Author: Mohini Rawat
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1040136486
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 292
Book Description
Featuring nearly 700 illustrations, images, and photos, Atlas of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound of the Extremities by Dr. Mohini Rawat is a comprehensive visual guide to musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging for health care students and clinicians. Musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging is a new, rapidly growing field with applications across many health care disciplines. With its increased popularity comes a need for detailed training resources. The Atlas of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound of the Extremities presents information on scanning protocols for the joint regions and peripheral nerves of the upper and lower extremities in an easy-to-follow, highly visual format. Beginning with an overview of ultrasound physics, equipment, terminology, and technique, the book provides detailed instruction for musculoskeletal ultrasound of the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, ankle and foot, concluding with a comprehensive chapter on peripheral nerves. Each chapter contains detailed images of scanning protocols, anatomy, sonoanatomy, patient positioning, and probe positioning for each joint region. Images are accompanied by explanatory text descriptions, along with clinical pearls under points to remember. Designed for students and clinicians in physical therapy, occupational therapy, athletic training, orthopedics, rheumatology, physiatry and podiatry, the Atlas of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound of the Extremities provides essential introductory training materials and serves as a helpful reference for busy clinical environments.
Atlas of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound of the Extremities
Author: Mohini Rawat
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1040136486
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 292
Book Description
Featuring nearly 700 illustrations, images, and photos, Atlas of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound of the Extremities by Dr. Mohini Rawat is a comprehensive visual guide to musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging for health care students and clinicians. Musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging is a new, rapidly growing field with applications across many health care disciplines. With its increased popularity comes a need for detailed training resources. The Atlas of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound of the Extremities presents information on scanning protocols for the joint regions and peripheral nerves of the upper and lower extremities in an easy-to-follow, highly visual format. Beginning with an overview of ultrasound physics, equipment, terminology, and technique, the book provides detailed instruction for musculoskeletal ultrasound of the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, ankle and foot, concluding with a comprehensive chapter on peripheral nerves. Each chapter contains detailed images of scanning protocols, anatomy, sonoanatomy, patient positioning, and probe positioning for each joint region. Images are accompanied by explanatory text descriptions, along with clinical pearls under points to remember. Designed for students and clinicians in physical therapy, occupational therapy, athletic training, orthopedics, rheumatology, physiatry and podiatry, the Atlas of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound of the Extremities provides essential introductory training materials and serves as a helpful reference for busy clinical environments.
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1040136486
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 292
Book Description
Featuring nearly 700 illustrations, images, and photos, Atlas of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound of the Extremities by Dr. Mohini Rawat is a comprehensive visual guide to musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging for health care students and clinicians. Musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging is a new, rapidly growing field with applications across many health care disciplines. With its increased popularity comes a need for detailed training resources. The Atlas of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound of the Extremities presents information on scanning protocols for the joint regions and peripheral nerves of the upper and lower extremities in an easy-to-follow, highly visual format. Beginning with an overview of ultrasound physics, equipment, terminology, and technique, the book provides detailed instruction for musculoskeletal ultrasound of the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, ankle and foot, concluding with a comprehensive chapter on peripheral nerves. Each chapter contains detailed images of scanning protocols, anatomy, sonoanatomy, patient positioning, and probe positioning for each joint region. Images are accompanied by explanatory text descriptions, along with clinical pearls under points to remember. Designed for students and clinicians in physical therapy, occupational therapy, athletic training, orthopedics, rheumatology, physiatry and podiatry, the Atlas of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound of the Extremities provides essential introductory training materials and serves as a helpful reference for busy clinical environments.
Atlas of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Anatomy
Author: Mike Bradley
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 0521728096
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 235
Book Description
Concise atlas providing an essential grounding in normal musculoskeletal ultrasound anatomy, showing ultrasound scans and accompanying anatomical line figures.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 0521728096
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 235
Book Description
Concise atlas providing an essential grounding in normal musculoskeletal ultrasound anatomy, showing ultrasound scans and accompanying anatomical line figures.
Atlas of Ultrasound Guided Musculoskeletal Injections
Author: David A. Spinner
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1461489369
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 164
Book Description
The use of ultrasound guidance to perform diagnostic and therapeutic injections is growing at a rapid rate, as is the evidence to support its use. Even with the increased popularity of ultrasound, there remains a lack of formal training or a standard reference book. Atlas of Ultrasound Guided Musculoskeletal Injections fills this void in the literature and will be useful to physiatrists, orthopedists, rheumatologists, pain medicine and sports medicine specialists alike. Broken down by anatomic structure and heavily illustrated, this book is both comprehensive and instructive. The Editors and their contributors break down the basics (both the fundamentals of ultrasound to needle visibility and the role of injections) and explore ultrasound-guided injection for structures in the shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand, hip and groin, knee, ankle and foot, and spine. Using a clear, heavily illustrated format, this book describes the relevant clinical scenarios and indications for injection, the evidence to support ultrasound use, relevant local anatomy, injection methods, and pearls and safety considerations. It will be a valuable reference for trainees and experienced clinicians alike, for experienced sonographers or those just starting out.
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1461489369
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 164
Book Description
The use of ultrasound guidance to perform diagnostic and therapeutic injections is growing at a rapid rate, as is the evidence to support its use. Even with the increased popularity of ultrasound, there remains a lack of formal training or a standard reference book. Atlas of Ultrasound Guided Musculoskeletal Injections fills this void in the literature and will be useful to physiatrists, orthopedists, rheumatologists, pain medicine and sports medicine specialists alike. Broken down by anatomic structure and heavily illustrated, this book is both comprehensive and instructive. The Editors and their contributors break down the basics (both the fundamentals of ultrasound to needle visibility and the role of injections) and explore ultrasound-guided injection for structures in the shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand, hip and groin, knee, ankle and foot, and spine. Using a clear, heavily illustrated format, this book describes the relevant clinical scenarios and indications for injection, the evidence to support ultrasound use, relevant local anatomy, injection methods, and pearls and safety considerations. It will be a valuable reference for trainees and experienced clinicians alike, for experienced sonographers or those just starting out.
Musculoskeletal Ultrasound with MRI Correlations
Author: Vikram S. Dogra
Publisher: Thieme
ISBN: 1604062452
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 459
Book Description
A user-friendly atlas integrating ultrasonography and MRI in the diagnosis of musculoskeletal pathology With an emphasis on the accuracy and dynamic nature of no-radiation ultrasound, leading clinicians from around the world provide practical guidance on how to combine different multiplanar imaging modalities in the analysis and diagnosis of common musculoskeletal disorders. Organized by body region, each of the 13 chapters follows a consistent, easy-to-reference format. The authors guide the reader through clinical indications, technical guidelines, and normal anatomy followed by information on degenerative diseases, inflammatory conditions, traumatic injuries, tumors, and various other musculoskeletal problems. Clear, high-resolution ultrasound images appear side by side with MRI, and in some cases CT, images to teach and train readers how to perform musculoskeletal ultrasound in clinical practice while simultaneously sharpening their diagnostic skills. Features: 864 high-quality illustrations, including full-color patient photographs and ultrasound images with MRI correlation to help readers understand how to make an accurate diagnosis Bullet points that highlight key facts to facilitate rapid reading and review Tips on technique, such as how to position the transducer to obtain optimal scans Imaging pearls and pitfalls at the end of every chapter As a handy reference for daily practice or as a review tool before exams, Musculoskeletal Ultrasound with MRI Correlations serves as an indispensable how-to manual for clinicians and residents in radiology, orthopedic surgery, and emergency medicine, as well as an accessible handbook for radiologic technologists.
Publisher: Thieme
ISBN: 1604062452
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 459
Book Description
A user-friendly atlas integrating ultrasonography and MRI in the diagnosis of musculoskeletal pathology With an emphasis on the accuracy and dynamic nature of no-radiation ultrasound, leading clinicians from around the world provide practical guidance on how to combine different multiplanar imaging modalities in the analysis and diagnosis of common musculoskeletal disorders. Organized by body region, each of the 13 chapters follows a consistent, easy-to-reference format. The authors guide the reader through clinical indications, technical guidelines, and normal anatomy followed by information on degenerative diseases, inflammatory conditions, traumatic injuries, tumors, and various other musculoskeletal problems. Clear, high-resolution ultrasound images appear side by side with MRI, and in some cases CT, images to teach and train readers how to perform musculoskeletal ultrasound in clinical practice while simultaneously sharpening their diagnostic skills. Features: 864 high-quality illustrations, including full-color patient photographs and ultrasound images with MRI correlation to help readers understand how to make an accurate diagnosis Bullet points that highlight key facts to facilitate rapid reading and review Tips on technique, such as how to position the transducer to obtain optimal scans Imaging pearls and pitfalls at the end of every chapter As a handy reference for daily practice or as a review tool before exams, Musculoskeletal Ultrasound with MRI Correlations serves as an indispensable how-to manual for clinicians and residents in radiology, orthopedic surgery, and emergency medicine, as well as an accessible handbook for radiologic technologists.
2010 Musculoskeletal Ultrasound for the Extremities
Author: Randy E. Moore
Publisher: CreateSpace
ISBN: 9781450595940
Category : Diagnostic ultrasonic imaging
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
A Practical Guide to Sonography of the Extremities is the foundational text to performing MSK scanning. Identifying normal anatomy is pre-requisite to diagnosing pathology and using ultrasound for injection guidance. This full-color, easy-to-follow guide is designed to introduce the physcian, medical sonographer, and other healthcare providers to complete scanning protocols.
Publisher: CreateSpace
ISBN: 9781450595940
Category : Diagnostic ultrasonic imaging
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
A Practical Guide to Sonography of the Extremities is the foundational text to performing MSK scanning. Identifying normal anatomy is pre-requisite to diagnosing pathology and using ultrasound for injection guidance. This full-color, easy-to-follow guide is designed to introduce the physcian, medical sonographer, and other healthcare providers to complete scanning protocols.
Musculoskeletal Ultrasound
Author: Ian Beggs
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN: 1469838656
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 840
Book Description
Want to increase your imaging capabilities exponentially? Look no further than Musculoskeletal Ultrasound, an expertly crafted guide to ultrasound and musculoskeletal diagnosis. In this comprehensive book, you’ll learn everything you need to know about employing powerful imaging techniques to produce precise and consistent readings. With clearly segmented and organized text, each topic is enhanced and supported by illustrations, photographs, and imaging scans. Assisted by the author and his world-renowned contributors, you’ll focus on different parts of the body, as chapter subjects range from the shoulder, to the elbow, to the hand and wrist, as well as the muscles, nerves, and more. Witness how radiology specialists and practitioners are increasing their knowledge and expertise of the anatomy, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and techniques of this imaging tool. Under the guidance of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound, you can acquire the skills you need to offer insightful, effective imaging diagnosis and outstanding medical treatment.
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN: 1469838656
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 840
Book Description
Want to increase your imaging capabilities exponentially? Look no further than Musculoskeletal Ultrasound, an expertly crafted guide to ultrasound and musculoskeletal diagnosis. In this comprehensive book, you’ll learn everything you need to know about employing powerful imaging techniques to produce precise and consistent readings. With clearly segmented and organized text, each topic is enhanced and supported by illustrations, photographs, and imaging scans. Assisted by the author and his world-renowned contributors, you’ll focus on different parts of the body, as chapter subjects range from the shoulder, to the elbow, to the hand and wrist, as well as the muscles, nerves, and more. Witness how radiology specialists and practitioners are increasing their knowledge and expertise of the anatomy, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and techniques of this imaging tool. Under the guidance of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound, you can acquire the skills you need to offer insightful, effective imaging diagnosis and outstanding medical treatment.
Ultrasound of the Musculoskeletal System
Author: Stefano Bianchi
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3540281630
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 974
Book Description
A comprehensive reference and practical guide on the technology and application of ultrasound to the musculoskeletal system. It is organized into two main sections. The first is devoted to general aspects, while the second provides a systematic overview of the applications of musculoskeletal ultrasound in different areas of the body. Ultrasound scans are correlated with drawings, photographs, images obtained using other modalities, and anatomic specimens. There is a generous complement of high-quality illustrations based on high-end equipment. This book will acquaint beginners with the basics of musculoskeletal ultrasound, while more advanced sonologists and sonographers will learn new skills, means of avoiding pitfalls, and ways of effectively relating the ultrasound study to the clinical background.
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3540281630
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 974
Book Description
A comprehensive reference and practical guide on the technology and application of ultrasound to the musculoskeletal system. It is organized into two main sections. The first is devoted to general aspects, while the second provides a systematic overview of the applications of musculoskeletal ultrasound in different areas of the body. Ultrasound scans are correlated with drawings, photographs, images obtained using other modalities, and anatomic specimens. There is a generous complement of high-quality illustrations based on high-end equipment. This book will acquaint beginners with the basics of musculoskeletal ultrasound, while more advanced sonologists and sonographers will learn new skills, means of avoiding pitfalls, and ways of effectively relating the ultrasound study to the clinical background.
Atlas of Ultrasound-Guided Regional Anesthesia E-Book
Author: Andrew T. Gray
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323512100
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 545
Book Description
Step-by-step images, board-style review questions, and coverage of new blocks make this highly respected title a must-have reference for clinical practice. Written by Andrew T. Gray, MD, PhD, one of the pioneers of the use of ultrasound to guide needle placement, Atlas of Ultrasound-Guided Regional Anesthesia, 3rd Edition, shows you how to safely and effectively use the latest methods and applications of this technique. - Helps ensure correct needle placement with numerous 3-D and long-axis views that clearly depict surrounding structures. - Includes coverage of 11 new blocks: Adductor Canal, Posterior Femoral Cutaneous, Pectoral, Quadratus Lumborum, Pudendal, Paravertebral, Transversus thoracis, Supraorbital, Transtracheal, Greater Occipital and Lesser Occipital. - Features access to 20 author-narrated videos showing proper placement of needles using ultrasound guidance, including 11 new videos: Forearm (ulnar, median and radial), Ankle (tibial, saphenous, superficial peroneal, deep peroneal, sural), Paravertebral, Adductor Canal, and Catheters. - Presents several new chapters, including Regional Anesthesia in Resource-Constrained Environments and Safety of Ultrasound Guided Regional Blocks. - Expert ConsultTM eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience allows you to search all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323512100
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 545
Book Description
Step-by-step images, board-style review questions, and coverage of new blocks make this highly respected title a must-have reference for clinical practice. Written by Andrew T. Gray, MD, PhD, one of the pioneers of the use of ultrasound to guide needle placement, Atlas of Ultrasound-Guided Regional Anesthesia, 3rd Edition, shows you how to safely and effectively use the latest methods and applications of this technique. - Helps ensure correct needle placement with numerous 3-D and long-axis views that clearly depict surrounding structures. - Includes coverage of 11 new blocks: Adductor Canal, Posterior Femoral Cutaneous, Pectoral, Quadratus Lumborum, Pudendal, Paravertebral, Transversus thoracis, Supraorbital, Transtracheal, Greater Occipital and Lesser Occipital. - Features access to 20 author-narrated videos showing proper placement of needles using ultrasound guidance, including 11 new videos: Forearm (ulnar, median and radial), Ankle (tibial, saphenous, superficial peroneal, deep peroneal, sural), Paravertebral, Adductor Canal, and Catheters. - Presents several new chapters, including Regional Anesthesia in Resource-Constrained Environments and Safety of Ultrasound Guided Regional Blocks. - Expert ConsultTM eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience allows you to search all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
Imaging Anatomy: Musculoskeletal E-Book
Author: B. J. Manaster
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323400477
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1194
Book Description
Now in its second edition, Imaging Anatomy: Musculoskeletal is a complete anatomic atlas of the musculoskeletal system, boasting an improved organization with easily accessible information that is standardized for each body region. Brand new chapters, updated anatomical coverage, and highly detailed images combine to make this quick yet in-depth resource ideal for day-to-day reference. - Emphasizes relevant anatomy for clinical practice, and combines text and images to detail normal variants and imaging pitfalls - New chapters highlight normal variants and imaging pitfalls for each anatomical region with measurements and lines that are valuable to referring clinicians - Updated anatomical coverage now includes information on regions such as the thumb - Features both the left and right extremities and has significantly larger and improved scout images to expedite reference - Includes arthrographic anatomy for each joint - Individual chapters provide an anatomical overview, radiographic and arthrographic anatomy, and MR atlas for each region - Expert Consult eBook version is included with purchase and allows you to search all of the text, figures, images, and references from the book on a variety of devices - Emphasizes relevant anatomy for clinical practice, and combines text and images to detail normal variants and imaging pitfalls - New chapters highlight normal variants and imaging pitfalls for each anatomical region with measurements and lines that are valuable to referring clinicians - Updated anatomical coverage now includes information on regions such as the thumb - Features both the left and right extremities and has significantly larger and improved scout images to expedite reference - Includes arthrographic anatomy for each joint - Individual chapters provide an anatomical overview, radiographic and arthrographic anatomy, and MR atlas for each region - Expert Consult eBook version is included with purchase and allows you to search all of the text, figures, images, and references from the book on a variety of devices
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323400477
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1194
Book Description
Now in its second edition, Imaging Anatomy: Musculoskeletal is a complete anatomic atlas of the musculoskeletal system, boasting an improved organization with easily accessible information that is standardized for each body region. Brand new chapters, updated anatomical coverage, and highly detailed images combine to make this quick yet in-depth resource ideal for day-to-day reference. - Emphasizes relevant anatomy for clinical practice, and combines text and images to detail normal variants and imaging pitfalls - New chapters highlight normal variants and imaging pitfalls for each anatomical region with measurements and lines that are valuable to referring clinicians - Updated anatomical coverage now includes information on regions such as the thumb - Features both the left and right extremities and has significantly larger and improved scout images to expedite reference - Includes arthrographic anatomy for each joint - Individual chapters provide an anatomical overview, radiographic and arthrographic anatomy, and MR atlas for each region - Expert Consult eBook version is included with purchase and allows you to search all of the text, figures, images, and references from the book on a variety of devices - Emphasizes relevant anatomy for clinical practice, and combines text and images to detail normal variants and imaging pitfalls - New chapters highlight normal variants and imaging pitfalls for each anatomical region with measurements and lines that are valuable to referring clinicians - Updated anatomical coverage now includes information on regions such as the thumb - Features both the left and right extremities and has significantly larger and improved scout images to expedite reference - Includes arthrographic anatomy for each joint - Individual chapters provide an anatomical overview, radiographic and arthrographic anatomy, and MR atlas for each region - Expert Consult eBook version is included with purchase and allows you to search all of the text, figures, images, and references from the book on a variety of devices
Musculoskeletal Ultrasound in Rheumatology Review
Author: Minna J. Kohler
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030735559
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 571
Book Description
Point-of care ultrasound, or ultrasound performed and interpreted by the clinical in the clinic/office or at the bedside, has been rapidly expanding in use among multiple medical specialties. Musculoskeletal ultrasound has added value to clinical care to expedite diagnoses by visualizing mechanical versus inflammatory features and correlating these findings with patient’s symptoms. The use of power Doppler to assess for subclinical inflammation or active hyperemia has been a distinguishing use of ultrasound for rheumatologists. Accurate needle guidance with ultrasound for joint and tendon procedures has allowed expansion of procedures in the clinic and has been associated with less pain and precise targeting of affected structures. Musculoskeletal ultrasound education is now offered in nearly all rheumatology fellowship training programs in the United States and is also included in residency training in other specialties (e.g. physical medicine and rehabilitation, orthopedics, podiatry, emergency medicine, and family medicine). Since the publication of the first edition of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound in Rheumatology Review, there has been tremendous growth of musculoskeletal ultrasound in the field of rheumatology as well as other musculoskeletal specialties. The expanded second edition of this practical guide provides an updated clinical review of diagnostic and interventional applications of musculoskeletal ultrasound in rheumatology. New and revised chapters focus on the use of ultrasound in the diagnosis of specific rheumatic diseases such as osteoarthritis, scleroderma, psoriatic arthritis, gout, and lupus. Each chapter covers a standardized protocol of joint images with probe placement and includes numerous examples of common ultrasound pathologies. Study tools such as key-concept overviews, lists of important studies in the field, and extensive questions for self-assessment are included throughout. Written by current experts and thought leaders in the rapidly advancing field of rheumatology ultrasound, the second edition of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound in Rheumatology Review is an essential reference for physicians and related professionals, residents, fellows, graduate students and nurses in rheumatology, imaging and radiology, sports medicine, internal medicine, and physiotherapy.
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030735559
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 571
Book Description
Point-of care ultrasound, or ultrasound performed and interpreted by the clinical in the clinic/office or at the bedside, has been rapidly expanding in use among multiple medical specialties. Musculoskeletal ultrasound has added value to clinical care to expedite diagnoses by visualizing mechanical versus inflammatory features and correlating these findings with patient’s symptoms. The use of power Doppler to assess for subclinical inflammation or active hyperemia has been a distinguishing use of ultrasound for rheumatologists. Accurate needle guidance with ultrasound for joint and tendon procedures has allowed expansion of procedures in the clinic and has been associated with less pain and precise targeting of affected structures. Musculoskeletal ultrasound education is now offered in nearly all rheumatology fellowship training programs in the United States and is also included in residency training in other specialties (e.g. physical medicine and rehabilitation, orthopedics, podiatry, emergency medicine, and family medicine). Since the publication of the first edition of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound in Rheumatology Review, there has been tremendous growth of musculoskeletal ultrasound in the field of rheumatology as well as other musculoskeletal specialties. The expanded second edition of this practical guide provides an updated clinical review of diagnostic and interventional applications of musculoskeletal ultrasound in rheumatology. New and revised chapters focus on the use of ultrasound in the diagnosis of specific rheumatic diseases such as osteoarthritis, scleroderma, psoriatic arthritis, gout, and lupus. Each chapter covers a standardized protocol of joint images with probe placement and includes numerous examples of common ultrasound pathologies. Study tools such as key-concept overviews, lists of important studies in the field, and extensive questions for self-assessment are included throughout. Written by current experts and thought leaders in the rapidly advancing field of rheumatology ultrasound, the second edition of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound in Rheumatology Review is an essential reference for physicians and related professionals, residents, fellows, graduate students and nurses in rheumatology, imaging and radiology, sports medicine, internal medicine, and physiotherapy.