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Author: Chih-Wei Hsu
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Battery charging stations (Electric vehicles)
Languages : en
Pages : 118
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Book Description
Widespread electric vehicle (EV) adoption will be crucial for achieving decarbonization goals in California. The inclusion of marginalized populations in this process is important and involves challenges related to their physical access to charging infrastructure and economic access to EVs. Public access electric vehicle chargers (PAEVCs) and upfront financial incentives for EVs may help reduce the barriers affecting these populations. In this thesis, a spatial analysis at the census block group level shows that, in California, PAEVC access is lower in areas with below median household incomes and areas with a black and Hispanic majority. The PAEVC access disparities are even more pronounced in areas with higher rates of renter-occupied housing and multi-unit housing. An economic cost model analysis shows that a used or new battery EV has a comparable, and sometimes lower, ownership cost than an internal combustion engine vehicle. Current incentives in place to encourage the purchase of new EVs can also lead to the cost of ownership of new EVs being lower than used EVs. For populations unable to access home chargers, however, the savings advantage of owning an EV is effectively negated due to the higher operational cost of relying on PAEVCs relative to home chargers. My results suggest that while greater access to PAEVCs may help address a critical barrier to EV uptake in marginalized communities, additional measures that address high operating costs, such as increasing access to the lower cost residential curbside charging, may be needed to make EVs competitive in these communities.
Author: Chih-Wei Hsu
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Battery charging stations (Electric vehicles)
Languages : en
Pages : 118
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Book Description
Widespread electric vehicle (EV) adoption will be crucial for achieving decarbonization goals in California. The inclusion of marginalized populations in this process is important and involves challenges related to their physical access to charging infrastructure and economic access to EVs. Public access electric vehicle chargers (PAEVCs) and upfront financial incentives for EVs may help reduce the barriers affecting these populations. In this thesis, a spatial analysis at the census block group level shows that, in California, PAEVC access is lower in areas with below median household incomes and areas with a black and Hispanic majority. The PAEVC access disparities are even more pronounced in areas with higher rates of renter-occupied housing and multi-unit housing. An economic cost model analysis shows that a used or new battery EV has a comparable, and sometimes lower, ownership cost than an internal combustion engine vehicle. Current incentives in place to encourage the purchase of new EVs can also lead to the cost of ownership of new EVs being lower than used EVs. For populations unable to access home chargers, however, the savings advantage of owning an EV is effectively negated due to the higher operational cost of relying on PAEVCs relative to home chargers. My results suggest that while greater access to PAEVCs may help address a critical barrier to EV uptake in marginalized communities, additional measures that address high operating costs, such as increasing access to the lower cost residential curbside charging, may be needed to make EVs competitive in these communities.
Author: Board on Energy and Environmental Systems
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 030928449X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 103
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Book Description
The electric vehicle offers many promisesincreasing U.S. energy security by reducing petroleum dependence, contributing to climate-change initiatives by decreasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, stimulating long-term economic growth through the development of new technologies and industries, and improving public health by improving local air quality. There are, however, substantial technical, social, and economic barriers to widespread adoption of electric vehicles, including vehicle cost, small driving range, long charging times, and the need for a charging infrastructure. In addition, people are unfamiliar with electric vehicles, are uncertain about their costs and benefits, and have diverse needs that current electric vehicles might not meet. Although a person might derive some personal benefits from ownership, the costs of achieving the social benefits, such as reduced GHG emissions, are borne largely by the people who purchase the vehicles. Given the recognized barriers to electric-vehicle adoption, Congress asked the Department of Energy (DOE) to commission a study by the National Academies to address market barriers that are slowing the purchase of electric vehicles and hindering the deployment of supporting infrastructure. As a result of the request, the National Research Council (NRC)a part of the National Academiesappointed the Committee on Overcoming Barriers to Electric-Vehicle Deployment. This committee documented their findings in two reportsa short interim report focused on near-term options, and a final comprehensive report. Overcoming Barriers to Electric-Vehicle Deployment fulfills the request for the short interim report that addresses specifically the following issues: infrastructure needs for electric vehicles, barriers to deploying the infrastructure, and possible roles of the federal government in overcoming the barriers. This report also includes an initial discussion of the pros and cons of the possible roles. This interim report does not address the committee's full statement of task and does not offer any recommendations because the committee is still in its early stages of data-gathering. The committee will continue to gather and review information and conduct analyses through late spring 2014 and will issue its final report in late summer 2014. Overcoming Barriers to Electric-Vehicle Deployment focuses on the light-duty vehicle sector in the United States and restricts its discussion of electric vehicles to plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), which include battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The common feature of these vehicles is that their batteries are charged by being plugged into the electric grid. BEVs differ from PHEVs because they operate solely on electricity stored in a battery (that is, there is no other power source); PHEVs have internal combustion engines that can supplement the electric power train. Although this report considers PEVs generally, the committee recognizes that there are fundamental differences between PHEVs and BEVs.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309372208
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 231
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Book Description
In the past few years, interest in plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) has grown. Advances in battery and other technologies, new federal standards for carbon-dioxide emissions and fuel economy, state zero-emission-vehicle requirements, and the current administration's goal of putting millions of alternative-fuel vehicles on the road have all highlighted PEVs as a transportation alternative. Consumers are also beginning to recognize the advantages of PEVs over conventional vehicles, such as lower operating costs, smoother operation, and better acceleration; the ability to fuel up at home; and zero tailpipe emissions when the vehicle operates solely on its battery. There are, however, barriers to PEV deployment, including the vehicle cost, the short all-electric driving range, the long battery charging time, uncertainties about battery life, the few choices of vehicle models, and the need for a charging infrastructure to support PEVs. What should industry do to improve the performance of PEVs and make them more attractive to consumers? At the request of Congress, Overcoming Barriers to Deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles identifies barriers to the introduction of electric vehicles and recommends ways to mitigate these barriers. This report examines the characteristics and capabilities of electric vehicle technologies, such as cost, performance, range, safety, and durability, and assesses how these factors might create barriers to widespread deployment. Overcoming Barriers to Deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles provides an overview of the current status of PEVs and makes recommendations to spur the industry and increase the attractiveness of this promising technology for consumers. Through consideration of consumer behaviors, tax incentives, business models, incentive programs, and infrastructure needs, this book studies the state of the industry and makes recommendations to further its development and acceptance.
Author: Michael Joseph Kearney
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 70
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Book Description
The United States government is committed to promoting a market for electric vehicles. To ensure that this electrification program does not result in the same failure that has come be associated with its predecessor programs, Freedom Car and the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles, charging infrastructure must be available. At this point, however, it is unclear what the balance will be between industry and government involvement in enabling the distribution of electric vehicle service equipment (EVSE). A number of companies in the private sector have begun initial deployment projects, and municipalities, utilities and other commercial players are beginning to look into the provision of this equipment. However, little is understood about this market where uncertainties about vehicle sales, costs and government support abound. This thesis analyzes the economics of the infrastructure market and explores the internal logic for the companies involved through a dynamic behavioral spatial model to draw policy recommendations for the roles of the government and the private sector in vehicle electrification. Because of the low cost of electricity and high costs of charging infrastructure capital, it will be difficult for EVSE providers to earn a profit selling electricity. Model simulations demonstrate the importance of a public sector infrastructure roll out strategy and investment innovation in the EVSE market toward faster and cheaper charging options. Policies to stimulate electric vehicle adoption must focus on R&D for charging stations and deploying infrastructure.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 40
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Book Description
Given the complex issues associated with plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) charging and options in deploying charging infrastructure, there is interest in exploring scenarios of future charging infrastructure deployment to provide insight and guidance to national and regional stakeholders. The complexity and cost of PEV charging infrastructure pose challenges to decision makers, including individuals, communities, and companies considering infrastructure installations. The value of PEVs to consumers and fleet operators can be increased with well-planned and cost-effective deployment of charging infrastructure. This will increase the number of miles driven electrically and accelerate PEV market penetration, increasing the shared value of charging networks to an expanding consumer base. Given these complexities and challenges, the objective of the present study is to provide additional insight into the role of charging infrastructure in accelerating PEV market growth. To that end, existing studies on PEV infrastructure are summarized in a literature review. Next, an analysis of current markets is conducted with a focus on correlations between PEV adoption and public charging availability. A forward-looking case study is then conducted focused on supporting 300,000 PEVs by 2025 in Massachusetts. The report concludes with a discussion of potential methodology for estimating economic impacts of PEV infrastructure growth.
Author: California Energy Commission
Publisher: Independently Published
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 30
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Book Description
This is a low cost print edition of a government publication. This report describes the results of the installation of 12 Level 2 electric vehicle charging portswith 12 dedicated parking spaces in two campus parking lots at California PolytechnicUniversity State University in San Luis Obispo. The goal of the project was to bring electricvehicle charging infrastructure to the university to increase the use of electric vehicles andthus reduce emissions associated with transportation by increasing workplace and destinationcharging. Usage data were collected from the stations over a 13-month period ending April 30,2016, to determine equivalent emission reductions as well as various vehicle and userstatistics. Specific objectives to increase workplace charging to eight users and destinationcharging to 150 users were set.The installation included 12 electric vehicle charging ports (six dual-charging stations)consisting of four Chargepoint CT4025 8-foot bollard dual charging stations and two CT40236-foot wall-mount dual charging stations. Greenhouse gas emission reductions were based onthe number of electric vehicle miles traveled. The internal combustion engine miles displacedwas determined by the measurement of energy delivered by the electric vehicle chargingstations and the energy use per mile of an average electric vehicle. The estimated greenhousegas emission reductions over the data collection period were more than 30,000 kilograms ofcarbon dioxide equivalent emissions and it is estimated that over the 15-year life of theproject, the reductions will reach 500,000 kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent througheventual displacement of 1.6 million internal combustion engine vehicle miles.By the end of the 13-month data collection period, the number of workplace charging users oncampus has risen to 31 users, and destination charging users have reached 163 users.
Author: Boyang Sa
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electric vehicle industry
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Electric vehicles (EV) and the electrification of the transportation sector is critical to reduce carbon emission. Governments are implementing large scales of public policies, regulations, incentives, and disincentives to build more infrastructure to promote vehicle electrification. However, the equity impacts of these policies, especially the non-financial, planning-related policies, are rarely discussed and evaluated in existing academic literature and professional reports. This dissertation aims to explore different quantitative methods to evaluate the equity impact of EV policies. The dissertation is based comprised of three parts: (1) the theoretical and philosophical contexts of equity and justice in planning, transportation, and vehicular electrification, and a discussion of existing EV policies around the world; (2) three sets of research that evaluate the equity impact of EV policies from different angles; and (3) the conclusions. The first study is to explore how different socioeconomic groups weigh the importance of three non-financial incentives, namely charging infrastructure, free parking, and HOV lane access, and how they influence the EV purchase decision-making in California. An Ordered Logistic Regression and its time-modifying effects between 2017 and 2019 were applied with the data, the California Vehicle Survey from California Energy Commission. Both logistic regression model and the time-varying model suggest that the EV buyers from the marginalized group, including the low-income and non-single family homeowner groups, consider public charging availability the most crucial incentive to their EV purchase, while the more advantaged drivers find HOV lane access to be the most critical. The second study aims to estimate the carbon reduction amount of each driver, and to forecast the carbon mitigation cost, as well as the transition cost to EV by socioeconomic groups under the scenario of a full transition to EV. We create the two scenarios using the assumptions that consumers switch to EV immediately with a new Tesla Model 3 and a used Chevrolet Bolt. Multiple regression tree and boosted regression tree algorithms were applied. The 2019 California Vehicle Survey is used as the database to provide existing driving behavior as input to the forecasting model. The result finds that a greater variations of carbon emission amount among racial groups, housing types, income levels, employment status followed by education achievement. It suggests that marginalized groups show higher quantity carbon emissions than the higher-income and white-only groups. The number of vehicles per household and annual household income are the two most important variables to impact the potential carbon mitigation cost for both scenarios, with education, race, and housing types less relevant. The lower-income drivers face a higher financial cost to switch to EV. The third study aims to investigate the spatial association between current electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) availability and socioeconomic status of different areas within metropolitan areas. We choose six metropolitan areas in the U.S.: Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley, Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, and Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Alpharetta. The EVSE location data are from the Alternative Fuels Data Center, and the demographic and socioeconomic data are from the 2020 Census and the 2019 American Community Survey. After testing several geospatial statistics methods, we found that Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) models offer better performance than Ordinary Least Square models. Results show heterogeneity among cities and neighborhoods. In general, we found that current EVSE density distributions are spatially correlated with certain socioeconomic variables in various cities: housing density (except San Francisco), poverty (except Los Angeles and San Francisco), and employment rate (except San Francisco and Detroit) are mainly negatively associated with EVSE densities, while rental rate (except San Francisco) and median household incomes (except Portland and Atlanta) are positively associated. White-only variable shows no significant relationship in all six metropolitan areas. Overall, availability and accessibility of EVSE in marginalized communities needs to be improved. These studies and the methodologies could shed light for EV policymakers to better understand the equity implications of vehicular electrification, to equip with different quantitative methods to evaluate the policies present, and to improve the policies to achieve equity and climate goals in the future.
Author: Bassem Haidar
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Author: Fang He
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 137
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Book Description
Electricity. The interactions lead to an equilibrium state that can be formulated into a convex mathematical program. We then examine how to allocate the public charging station budget among metropolitan areas in a particular region to maximize social welfare associated with the coupled transportation and power networks. For a particular metropolitan area, given the allocated budget limit, we consider the problem of how to determine the number, locations and types of charging stations within the budget limit. Assuming the locations and types of public charging stations are given, we first develop network equilibrium models with BEVs. Based on the proposed equilibrium models, station location plans are then optimized to maximize social welfare. Lastly, we investigate the operations of public charging stations with a focus on optimizing the prices of electricity at public charging stations.
Author: Sivaraman Palanisamy
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119987768
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 244
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Book Description
Fast-Charging Infrastructure for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles Comprehensive resource describing fast-charging infrastructure in electric vehicles, including various subsystems involved in the power system architecture needed for fast-charging Fast-Charging Infrastructure for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles presents various aspects of fast-charging infrastructure, including the location of fast-charging stations, revenue models and tariff structures, power electronic converters, power quality problems such as harmonics & supraharmonics, energy storage systems, and wireless-charging, electrical distribution infrastructures and planning. This book serves as a guide to learn recent advanced technologies with examples and case studies. It also considers problems that arise, and the mitigation methods involved, in fast-charging stations in global aspects and provides tools for analysis. Sample topics covered in Fast-Charging Infrastructure for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles include: Selection of fast-charging stations, advanced power electronic converter topologies for EV fast-charging, wireless charging for plug-in HEV/EVs, and batteries for fast-charging infrastructure Standards for fast-charging infrastructure and power quality issues (analysis of harmonic injection and system resonance conditions due to large-scale penetration of EVs and supraharmonic injection) For professionals in electric vehicle technology, along with graduate and senior undergraduates, professors, and researchers in related fields, Fast-Charging Infrastructure for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles is a useful, comprehensive, and accessible guide to gain an overview of the current state of the art.
