into three main parts: exploring the diversity and makeup of root-associated fungal communities, using advanced infrared spectroscopy to uncover new fungal traits, and studying fungi’s roles in carbon cycling and plant nutrition. Utilizing cutting-edge molecular techniques and large ecological databases, the researchers uncover the complex interactions between fungi, their environment, and plant hosts, demonstrating how these relationships are crucial for ecosystem resilience and productivity. Key findings reveal that the diversity and structure of fungal communities are crucial for maintaining forest health, particularly in the face of environmental stressors. The study advocates for forest management strategies that promote fungal diversity to enhance ecosystem services, highlighting the importance of fungi in sustaining forest ecosystems and their potential in mitigating the impacts of climate change. This work sets the stage for future research into the intricate relationships between fungi, forests, and global ecological cycles, emphasizing the need for a deeper understanding of these critical but underappreciated organisms.
Author: Korena Mafune
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 183
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Book Description
The temperate rainforests of western Washington are commonly recognized for their extensive areas of old-growth forest and more recently their unique canopy soil environment. Over the last 40 years, fundamental studies on canopy soils have emphasized their importance as structural and functional components of these ecosystems; but there remain many unknowns on the biotic and abiotic processes in canopy soil environments, how these may be impacted by climate change, and the implications this may have on host tree resiliency. For example, old-growth bigleaf maple trees (Acer macrophyllum Pursh.) grow extensive adventitious roots that form fungal associations. However, no studies have explored the diversity of these adventitious canopy root associated fungal communities and how they compare to forest floor rooting networks. Further, no studies have explored the seasonal mineralization rates of plant available nutrients in canopy soils and how they enhance forest-level nutrient cycling. Therefore, this study aimed to not only compare these biotic and abiotic processes between the two soil environments, but it also aimed to shed light on how these processes may be impacted by increased and decreased rainfall amounts to better understand how these trees may be affected by climate change. Prior to identifying fungal communities associating with roots in canopy and forest floor soil environments, a methodological approach for long-read sequencing of fungi was designed and tested on the MinION Nanopore Sequencer. To assess the capabilities of the MinION, three fungal mock communities were sequenced. Each had varying ratios of 16 taxa. The MinION recovered all mock community members, when mixed at equal ratios. Highly accurate consensus sequences were derived and identified to species level, proving that the MinION was suitable as a practical alternative to gain insights on root-associated fungal communities. After benchmarking this technology, roots were collected from canopy and forest floor environments to determine if there were any differences in the percent of fungal colonization. There was no significant difference between the percent of fungi colonizing adventitious canopy roots (56.5% ± 5.4) and forest floor roots (65.1% ± 3.6). Subsequently, a rainfall experiment was implemented and root associated fungal communities were identified seasonally (excluding winter) over the duration of one year. At ambient conditions, root associated fungal community composition was significantly different between the two old-growth sites and also between canopy and forest floor environments. However, these communities did not shift in response to seasonal changes. In canopy soil environments, the increased and decreased rainfall experiments and site differences also significantly affected fungal community composition; seasonality also had an effect. The MinION was able to identify a diversity of obligate mutualists and facultative endophytes. There were several species associating with adventitious canopy roots that have never been reported to associate with bigleaf maple prior to this study. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) mineralization rates were also determined seasonally during the rainfall experiment as well as annual N and P pools. In canopy soil environments, both the rainfall treatments and seasonality had a significant effect on N mineralization rates. Phosphorus mineralization rates were also impacted by the rainfall treatments. On a per mass basis at ambient conditions, canopy soils have higher rates of net N (355.3 ± 54.7 mg N kg-1 yr-1) and net P mineralization (387.6 ± 34.5 mg PO4-P kg-1 yr-1) than forest floor soils (58.2 ± 3.9 mg N kg-1 yr-1 and 387.6 ± 34.5 mg PO4-P kg-1 yr-1). When converted to an areal basis, canopy soils enhanced the annual NO3-N, NH4-N, and PO4-P mineralization pools by 5.2%, 48.4%, and 3.7%, respectively. Additionally, some of these resources are leaching to the forest floor soil environment. The first part of this study benchmarked a methodological approach that was utilized throughout the project and allowed the inference of genus and species-level resolution in canopy and forest floor environments. The other two parts of this study demonstrated that canopy soils provide an extra compartment for nutrients and that adventitious rooting systems are associating with a diversity of fungi distinct from forest floor environments. Further, higher and lower inputs of rainfall impact these biotic interactions, as well as the nutrient dynamics. Collectively, this research reveals that fungal communities associating with adventitious roots may be acting as adaptive facilitators to environmental extremes (e.g., climatic changes) and that biogeochemical cycles in canopy soils and their inputs to the ecosystem should not be overlooked.
Author: Anis Mahmud Khokon
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Fungi are a remarkably highly diverse group of organisms on Earth, playing a pivotal role in ecosystem functioning. Belowground, they act as decomposers, pathogens or symbionts. Members of these functional categories are colonizing roots and have been defined as root-associated fungi. The abundance and distribution patterns of fungal communities are determined by various environmental factors, including soil and root properties, vegetation and climatic conditions. Soil fungal communities are known to be vertically stratified across different soil layers but our knowledge about root-associat...
Author: Francois Buscot
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3540266097
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 426
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Book Description
For this third volume of the series Soil Biology, internationally renowned scientists shed light on the significant roles of microbes in soil. Key topics covered include: bioerosion, humification, mineralization and soil aggregation; Interactions in the mycorrhizosphere; microbes and plant nutrient cycling; Microbes in soil surface or toxic metal polluted soils; Use of marker genes and isotopes in soil microbiology, and many more.
Author: Jill A. Hoff
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Fungal diseases of plants
Languages : en
Pages : 12
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Book Description
Interactions between fungi and woody roots may be critical factors that influence diverse forest ecosystems processes, such as wood decay (nutrient recycling); root diseases and their biological control; and endophytic, epiphytic, and mycorrhizal symbioses. However, few studies have characterized the diversity and the spatial and temporal distribution of woody root-associated fungi in forest ecosystems. Molecular genetic techniques that facilitate fungal identification are now available to help investigate complex and dynamic interactions of these fungi.
Author: Donald Jay Nelsen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Forest ecology
Languages : en
Pages : 312
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Book Description
Global importance of forests is difficult to overestimate, given their role in oxygen production, ecological roles in nutrient cycling and supporting numerous living species, and economic value for industry and as recreational zones. Fitness of the forest-forming trees strongly depends on microbial communities associated with tree roots. In particular, fungi impact tree fitness: mycorrhizal species provide water and nutrients for the trees in exchange for C, endophytic fungi play key roles in host defense against pathogenic organisms, and saprotrophic fungi decompose dead organic matter and facilitate nutrient cycling. In addition, pathogenic fungal species strongly affect forest fitness. Despite their importance, fungal communities associated with forest trees are largely unknown because the typical morphological assay takes into consideration a scarce portion of fungal diversity: species that produce visible fruiting bodies at relatively frequent intervals. A more accurate assessment of fungal diversity in forests has become possible with the development of next-generation sequencing, where fungal species are being identified based on the presence of their DNA in the sample. In this work, DNA-metabarcoding was utilized to assess the diversity of fungi associated with roots of forest-forming trees within the families Fagaceae and Betulaceae (Europe), and Fagaceae, and Juglandaceae (North America). The data obtained provided unprecedented insight into hidden richness of root-associated fungi, which approached 1756 OTUs (a proxy for species) in the European dataset, and 2769 - in the North American dataset. Variation in fungal community composition was largely explained by geographical location (ca. 30%). However, the effect of host specificity (ca. 9-15% of variation) was significant as well. DNA-based data revealed strong positive and negative patters in fungal co-occurrence (e.g., a positive relationship was observed between Cenococcum geophilum and species of Russulaceae), which could indicate interactions between fungal species. In addition to diversity assays, fungal responses to acid precipitation were quantified, and revealed strong declines in fungal richness and abundance, including ectomycorrhizal species. I conclude that compositional shifts in root-associated fungal communities could be particularly suitable for monitoring of forest ecosystems, given an optimal response time in fungi (not too slow as in wooded plants and not as high as in bacteria).
Author: Sally E. Smith
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0080559344
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 815
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Book Description
The roots of most plants are colonized by symbiotic fungi to form mycorrhiza, which play a critical role in the capture of nutrients from the soil and therefore in plant nutrition. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis is recognized as the definitive work in this area. Since the last edition was published there have been major advances in the field, particularly in the area of molecular biology, and the new edition has been fully revised and updated to incorporate these exciting new developments. - Over 50% new material - Includes expanded color plate section - Covers all aspects of mycorrhiza - Presents new taxonomy - Discusses the impact of proteomics and genomics on research in this area
Author: Jennifer Lyn Lansing
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Ectomycorrhizal fungi
Languages : en
Pages : 332
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Book Description
Mycorrhizal fungi are found extensively in forest soils and play a crucial role in carbon and nitrogen cycling between plant and soil. However, little is known about how mycorrhizal communities differ between forest systems or what role they play in below ground carbon dynamics. This study addresses the basic ecological questions of how ECM and AM vary between gymnosperm and angiosperm host taxa in undisturbed forest ecosystems which vary in climate and soil characteristics. I use a manipulative N fertilization experiment to study the mycorrhizae between forest sites and their role in ecosystem cycling. AM and ECM percent colonized root length and colonized root length per minirhizotron frame differed between sites and between years. The extramatrical hyphae of all four major AM genera were present at all sites whereas spores, in low abundance, were mainly Glomus spp. Richness of ECM morphotypes was similar between sites at a variety of scales. Functional groups based on ECM morphological characters differed between sites and some fertilization effects were found. Site location was the most influential factor in determining mycorrhizal abundance, composition, and overall role in carbon and nitrogen cycling. At the P. edulis site, I intensively studied the abundance, diversity, composition, and spatial distribution of ECM using morphotyping and RFLP analysis. Years differed in ECM abundance and composition. ECM types differed in frequency across the landscape, abundance at any individual tree, and spatial aggregation. Each P. edulis tree was similar in ECM tip abundance, richness, and number of dominant ECM types. At all scales a few ECM types were dominant however there was temporal and tree to tree variability in which ECM were dominant. The individual tree is the most important sampling unit when assessing P. edulis ECM diversity and composition. Also at the P. edulis site, using RFLP analysis to identify ECM types and 14C to estimate age I found a differential response in the 14C signature of RFLP types to N fertilization indicating that N fertilization does not affect all ECM fungi similarly and functional differences in ECM fungi exist.
Author: Jose G. Maciá-Vicente
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Nonmycorrhizal root-colonizing fungi are key determinants of plant growth, driving processes ranging from pathogenesis to stress alleviation. Evidence suggests that they might also facilitate host access to soil nutrients in a mycorrhiza-like manner, but the extent of their direct contribution to plant nutrition is unknown. To study how widespread such capacity is across root-colonizing fungi, we surveyed soils in nutrient-limiting habitats using plant baits to look for fungal community changes in response to nutrient conditions. We established a fungal culture collection and used Arabidopsis thaliana inoculation bioassays to assess the ability of fungi to facilitate host's growth in the presence of organic nutrients unavailable to plants. Plant baits captured a representation of fungal communities extant in natural habitats and showed that nutrient limitation has little influence on community assembly. Arabidopsis thaliana inoculated with 31 phylogenetically diverse fungi exhibited a consistent fungus-driven growth promotion when supplied with organic nutrients compared to untreated plants. However, direct phosphorus measurement and RNA-seq data did not support enhanced nutrient uptake but rather that growth effects may result from changes in the plant's immune response to colonization. The widespread and consistent host responses to fungal colonization suggest that distinct, locally adapted nonmycorrhizal fungi affect plant performance across habitats. IMPORTANCE: Recent studies have shown that root-associated fungi that do not engage in classical mycorrhizal associations can facilitate the hosts' access to nutrients in a mycorrhiza-like manner. However, the generality of this capacity remains to be tested. Root-associated fungi are frequently deemed major determinants of plant diversity and performance, but in the vast majority of cases their ecological roles in nature remain unknown. Assessing how these plant symbionts affect plant productivity, diversity, and fitness is important to understanding how plant communities function. Recent years have seen important advances in the understanding of the main drivers of the diversity and structure of plant microbiomes, but a major challenge is still linking community properties with function. This study contributes to the understanding of the cryptic function of root-associated fungi by testing their ability to participate in a specific process: nutrient acquisition by plants.
