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Author: Sven G. Holtsmark
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Norway
Languages : en
Pages : 92
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Author: Sven G. Holtsmark
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Norway
Languages : en
Pages : 92
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Author: Sven G.. Holtsmark
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : no
Pages : 82
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Author: Dan Reiter
Publisher: Cornell University Press
ISBN: 1501744763
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 251
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Book Description
How do foreign policy-makers learn from history? When do states enter alliances? Beginning with these two questions, Dan Reiter uses recent work in social psychology and organization theory to build a formative-events model of learning in international politics. History does inform the decisions of policy-makers, he suggests, but it is history of a specific sort, based on firsthand experience in major events such as wars. Reiter addresses a striking empirical puzzle: Why, in this century, have some small powers chosen to enter alliances when faced with international instability whereas others have stayed neutral? Specifically, why did Belgium, the Netherlands, and Norway join NATO, while Sweden, Switzerland, and Ireland did not? Employing quantitative and case study methods, Reiter finds that peacetime decisions about alliance and neutrality stem from states' experiences during world wars. Tested against balance-of-threat theory, the leading realist explanation of alliance behavior, Reiter's formative-events model of learning emerges as a far better predictor of states' decisions. Crucible of Beliefs' findings show that, contrary to balance-of-threat theory, state leaders ignore the level of international threat and focus instead on avoiding past mistakes and repeating past successes. A serious blow to realism, these findings demonstrate that to understand the dynamics of world politics, it is essential to know how leaders learn from history.
Author: Guy Mettan
Publisher: SCB Distributors
ISBN: 0997896558
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 390
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Book Description
hy do the USA, UK and Europe so hate Russia? How is it that Western antipathy, once thought due to anti-Communism, could be so easily revived over a crisis in distant Ukraine, against a Russia no longer communist? Why does the West accuse Russia of empire-building, when 15 states once part of the defunct Warsaw Pact are now part of NATO, and NATO troops now flank the Russian border? These are only some of the questions Creating Russophobia investigates. Mettan begins by showing the strength of the prejudice against Russia through the Western response to a series of events: the Uberlingen mid-air collision, the Beslan hostage-taking, the Ossetia War, the Sochi Olympics and the crisis in Ukraine. He then delves into the historical, religious, ideological and geopolitical roots of the detestation of Russia in various European nations over thirteen centuries since Charlemagne competed with Byzantium for the title of heir to the Roman Empire. Mettan examines the geopolitical machinations expressed in those times through the medium of religion, leading to the great Christian schism between Germanic Rome and Byzantium and the European Crusades against Russian Orthodoxy. This history of taboos, prejudices and propaganda directed against the Orthodox Church provides the mythic foundations that shaped Western disdain for contemporary Russia. From the religious and imperial rivalry created by Charlemagne and the papacy to the genesis of French, English, German and then American Russophobia, the West has been engaged in more or less violent hostilities against Russia for a thousand years. Contemporary Russophobia is manufactured through the construction of an anti-Russian discourse in the media and the diplomatic world, and the fabrication and demonization of The Bad Guy, now personified by Vladimir Putin. Both feature in the meta-narrative, the mythical framework of the ferocious Russian bear ruled with a rod of iron by a vicious president. A synthetic reading of all these elements is presented in the light of recent events and in particular of the Ukrainian crisis and the recent American elections, showing how all the resources of the West’s soft power have been mobilized to impose the tale of bad Russia dreaming of global conquest.
Author: Dan Reiter
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 516
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Author: Glenn Diesen
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9811914680
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 308
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Book Description
This book defines Russophobia as the irrational fear of Russia, a key theme in the study of propaganda in the West as Russia has throughout history been assigned a diametrically opposite identity as the “Other.” Propaganda is the science of convincing an audience without appealing to reason. The West and Russia have been juxtaposed as Western versus Eastern, European versus Asiatic, civilized versus barbaric, modern versus backward, liberal versus autocratic, and even good versus evil. During the Cold War, ideological dividing lines fell naturally by casting the debate as capitalism versus communism, democracy versus totalitarianism, and Christianity versus atheism. After the Cold War, anti-Russian propaganda aims to filter all political questions through the simplistic binary stereotype of democracy versus authoritarianism, which provides little if any heuristic value to understand the complexities of relations. A key feature of propaganda against the inferior “Other” is both contemptuous derision and panic-stricken fear of the threat to civilization. Russia has therefore throughout history been allowed to play one of two roles—either an apprentice of Western civilization by accepting the subordinate role as the student and political object, or a threat that must be contained or defeated. While propaganda has the positive effect of promoting unity and mobilizing resources toward rational and strategic objectives, it can also have the negative effect of creating irrational decision-making and obstructing a workable peace.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Military art and science
Languages : en
Pages : 90
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Author: Sven G. Holtsmark
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Baltic Sea Region
Languages : en
Pages : 100
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Europe, Eastern
Languages : en
Pages : 624
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Author: Edward Lozansky
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 60
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Book Description
In this short autobiography, Dr. Edward Lozansky takes us through the turbulent years of the late 70s - early 80s as he and his wife Tatiana found themselves in the position of waging an international campaign for reunification after Edward's forced exile from the Soviet Union.This campaign brought him into high corridors of power where Edward made allies with leading figures in the American political landscape while Tatiana fought her battle in Moscow. After their six year separation and hard-won victory, the Lozanskys continue to dedicate their time, energy, and influential network of friends and allies around the world to the cause of building political, business, cultural and educational bridges between the U.S. and Russia which continues to the present day.
