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Author: Subhamoy Bhowmick
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 207
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Book Description
Author: Subhamoy Bhowmick
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 207
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Author: Sezgin Bakirdere
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1466594845
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 614
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Book Description
Recent developments clearly indicate that speciation studies in biological and environmental matrices are much more important than the total element determination due to the tremendous difference in bioavailability and toxicity of various chemical forms of a particular element. Different separation-detection techniques and hyphenated systems—each with its own advantages and disadvantages with respect to precision, sensitivity and detection limit—have been developed for the identification and quantification of the species present in systems at ultra-trace levels. This book aims to evaluate the speciation analysis in depth and present a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art analytical approaches used for the speciation of elements in environmental samples.
Author: Francesco Crea
Publisher: MDPI
ISBN: 3039284525
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 218
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Book Description
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) defines the term “speciation” as the distribution of an element amongst defined chemical species in a system, while the process leading to quantitative estimation of the content of different species is called speciation analysis. The chemical speciation of elements in natural waters and biological fluids is a key topic, essential for discussing the chemical reactivity of constituents in these systems. It is well understood that it is the chemical form of a metal or metalloids that determines its reactivity, lifetime, and fate in the environment. Chemical speciation now involves various sectors of the sciences, from chemistry to biology, biochemistry, and environmental sciences, since—as is well known—the total concentration, alone, of an inorganic or organic component (metal or ligand) in a multicomponent natural system (fresh water, sea water, biological fluids, soil, etc.) is insufficient for a comprehensive understand of its behavior in those contests.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Elements rarely exist as free elements or ions instead they occur as a part of a compound or a species. Toxicological and beneficial effects in the medical and biological field can2t be attributed solely to an element, but to elemental compounds with different biological, physical and chemical properties. Therefore, it is pertinent not to rely on information, which is based solely on total elemental concentration and can be misleading. While there are many separation mechanisms used with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for speciation, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was the mode of separation utilized in this work. The coupling of HPLC and ICP-MS is a straightforward technique that allows for the speciation of elements in complex matrices, which may not otherwise be possible. The hybrid of the two techniques provide a robust, sensitive, and selective approach. The bottleneck of speciation analysis often lies at the sample preparation step, the goal being the preservation of species integrity. Improper or incomplete sample preparation can yield misleading results, because of the low tolerance of the ICP-MS for dissolved solids. For this study microwave assisted extraction was one of the techniques used to address this problem. The analyte of choice can be successfully extracted from its matrix with the proper optimization of the microwave parameters, and careful solvent selection. The use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to study the biological implications of various elements was studied. It was evaluated as a tool for elemental speciation as well as a prescreening tool for the study of larger biomolecules. This was achieved by coupling high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and using either the reversed 6 phase (RP), ion-exchange (IE), or size-exclusion mode (SEC) of separation. More specifically these techniques were used to investigate: the presence of selenium in plants, the distribution of several elements in dietary supplements, the residual occurrence of arsenic compounds in poultry samples, and the incorporation of selenium in selenium-enriched soybeans.
Author: John R. Garbarino
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Arsenic
Languages : en
Pages : 54
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Book Description
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309076293
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 242
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Book Description
Having safe drinking water is important to all Americans. The Environmental Protection Agency's decision in the summer of 2001 to delay implementing a new, more stringent standard for the maximum allowable level for arsenic in drinking water generated a great deal of criticism and controversy. Ultimately at issue were newer data on arsenic beyond those that had been examined in a 1999 National Research Council report. EPA asked the National Research Council for an evaluation of the new data available. The committee's analyses and conclusions are presented in Arsenic in Drinking Water: 2001 Update. New epidemiological studies are critically evaluated, as are new experimental data that provide information on how and at what level arsenic in drinking water can lead to cancer. The report's findings are consistent with those of the 1999 report that found high risks of cancer at the previous federal standard of 50 parts per billion. In fact, the new report concludes that men and women who consume water containing 3 parts per billion of arsenic daily have about a 1 in 1,000 increased risk of developing bladder or lung cancer during their lifetime.
Author: Tiffany Berg
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Arsenic
Languages : en
Pages : 122
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A method was developed for the determination of total arsenic in rice grain by microwave-assisted digestion inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Standard calibration solutions were matrix-matched with respect to acid concentration and carbon content post-digest. The importance of eliminating the drying step during sample preparation procedures was investigated. The method was validated with spikes containing standard arsenate solutions into the rice matrix, and with certified reference material SRM1568a (rice flour) from NIST. The method was successfully applied to a commercially available rice sample. Four arsenic species [arsenate (As(V)), arsenite (As(III)), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and monomethylarsonic acid (MMA)] were extracted from rice grains by microwave-assisted extraction and separated with high performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The method includes a novel sample clean-up step involving a dialysis procedure to decrease the amount of large starch molecules in the injection solution, in order to minimize poor resolution of chromatographic peaks and maximize column life. The method was validated with spikes of standard arsenic solutions, added to the rice matrix before the extraction procedure. Literature reference values for arsenic species quantification in SRM1568a (rice flour) were also compared. This method was successfully applied to a commercially available rice sample. A study into improvements in reverse phase-HPLC separations of arsenic species was conducted. For the first time, a Sunfire C8 column from Waters (Milford, CT) was employed for the separation of arsenic species in rice extracts. This column was compared to a Symmetry C8 column with respect to total elution time, detection limits, interference effects, and column life, and evaluated with respect to peak resolution, shifts in retention times, and peak symmetry.
Author: Bralatei Edi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Arsenic
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Similarly, results from the seaweed analysis with the field method were also comparable to those from speciation analysis by HPLC-ICP-MS with limited bias between the set of data from both vii methods. Optimisation of extraction methods using a subset of samples gave 80-95% iAs recovery with no contribution from the organoarsenicals present in the samples. The determination of total As metabolites in urine from the exposure to iAs could not be done directly using the FTK. In this case, the method involved the use of UV photolysis with persulphate and titanium dioxide as oxidizing agents for the conversion of methylated As species (DMA) to the inorganic form before analysis with the FTK. A partial determination of DMA with the FTK in urine matrix was demonstrated but this needs to be studied further for the development of a robust field method for monitoring human exposure to iAs.
Author: Darrell Kirk Nordstrom
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 9780415575256
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 300
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Book Description
This book is an overview of arsenic in the environment emphasizing geochemistry. It covers arsenic in rocks, minerals, soils and sediments, surface and ground waters, vegetation, analytical chemistry, with a short section on toxicology and epidemiology, and case histories in about 50 countries.
Author: Sasan Rabieh
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 212
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Book Description
