Author: Florentin Smarandache, Stefan Vladutescu, Alina Tenescu
Publisher: Infinite Study
ISBN: 6061142269
Category : Communication
Languages : en
Pages : 302
Book Description
Our thesis is that communication has several sources. Some may be considered as main sources or constitutive sources from which communication springs, and others may be considered as secondary or complementary sources of communication. We can thus acknowledge eight main sources of communication: rhetoric, persuasion, psychology, sociology, anthropology, semiotics, linguistics and political science. Rhetoric is the first and oldest discipline which studied certain communication phenomena; rhetoric has outlined a proto-object of communication. Sociology is the most powerful source of communication methodology: sociology has supplied most of the theories and methods that have led to the discipline of communication growing autonomously. We assert that secondary sources of communication are: philosophy, ethics, pragmatics, mathematics, cybernetics and ecology. [Florentin Smarandache & Ştefan Vlăduţescu] *** The book has 15 chapters written by the following authors and co-authors from USA, England, China, Poland, Serbia, Bulgaria, Slovakia, and Romania: Florentin Smarandache, Ştefan Vlăduţescu, Jim O’Brien, Svetislav Paunovic, Mariana Man, Zhaoxun Song, Dandan Shan, Maria Nowicka-Skowron, Sorin Mihai Radu, Janusz Grabara, Ioan Cosmescu, Adrian Nicolescu, Krasimira Dimitrova, Alina Țenescu, Sebastian Kot, Beata Ślusarczyk, Maria Măcriș, Iwona Grabara, Piotr Pachura, Mircea Bunaciu, Jozef Novak-Marcincin, Mircea Duică, Odette Arhip, Vlad Roșca, and Vladimir-Aurelian Enăchescu.
Current Communication Difficulties
Author: Florentin Smarandache, Stefan Vladutescu, Alina Tenescu
Publisher: Infinite Study
ISBN: 6061142269
Category : Communication
Languages : en
Pages : 302
Book Description
Our thesis is that communication has several sources. Some may be considered as main sources or constitutive sources from which communication springs, and others may be considered as secondary or complementary sources of communication. We can thus acknowledge eight main sources of communication: rhetoric, persuasion, psychology, sociology, anthropology, semiotics, linguistics and political science. Rhetoric is the first and oldest discipline which studied certain communication phenomena; rhetoric has outlined a proto-object of communication. Sociology is the most powerful source of communication methodology: sociology has supplied most of the theories and methods that have led to the discipline of communication growing autonomously. We assert that secondary sources of communication are: philosophy, ethics, pragmatics, mathematics, cybernetics and ecology. [Florentin Smarandache & Ştefan Vlăduţescu] *** The book has 15 chapters written by the following authors and co-authors from USA, England, China, Poland, Serbia, Bulgaria, Slovakia, and Romania: Florentin Smarandache, Ştefan Vlăduţescu, Jim O’Brien, Svetislav Paunovic, Mariana Man, Zhaoxun Song, Dandan Shan, Maria Nowicka-Skowron, Sorin Mihai Radu, Janusz Grabara, Ioan Cosmescu, Adrian Nicolescu, Krasimira Dimitrova, Alina Țenescu, Sebastian Kot, Beata Ślusarczyk, Maria Măcriș, Iwona Grabara, Piotr Pachura, Mircea Bunaciu, Jozef Novak-Marcincin, Mircea Duică, Odette Arhip, Vlad Roșca, and Vladimir-Aurelian Enăchescu.
Publisher: Infinite Study
ISBN: 6061142269
Category : Communication
Languages : en
Pages : 302
Book Description
Our thesis is that communication has several sources. Some may be considered as main sources or constitutive sources from which communication springs, and others may be considered as secondary or complementary sources of communication. We can thus acknowledge eight main sources of communication: rhetoric, persuasion, psychology, sociology, anthropology, semiotics, linguistics and political science. Rhetoric is the first and oldest discipline which studied certain communication phenomena; rhetoric has outlined a proto-object of communication. Sociology is the most powerful source of communication methodology: sociology has supplied most of the theories and methods that have led to the discipline of communication growing autonomously. We assert that secondary sources of communication are: philosophy, ethics, pragmatics, mathematics, cybernetics and ecology. [Florentin Smarandache & Ştefan Vlăduţescu] *** The book has 15 chapters written by the following authors and co-authors from USA, England, China, Poland, Serbia, Bulgaria, Slovakia, and Romania: Florentin Smarandache, Ştefan Vlăduţescu, Jim O’Brien, Svetislav Paunovic, Mariana Man, Zhaoxun Song, Dandan Shan, Maria Nowicka-Skowron, Sorin Mihai Radu, Janusz Grabara, Ioan Cosmescu, Adrian Nicolescu, Krasimira Dimitrova, Alina Țenescu, Sebastian Kot, Beata Ślusarczyk, Maria Măcriș, Iwona Grabara, Piotr Pachura, Mircea Bunaciu, Jozef Novak-Marcincin, Mircea Duică, Odette Arhip, Vlad Roșca, and Vladimir-Aurelian Enăchescu.
Strategies to Enhance Air Force Communication with Internal and External Audiences
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309389046
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 51
Book Description
The U.S. Air Force (USAF) helps defend the United States and its interests by organizing, training, and equipping forces for operations in and through three distinct domains-air, space, and cyberspace. The Air Force concisely expresses its vision as "Global Vigilance, Global Reach, and Global Power for America." Operations within each of these domains are dynamic, take place over large distances, occur over different operational timelines, and cannot be routinely seen or recorded, making it difficult for Airmen, national decision makers, and the American People to visualize and comprehend the full scope of Air Force operations. As a result, the Air Force faces increasing difficulty in succinctly and effectively communicating the complexity, dynamic range, and strategic importance of its mission to Airmen and to the American people. To address this concern, the Chief of Staff of the USAF requested that the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convene a workshop to explore options on how the Air Force can effectively communicate the strategic importance of the Service, its mission, and the role it plays in the defense of the United States. Participants worked to address the issues that a diverse workforce encompassing a myriad of backgrounds, education, and increasingly diverse current mission sets drives the requirement for a new communication strategy. The demographics of today's Air Force creates both a unique opportunity and a distinct challenge to Air Force leadership as it struggles to communicate its vision and strategy effectively across several micro-cultures within the organization and to the general public. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309389046
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 51
Book Description
The U.S. Air Force (USAF) helps defend the United States and its interests by organizing, training, and equipping forces for operations in and through three distinct domains-air, space, and cyberspace. The Air Force concisely expresses its vision as "Global Vigilance, Global Reach, and Global Power for America." Operations within each of these domains are dynamic, take place over large distances, occur over different operational timelines, and cannot be routinely seen or recorded, making it difficult for Airmen, national decision makers, and the American People to visualize and comprehend the full scope of Air Force operations. As a result, the Air Force faces increasing difficulty in succinctly and effectively communicating the complexity, dynamic range, and strategic importance of its mission to Airmen and to the American people. To address this concern, the Chief of Staff of the USAF requested that the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convene a workshop to explore options on how the Air Force can effectively communicate the strategic importance of the Service, its mission, and the role it plays in the defense of the United States. Participants worked to address the issues that a diverse workforce encompassing a myriad of backgrounds, education, and increasingly diverse current mission sets drives the requirement for a new communication strategy. The demographics of today's Air Force creates both a unique opportunity and a distinct challenge to Air Force leadership as it struggles to communicate its vision and strategy effectively across several micro-cultures within the organization and to the general public. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.
Communication Problems in Autism
Author: Eric Schopler
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 147574806X
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 356
Book Description
The North Carolina State Legislature's mandate to Division TEACCH has three major components. First, to provide the most up-to-date and cost effective services possible for families with autistic or similar language impaired children; second, to conduct research aimed toward the better under standing of such devastating disorders; and third, to provide training for the professionals needed to pursue these goals. One element in achieving these aims is to hold annual conferences on topics of special importance to the under standing and treatment of autism and similar disorders. In addition to training professionals and parents on the most recent de velopments in each conference topic, we are publishing a series, Current Issues in Autism, based on these conferences. These books are not, however, simply the published proceedings of the conference papers. Instead, some chapters are expanded conference presentations, whereas others come from national and in ternational experts whose work is beyond the scope of the conference, but es sential in our attempt at comprehensive coverage of the conference theme. These volumes are intended to provide the most current knowledge and profes sional practice available to us at the time.
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 147574806X
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 356
Book Description
The North Carolina State Legislature's mandate to Division TEACCH has three major components. First, to provide the most up-to-date and cost effective services possible for families with autistic or similar language impaired children; second, to conduct research aimed toward the better under standing of such devastating disorders; and third, to provide training for the professionals needed to pursue these goals. One element in achieving these aims is to hold annual conferences on topics of special importance to the under standing and treatment of autism and similar disorders. In addition to training professionals and parents on the most recent de velopments in each conference topic, we are publishing a series, Current Issues in Autism, based on these conferences. These books are not, however, simply the published proceedings of the conference papers. Instead, some chapters are expanded conference presentations, whereas others come from national and in ternational experts whose work is beyond the scope of the conference, but es sential in our attempt at comprehensive coverage of the conference theme. These volumes are intended to provide the most current knowledge and profes sional practice available to us at the time.
Key Issues in Organizational Communication
Author: Owen Hargie
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1134508239
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 319
Book Description
It is often said that the practice of management is in crisis, and that managers are now finding it harder than ever to develop strategies which withstand the shocks of the marketplace. This illuminating book cuts through these conflicting issues to show how organizational communication plays a vital role in confronting uncertainty. Arguing that many managers fail to adequately consider the communication consequences of the decision making process and its impact on organizational effectiveness, Hargie and Tourish present here numerous organizational communication insights, and show how they reveal a way through these dilemmas. Based on cutting-edge research findings and case studies, this book features contributions from the UK, USA, Canada, New Zealand and Norway, bringing multiple perspectives to this topical subject. The result is a comprehensive guide to organizational communication useful for managers, academics and students.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1134508239
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 319
Book Description
It is often said that the practice of management is in crisis, and that managers are now finding it harder than ever to develop strategies which withstand the shocks of the marketplace. This illuminating book cuts through these conflicting issues to show how organizational communication plays a vital role in confronting uncertainty. Arguing that many managers fail to adequately consider the communication consequences of the decision making process and its impact on organizational effectiveness, Hargie and Tourish present here numerous organizational communication insights, and show how they reveal a way through these dilemmas. Based on cutting-edge research findings and case studies, this book features contributions from the UK, USA, Canada, New Zealand and Norway, bringing multiple perspectives to this topical subject. The result is a comprehensive guide to organizational communication useful for managers, academics and students.
Can You Hear Me?
Author: Nick Morgan
Publisher: Harvard Business Press
ISBN: 1633694453
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 291
Book Description
A Washington Post Bestseller Your manual for remote and virtual work. Communicating virtually is cool, useful, and now even more ubiquitous and necessary than ever. But we're often reminded that the quality of human connection we experience in many forms of virtual communication is awful. We've all felt disconnected in a video conference, frustrated that we're not getting through on the phone, upset when our email is badly misinterpreted, or anxious that we're being misunderstood. How can we fix this? In this powerful, practical book, communication expert Nick Morgan outlines five big problems with communication in the virtual world--lack of feedback, lack of empathy, lack of control, lack of emotion, and lack of connection and commitment--and shows how to overcome them as we shift to working remotely more and more. Morgan argues that while virtual communication will never be as rich or intuitive as a face-to-face meeting, recent research suggests that we need to learn is to consciously deliver a whole set of cues, both verbal and nonverbal, that we used to deliver unconsciously in the pre-virtual era. He guides us through this important process, providing rules for virtual feedback, an empathy assessment and virtual temperature check, tips for creating trust in a virtual context, and advice for specific digital channels such as email and text, the conference call, Skype, and more. Whether you're an entrepreneur, an independent professional, or a manager in an organization that has more than one office or customers who aren't nearby, Can You Hear Me? is your essential communications manual for twenty-first-century work.
Publisher: Harvard Business Press
ISBN: 1633694453
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 291
Book Description
A Washington Post Bestseller Your manual for remote and virtual work. Communicating virtually is cool, useful, and now even more ubiquitous and necessary than ever. But we're often reminded that the quality of human connection we experience in many forms of virtual communication is awful. We've all felt disconnected in a video conference, frustrated that we're not getting through on the phone, upset when our email is badly misinterpreted, or anxious that we're being misunderstood. How can we fix this? In this powerful, practical book, communication expert Nick Morgan outlines five big problems with communication in the virtual world--lack of feedback, lack of empathy, lack of control, lack of emotion, and lack of connection and commitment--and shows how to overcome them as we shift to working remotely more and more. Morgan argues that while virtual communication will never be as rich or intuitive as a face-to-face meeting, recent research suggests that we need to learn is to consciously deliver a whole set of cues, both verbal and nonverbal, that we used to deliver unconsciously in the pre-virtual era. He guides us through this important process, providing rules for virtual feedback, an empathy assessment and virtual temperature check, tips for creating trust in a virtual context, and advice for specific digital channels such as email and text, the conference call, Skype, and more. Whether you're an entrepreneur, an independent professional, or a manager in an organization that has more than one office or customers who aren't nearby, Can You Hear Me? is your essential communications manual for twenty-first-century work.
The Handbook of Applied Communication Research
Author: H. Dan O'Hair
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119399874
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 1043
Book Description
An authoritative survey of different contexts, methodologies, and theories of applied communication The field of Applied Communication Research (ACR) has made substantial progress over the past five decades in studying communication problems, and in making contributions to help solve them. Changes in society, human relationships, climate and the environment, and digital media have presented myriad contexts in which to apply communication theory. The Handbook of Applied Communication Research addresses a wide array of contemporary communication issues, their research implications in various contexts, and the challenges and opportunities for using communication to manage problems. This innovative work brings together the diverse perspectives of a team of notable international scholars from across disciplines. The Handbook of Applied Communication Research includes discussion and analysis spread across two comprehensive volumes. Volume one introduces ACR, explores what is possible in the field, and examines theoretical perspectives, organizational communication, risk and crisis communication, and media, data, design, and technology. The second volume focuses on real-world communication topics such as health and education communication, legal, ethical, and policy issues, and volunteerism, social justice, and communication activism. Each chapter addresses a specific issue or concern, and discusses the choices faced by participants in the communication process. This important contribution to communication research: Explores how various communication contexts are best approached Addresses balancing scientific findings with social and cultural issues Discusses how and to what extent media can mitigate the effects of adverse events Features original findings from ongoing research programs and original communication models and frameworks Presents the best available research and insights on where current research and best practices should move in the future A major addition to the body of knowledge in the field, The Handbook of Applied Communication Research is an invaluable work for advanced undergraduate students, graduate students, and scholars.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119399874
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 1043
Book Description
An authoritative survey of different contexts, methodologies, and theories of applied communication The field of Applied Communication Research (ACR) has made substantial progress over the past five decades in studying communication problems, and in making contributions to help solve them. Changes in society, human relationships, climate and the environment, and digital media have presented myriad contexts in which to apply communication theory. The Handbook of Applied Communication Research addresses a wide array of contemporary communication issues, their research implications in various contexts, and the challenges and opportunities for using communication to manage problems. This innovative work brings together the diverse perspectives of a team of notable international scholars from across disciplines. The Handbook of Applied Communication Research includes discussion and analysis spread across two comprehensive volumes. Volume one introduces ACR, explores what is possible in the field, and examines theoretical perspectives, organizational communication, risk and crisis communication, and media, data, design, and technology. The second volume focuses on real-world communication topics such as health and education communication, legal, ethical, and policy issues, and volunteerism, social justice, and communication activism. Each chapter addresses a specific issue or concern, and discusses the choices faced by participants in the communication process. This important contribution to communication research: Explores how various communication contexts are best approached Addresses balancing scientific findings with social and cultural issues Discusses how and to what extent media can mitigate the effects of adverse events Features original findings from ongoing research programs and original communication models and frameworks Presents the best available research and insights on where current research and best practices should move in the future A major addition to the body of knowledge in the field, The Handbook of Applied Communication Research is an invaluable work for advanced undergraduate students, graduate students, and scholars.
Bring Your Brain to Work
Author: Art Markman
Publisher: Harvard Business Press
ISBN: 163369612X
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 317
Book Description
To succeed at work, first you need to understand your own brain If you're in a job interview, how should you think about the mindset of the interviewer? If you've just been promoted, how do you handle the tensions of managing former peers? And what are the telltale mental signs that it's time to start planning your next career move? We know that psychology can teach us much about behaviors and challenges relevant to work, such as making better decisions, influencing people, and dealing with stress. But many popular books on these topics analyze them as universal human phenomena without providing real-life, constructive career help. Bring Your Brain to Work changes all that. Professor, author, and popular radio host Art Markman focuses on three essential elements of a successful career--getting a job, excelling at work, and finding your next position--and expertly illustrates how cognitive science, especially psychology, sheds fascinating and useful light on each of these elements. To succeed at a job interview, for example, you need to understand the mindset of the interviewer and know how to come across as exactly the individual the company wants to hire. To keep that job, it's critical to master the mental challenge of learning every day. Finally, careers require constant development, so you need to be able to sense when it's time to move up or out and to prepare yourself for the move. So many of the hurdles you face throughout your career are, first and foremost, psychological challenges, and Markman shows you how to use your different mental systems--motivational, social, and cognitive--to manage them more effectively. Integrating the latest research with engaging stories and examples from across the professional spectrum, Bring Your Brain to Work gets inside your head, helping you to succeed through a better understanding of yourself and those around you.
Publisher: Harvard Business Press
ISBN: 163369612X
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 317
Book Description
To succeed at work, first you need to understand your own brain If you're in a job interview, how should you think about the mindset of the interviewer? If you've just been promoted, how do you handle the tensions of managing former peers? And what are the telltale mental signs that it's time to start planning your next career move? We know that psychology can teach us much about behaviors and challenges relevant to work, such as making better decisions, influencing people, and dealing with stress. But many popular books on these topics analyze them as universal human phenomena without providing real-life, constructive career help. Bring Your Brain to Work changes all that. Professor, author, and popular radio host Art Markman focuses on three essential elements of a successful career--getting a job, excelling at work, and finding your next position--and expertly illustrates how cognitive science, especially psychology, sheds fascinating and useful light on each of these elements. To succeed at a job interview, for example, you need to understand the mindset of the interviewer and know how to come across as exactly the individual the company wants to hire. To keep that job, it's critical to master the mental challenge of learning every day. Finally, careers require constant development, so you need to be able to sense when it's time to move up or out and to prepare yourself for the move. So many of the hurdles you face throughout your career are, first and foremost, psychological challenges, and Markman shows you how to use your different mental systems--motivational, social, and cognitive--to manage them more effectively. Integrating the latest research with engaging stories and examples from across the professional spectrum, Bring Your Brain to Work gets inside your head, helping you to succeed through a better understanding of yourself and those around you.
Working With Adults with Communication Difficulties in the Criminal Justice System
Author: Jacqui Learoyd
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1000900614
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 230
Book Description
This book offers guidance for speech and language therapists and other professionals who are working in a criminal justice setting or who are interested to know more about this dynamic and rewarding client group. The criminal justice system (CJS) includes police custody, community services, secure hospitals and prisons. Although each setting has its differences, there are overarching areas associated with speech, language and communication needs (SLCN) within the population who find themselves coming into contact with the CJS. These needs are many and varied: from social deprivation and developmental language disorder, to head injury, substance misuse and ADHD. The variety is both stimulating and challenging, and this book provides the reader with a range of resources to use with such a complex client base. Key features include: academic evidence about SLCN in the CJS accessible visuals explaining the systems pathways resources to support assessment and intervention information to support individuals with a range of overlapping needs. Aimed primarily at speech and language therapists, the book also includes useful content for students, academics and professionals who wish to know more about SLCN within the CJS. As well as being full of useful infographics, this book includes a vast appendix of online material that can be downloaded and printed for use in practice.
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1000900614
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 230
Book Description
This book offers guidance for speech and language therapists and other professionals who are working in a criminal justice setting or who are interested to know more about this dynamic and rewarding client group. The criminal justice system (CJS) includes police custody, community services, secure hospitals and prisons. Although each setting has its differences, there are overarching areas associated with speech, language and communication needs (SLCN) within the population who find themselves coming into contact with the CJS. These needs are many and varied: from social deprivation and developmental language disorder, to head injury, substance misuse and ADHD. The variety is both stimulating and challenging, and this book provides the reader with a range of resources to use with such a complex client base. Key features include: academic evidence about SLCN in the CJS accessible visuals explaining the systems pathways resources to support assessment and intervention information to support individuals with a range of overlapping needs. Aimed primarily at speech and language therapists, the book also includes useful content for students, academics and professionals who wish to know more about SLCN within the CJS. As well as being full of useful infographics, this book includes a vast appendix of online material that can be downloaded and printed for use in practice.
Current Trends and Issues in Internal Communication
Author: Linjuan Rita Men
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030782131
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 274
Book Description
This edited book delves into important current issues and trends in internal communication from a strategic communication perspective. It presents recent research findings, theories, best practices, and cases in internal communication on a global scale. The book discusses emerging and important long-standing issues in-depth, including topics such as employee advocacy, internal social media, internal issue management and crisis communication, employee activism, purposeful communication, leadership communication, internal CSR communication, cross-cultural/global internal communications, internal communication, and employee well-being. Within these topics, the chapters address the function of internal communications in contemporary times, the role of leaders, how to integrate emerging technologies, building an internal brand, and measuring the effectiveness of internal communication. This book will be a comprehensive source on internal communication, especially on its new theoretical development related to the emerging issues and trends, best practices, and future directions for research and practice.
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030782131
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 274
Book Description
This edited book delves into important current issues and trends in internal communication from a strategic communication perspective. It presents recent research findings, theories, best practices, and cases in internal communication on a global scale. The book discusses emerging and important long-standing issues in-depth, including topics such as employee advocacy, internal social media, internal issue management and crisis communication, employee activism, purposeful communication, leadership communication, internal CSR communication, cross-cultural/global internal communications, internal communication, and employee well-being. Within these topics, the chapters address the function of internal communications in contemporary times, the role of leaders, how to integrate emerging technologies, building an internal brand, and measuring the effectiveness of internal communication. This book will be a comprehensive source on internal communication, especially on its new theoretical development related to the emerging issues and trends, best practices, and future directions for research and practice.
Recent Advances in Language, Communication, and Social Psychology
Author: Howard Giles
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 0429790163
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 468
Book Description
Originally published in 1985. Detailed exploration of the dynamics of language within social psychology forms a social psychology of language which is distinct from other approaches. This volume presents some of the growing body of research in this area, with many theoretical models and ideas - chapters consider the relationship between language and social situations, looking at cognitive structures in how communication between individuals develops in childhood and beyond, how it defines social situations, influences others, expresses feelings and values, evokes social categorizations and how it can break down.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 0429790163
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 468
Book Description
Originally published in 1985. Detailed exploration of the dynamics of language within social psychology forms a social psychology of language which is distinct from other approaches. This volume presents some of the growing body of research in this area, with many theoretical models and ideas - chapters consider the relationship between language and social situations, looking at cognitive structures in how communication between individuals develops in childhood and beyond, how it defines social situations, influences others, expresses feelings and values, evokes social categorizations and how it can break down.