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Author: National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309131065
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 180
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Book Description
The government's first Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) programs were created in 1991 to eliminate the former Soviet Union's nuclear, chemical, and other weapons and prevent their proliferation. The programs have accomplished a great deal: deactivating thousands of nuclear warheads, neutralizing chemical weapons, converting weapons facilities for peaceful use, and redirecting the work of former weapons scientists and engineers, among other efforts. Originally designed to deal with immediate post-Cold War challenges, the programs must be expanded to other regions and fundamentally redesigned as an active tool of foreign policy that can address contemporary threats from groups that are that are agile, networked, and adaptable. As requested by Congress, Global Security Engagement proposes how this goal can best be achieved. To meet the magnitude of new security challenges, particularly at the nexus of weapons of mass destruction and terrorism, Global Security Engagement recommends a new, more flexible, and responsive model that will draw on a broader range of partners than current programs have. The White House, working across the Executive Branch and with Congress, must lead this effort.
Author: National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309131065
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 180
Get Book Here
Book Description
The government's first Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) programs were created in 1991 to eliminate the former Soviet Union's nuclear, chemical, and other weapons and prevent their proliferation. The programs have accomplished a great deal: deactivating thousands of nuclear warheads, neutralizing chemical weapons, converting weapons facilities for peaceful use, and redirecting the work of former weapons scientists and engineers, among other efforts. Originally designed to deal with immediate post-Cold War challenges, the programs must be expanded to other regions and fundamentally redesigned as an active tool of foreign policy that can address contemporary threats from groups that are that are agile, networked, and adaptable. As requested by Congress, Global Security Engagement proposes how this goal can best be achieved. To meet the magnitude of new security challenges, particularly at the nexus of weapons of mass destruction and terrorism, Global Security Engagement recommends a new, more flexible, and responsive model that will draw on a broader range of partners than current programs have. The White House, working across the Executive Branch and with Congress, must lead this effort.
Author: National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309222559
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 119
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Book Description
The Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) Program was created in 1991 as a set of support activities assisting the Former Soviet Union states in securing and eliminating strategic nuclear weapons and the materials used to create them. The Program evolved as needs and opportunities changed: Efforts to address biological and chemical threats were added, as was a program aimed at preventing cross-border smuggling of weapons of mass destruction. CTR has traveled through uncharted territory since its inception, and both the United States and its partners have taken bold steps resulting in progress unimagined in initial years. Over the years, much of the debate about CTR on Capitol Hill has concerned the effective use of funds, when the partners would take full responsibility for the efforts, and how progress, impact, and effectiveness should be measured. Directed by Congress, the Secretary of Defense completed a report describing DoD's metrics for the CTR Program (here called the DoD Metrics Report) in September 2010 and, as required in the same law, contracted with the National Academy of Sciences to review the metrics DoD developed and identify possible additional or alternative metrics, if necessary. Improving Metrics for the DoD Cooperative Threat Reduction Program provides that review and advice. Improving Metrics for the DoD Cooperative Threat Reduction Program identifies shortcomings in the DoD Metrics Report and provides recommendations to enhance DoD's development and use of metrics for the CTR Program. The committee wrote this report with two main audiences in mind: Those who are mostly concerned with the overall assessment and advice, and those readers directly involved in the CTR Program, who need the details of the DoD report assessment and of how to implement the approach that the committee recommends.
Author: Amy F. Woolf
Publisher: Nova Publishers
ISBN: 9781590338766
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 60
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Book Description
Congress established the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program (CRT) in 1991 so that the United States could assist the former Soviet Republics with the safe and secure transportation, storage and elimination of nuclear weapons. The CRT program seeks to reduce the threat these weapons pose to the United States and to reduce the proliferation risks from nuclear weapons and materials in the former Soviet Union. Congress has authorised and appropriated around USD300-USD400 million each year for CTR. have questioned whether all of the proposed and ongoing projects contribute to US national security. Some have questioned Russia's commitment, both political and financial to some of the projects. This book reviews many of the concerns that have been raised in Congress during debates over CTR. It also provides a summary of the funding for different CTR projects and presents an analysis of CTR and its structure and impact. Contents: Preface; Overview of the CTR Program; Evolving Rationale, Program Implementation, Focus of the CTR Programs, Value of U.S. Assistance under CTR, Scope of the CTR Programs, Russia's Financial Commitment to CTR Programs, Linkage between U.S. Assistance and Russian Policies. Subject Index.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Although the end of the Cold War dramatically reduced the danger to the United States posed by the threat of a massive nuclear exchange, instabilities and uncertainties in the new independent states (NIS) of the former Soviet Union have created new challenges and threats. The changing political, social, and economic conditions strain the ability of the NIS to provide for the safe and secure storage, transportation, and dismantlement of nuclear weapons and to eliminate these threatening systems once and for all. By assisting the NIS in these tasks, the CTR program reduces the threats from weapons of mass destruction missile by missile, warhead by warhead, factory by factory, and person by person. CTR is not foreign aid. Former Secretary of Defense William J. Perry calls it "defense by other means." Through CTR we have achieved some tremendous gains, which are noted in this booklet, toward ensuring our security by helping to eliminate weapons that could be aimed at us and by helping to prevent weapons proliferation to hostile countries.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309179513
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 120
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Book Description
This Congressionally-mandated report identifies areas for further cooperation with Russia and other states of the former Soviet Union under the Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) program of the Department of Defense in the specific area of prevention of proliferation of biological weapons. The report reviews relevant U.S. government programs, and particularly the CTR program, and identifies approaches for overcoming obstacles to cooperation and for increasing the long-term impact of the program. It recommends strong support for continuation of the CTR program.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 24
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Book Description
Although the end of the Cold War dramatically reduced the danger to the United States posed by the threat of a massive nuclear exchange, instabilities and uncertainties in the new independent states (NIS) of the former Soviet Union have created new challenges and threats. The changing political, social, and economic conditions strain the ability of the NIS to provide for the safe and secure storage, transportation, and dismantlement of nuclear weapons and to eliminate these threatening systems once and for all. By assisting the NIS in these tasks, the CTR program reduces the threats from weapons of mass destruction missile by missile, warhead by warhead, factory by factory, and person by person. CTR is not foreign aid. Former Secretary of Defense William J. Perry calls it "defense by other means." Through CTR we have achieved some tremendous gains, which are noted in this booklet, toward ensuring our security by helping to eliminate weapons that could be aimed at us and by helping to prevent weapons proliferation to hostile countries.
Author: Rachel D. Burke
Publisher: Nova Science Publishers
ISBN: 9781634637237
Category : Arms control
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The United States uses a number of policy tools to address the threat of attack using chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) weapons. These include a set of financial and technical programs known, variously, as cooperative threat reduction (CTR) programs, nonproliferation assistance, or, global security engagement. Congress has supported these programs over the years, but has raised a number of questions about their implementation and their future direction. Over the years, the CTR effort shifted from an emergency response to impending chaos in the Soviet Union to a broader program seeking to keep CBRN weapons away from rogue nations or terrorist groups. It has also grown from a DOD-centered effort to include projects funded by the Department of Defense (DOD), the State Department, the Department of Energy (DOE), and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). This book summarizes cooperative activities conducted during the full 20 years of U.S. threat reduction and nonproliferation assistance. It also provides basic information on the Global Security Contingency Fund (GSCF) legislation.
Author:
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
ISBN: 142893068X
Category : Nuclear arms control
Languages : en
Pages : 52
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Book Description
Author: Sharon A. Squassoni
Publisher: Nova Novinka
ISBN: 9781594541957
Category : Arms control
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Non-proliferation assistance programs, including co-operative threat reduction, are being examined to help reduce the risk of terrorist access to weapons of mass destruction (WMD). In the FY2004 National Defense Authorisation Act, Congress authorised the Administration to spend $50 million of unobligated funds from the Co-operative Threat Reduction (CTR) Program in states outside the former Soviet Union. This book analyses the range of possibilities for applying CTR funds, what kinds of assistance may be supplied, and describes legal, financial, technical, and political constraints on possible assistance. A key underlying issue is whether countries that pose particular risks are prepared to provide adequate co-operation to achieve CTR objectives. As many observers have noted, CTR programs cannot be precisely replicated in other countries. A common factor must be the willingness of such states to co-operate. One school of thought believes Russia, as the largest source of stocks of biological, chemical, and nuclear weapons, should continue to be the main focus of attention. Other observers believe there is now an opportunity to focus additionally on states within the nexus of terrorism and WMD.
Author: John M. Shields
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 9780262691987
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 454
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Book Description
The Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) program has since authorized more than $1.5 billion for a wide array of weapons destruction, demilitarization, nuclear security, and nonproliferation activities in the Newly Independent States (NIS) of the former Soviet Union.
