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Author: Kofi Darkwa Benefo
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 9780821327890
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 110
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Book Description
Explains the broad range of financial instruments government policymakers can use to avoid commodity price risks caused by fluctuating prices. This hands-on book describes management techniques countries can use to avoid the financial risk that occurs when commodity prices fluctuate dramatically. It illustrates each technique in detail with practical case studies of Colombia, Costa Rica, Hungary, Papua New Guinea, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Venezuela. These financial techniques include short-term instruments and newer methods that let governments evade price risks over longer periods and raise finances that are linked to commodity prices. The new techniques include commodity loans, bonds, swaps, futures, forwards, and options. Policymakers receive clear information about how these financial instruments can manage price risk, provide access to external finance, and lower a country's credit risk. The workbook shows how risk instruments work within traditional stabilization schemes and explains which of the techniques protect against external risk. It also identifies the institutional changes and education requirements governments must meet to use the instruments effectively. This book advances the more theoretical work on the new, longer-term instruments that appears in Commodity Risk Management and Finance, published by the World Bank and Oxford University Press. Published for the World Bank by The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Author: Kofi Darkwa Benefo
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 9780821327890
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 110
Get Book Here
Book Description
Explains the broad range of financial instruments government policymakers can use to avoid commodity price risks caused by fluctuating prices. This hands-on book describes management techniques countries can use to avoid the financial risk that occurs when commodity prices fluctuate dramatically. It illustrates each technique in detail with practical case studies of Colombia, Costa Rica, Hungary, Papua New Guinea, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Venezuela. These financial techniques include short-term instruments and newer methods that let governments evade price risks over longer periods and raise finances that are linked to commodity prices. The new techniques include commodity loans, bonds, swaps, futures, forwards, and options. Policymakers receive clear information about how these financial instruments can manage price risk, provide access to external finance, and lower a country's credit risk. The workbook shows how risk instruments work within traditional stabilization schemes and explains which of the techniques protect against external risk. It also identifies the institutional changes and education requirements governments must meet to use the instruments effectively. This book advances the more theoretical work on the new, longer-term instruments that appears in Commodity Risk Management and Finance, published by the World Bank and Oxford University Press. Published for the World Bank by The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Author: Kofi Darkwa Benefo
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Children
Languages : en
Pages : 88
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Book Description
Author: T. Paul Schultz
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Children
Languages : en
Pages : 50
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Book Description
Author: Mark Martin Pitt
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Family & Relationships
Languages : en
Pages : 72
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Book Description
Author: Kofi Darkwa Benefo
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : fr
Pages : 88
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Book Description
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309049423
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 396
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Book Description
This overview includes chapters on child mortality, adult mortality, fertility, proximate determinants, marriage, internal migration, international migration, and the demographic impact of AIDS.
Author: Etienne Van de Walle
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 88
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Book Description
Fertility in Africa remains the highest in the world, the average total fertility rate for the continent is about 6.3 children per woman. So far little evidence is found of the beginning of a sustained and irreversible fertility decline in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) of the sort experienced in other developing areas. Contraceptive use is low (except for spacing purposes and outside of marriage) in sub-Saharan Africa, but there is little evidence that this is due to short supply. Reported ideal family sizes remain quite high suggesting that demand for contraception is low. Analysis of the determinants of fertility in Africa using recently available data is likely to provide new insight into the prospects for fertility decline and the design of population policy. Future analysis should focus on four questions that may be answerable using existing data, and may prove useful in evaluating policy and targeting resources : 1) what are the sources and determinants of observed fertility decline in Africa?; 2) what effects does education have on fertility, family size, and contraceptive use?; 3) what are the likely effects of increases in availability and costs of schooling, health care and family planning services on contraceptive use and fertility? and 4) how will these increases affect measures of child survival, educational attainment and anthropometric status?
Author: Charles F. Westoff
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 74
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Book Description
This report derives estimates from national sample surveys conducted in Africa over the past dozen years of the trends in age at first marriage and at first birth. By splicing together cohorts from the earlier World Fertility Survey and the more recent Demographic and Health Surveys, a pattern of rapidly increasing age at marriage and at first birth is depicted for some African countries, while for some others there is evidence of the beginnings of such change. The demographic significance of such changes is explained, and a model of fertility is constructed in which the role of these variables in the association between socioeconomic background factors and reproductive intentions and contraceptive prevalence is described. The units of observation are the provinces or regions of the countries based on a special data bank created for these analyses. The importance of women's education is highlighted, and the trends in educational achievement are reconstructed from these surveys over a 40-year span. The report concludes with some population policy reflections and emphasizes the potential importance of delaying the first birth by increasing the age at marriage. Population policies aimed at reducing fertility should certainly include efforts to raise the age at marriage.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309058961
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 438
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Book Description
The last 35 years or so have witnessed a dramatic shift in the demography of many developing countries. Before 1960, there were substantial improvements in life expectancy, but fertility declines were very rare. Few people used modern contraceptives, and couples had large families. Since 1960, however, fertility rates have fallen in virtually every major geographic region of the world, for almost all political, social, and economic groups. What factors are responsible for the sharp decline in fertility? What role do child survival programs or family programs play in fertility declines? Casual observation suggests that a decline in infant and child mortality is the most important cause, but there is surprisingly little hard evidence for this conclusion. The papers in this volume explore the theoretical, methodological, and empirical dimensions of the fertility-mortality relationship. It includes several detailed case studies based on contemporary data from developing countries and on historical data from Europe and the United States.
Author: Harold Alderman
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 9780821342459
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 64
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Book Description
Albania provides a small amount of social assistance to nearly 20% of its population through a system which allows a degree of community discretion in determining distribution. This study investigates the poverty targeting of this program. It indicates that relative to other safety net programs in low income countries, social assistance in Albania is fairly well targeted to the poor.
