Author: Christian Bühring-Uhle
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9041122567
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 334
Book Description
"Arbitration and mediation in international business was first published in 1996 and was one of the first comprehensive studies on the practice of international business dispute resolution, covering both international commercial arbitration and the so-called ?alternative? techniques such as mediation. The book also provided an empirical analysis of how both arbitration and mediation are conducted in a crossborder context, along with a normative guide to the relative costs and benefits of these two methods. This second edition is not just an updated version of the first edition but a new book in itself: Benefitting from the contributions of two co-authors, the work has been enhanced by discussions of innovative tools for making settlement negotiations more effective, and by the in-depth analysis of practical techniques to integrate mediation and arbitration in international business. Also, a comprehensive new empirical survey was conducted in order to capture new trends in this rapidly developing field. The result is a ?must have? resource for anyone having to deal with potential conflict in international business relationships."--Publisher's website.
Arbitration and Mediation in International Business
Author: Christian Bühring-Uhle
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9041122567
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 334
Book Description
"Arbitration and mediation in international business was first published in 1996 and was one of the first comprehensive studies on the practice of international business dispute resolution, covering both international commercial arbitration and the so-called ?alternative? techniques such as mediation. The book also provided an empirical analysis of how both arbitration and mediation are conducted in a crossborder context, along with a normative guide to the relative costs and benefits of these two methods. This second edition is not just an updated version of the first edition but a new book in itself: Benefitting from the contributions of two co-authors, the work has been enhanced by discussions of innovative tools for making settlement negotiations more effective, and by the in-depth analysis of practical techniques to integrate mediation and arbitration in international business. Also, a comprehensive new empirical survey was conducted in order to capture new trends in this rapidly developing field. The result is a ?must have? resource for anyone having to deal with potential conflict in international business relationships."--Publisher's website.
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9041122567
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 334
Book Description
"Arbitration and mediation in international business was first published in 1996 and was one of the first comprehensive studies on the practice of international business dispute resolution, covering both international commercial arbitration and the so-called ?alternative? techniques such as mediation. The book also provided an empirical analysis of how both arbitration and mediation are conducted in a crossborder context, along with a normative guide to the relative costs and benefits of these two methods. This second edition is not just an updated version of the first edition but a new book in itself: Benefitting from the contributions of two co-authors, the work has been enhanced by discussions of innovative tools for making settlement negotiations more effective, and by the in-depth analysis of practical techniques to integrate mediation and arbitration in international business. Also, a comprehensive new empirical survey was conducted in order to capture new trends in this rapidly developing field. The result is a ?must have? resource for anyone having to deal with potential conflict in international business relationships."--Publisher's website.
International Arbitration and Mediation
Author: Michael McIlwrath
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9041126104
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 530
Book Description
This book is intended as an easily accessible desktop resource for lawyers who regularly counsel businesses when negotiating international deals, and for those who represent the same clients in achieving a successful resolution when disputes emerge. The text is divided into chapters that follow the life cycle of an international commercial dispute as seen through the eyes of the parties, from when they agree how to resolve disputes in their contracts to the endgame of enforcement. Additionally, the appendices include a number of model submissions for further reference.--Provided by publisher.
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9041126104
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 530
Book Description
This book is intended as an easily accessible desktop resource for lawyers who regularly counsel businesses when negotiating international deals, and for those who represent the same clients in achieving a successful resolution when disputes emerge. The text is divided into chapters that follow the life cycle of an international commercial dispute as seen through the eyes of the parties, from when they agree how to resolve disputes in their contracts to the endgame of enforcement. Additionally, the appendices include a number of model submissions for further reference.--Provided by publisher.
Private Dispute Resolution in International Business
Author: Klaus Peter Berger
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Arbitration agreements, Commercial
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Arbitration agreements, Commercial
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
New Frontiers in Asia-Pacific International Arbitration and Dispute Resolution
Author: Shahla Ali
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 940352863X
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 316
Book Description
International Arbitration Law Library Volume 59 The eastward shift in international dispute resolution has already involved initiatives not only to improve support for international commercial arbitration (ICA) and investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) but also to develop alternatives such as international commercial courts and mediation. Focusing on these initiatives and their accompanying case law and trends in the Asia-Pacific region, this invaluable book challenges existing procedures and frameworks for cross-border dispute resolution in both commercial and treaty arbitration. Specially assembled for this project, an outstanding team of experienced and insightful arbitrators and scholars describes pertinent developments including: ICA and ISDS in the context of China’s Belt and Road Initiative; the Singapore Convention on Mediation; the shift to virtual hearings and other challenges from the COVID-19 pandemic; mistrust of the application of the rule of law in certain East Asian jurisdictions; growing public concern over ISDS arbitration; tensions between confidentiality and transparency; and potential regional harmonisation of the public policy exception to arbitral enforcement. The contributors chart evolving practices and high-profile cases to make informed observations about where changes are needed, as well as educated guesses about the chances of reforms being successful and the consequences if they are not. The main jurisdictions covered are China, Hong Kong, Japan, Malaysia, India, Australia and Singapore. The first in-depth study of recent trends in dispute resolution practice related to business in the Asia-Pacific region, the book’s practical analysis of new resources for dealing with the increasing competition among countries to become credible regional dispute resolution hubs will prove to be of great value to specialists in the international business law sector. Lawyers will be enabled to make informed decisions on which venue and dispute resolution methods are the most suitable for any specific dispute in the region, and policymakers will confidently assess emerging trends in international dispute resolution policy development and treaty-making.
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 940352863X
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 316
Book Description
International Arbitration Law Library Volume 59 The eastward shift in international dispute resolution has already involved initiatives not only to improve support for international commercial arbitration (ICA) and investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) but also to develop alternatives such as international commercial courts and mediation. Focusing on these initiatives and their accompanying case law and trends in the Asia-Pacific region, this invaluable book challenges existing procedures and frameworks for cross-border dispute resolution in both commercial and treaty arbitration. Specially assembled for this project, an outstanding team of experienced and insightful arbitrators and scholars describes pertinent developments including: ICA and ISDS in the context of China’s Belt and Road Initiative; the Singapore Convention on Mediation; the shift to virtual hearings and other challenges from the COVID-19 pandemic; mistrust of the application of the rule of law in certain East Asian jurisdictions; growing public concern over ISDS arbitration; tensions between confidentiality and transparency; and potential regional harmonisation of the public policy exception to arbitral enforcement. The contributors chart evolving practices and high-profile cases to make informed observations about where changes are needed, as well as educated guesses about the chances of reforms being successful and the consequences if they are not. The main jurisdictions covered are China, Hong Kong, Japan, Malaysia, India, Australia and Singapore. The first in-depth study of recent trends in dispute resolution practice related to business in the Asia-Pacific region, the book’s practical analysis of new resources for dealing with the increasing competition among countries to become credible regional dispute resolution hubs will prove to be of great value to specialists in the international business law sector. Lawyers will be enabled to make informed decisions on which venue and dispute resolution methods are the most suitable for any specific dispute in the region, and policymakers will confidently assess emerging trends in international dispute resolution policy development and treaty-making.
ADR in Business
Author: Jean-Claude Goldsmith
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 904113414X
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 690
Book Description
Whether the andAand stands for andappropriateand, andamicableand, or andalternativeand, all out of court dispute resolution modes, collected under the banner term andADRand, aim to assist the business world in overcoming relational differences in a truly manageable way. The first edition of this book (2006) contributed to a global awareness that ADR is important in its own right, and not simply as a substitute for litigation or arbitration. Now, drawing on a wealth of new sources and developments, including the flourishing of hybrid forms of ADR, the subject matter has been largely augmented and expanded on two fronts: in-depth analysis (both descriptive and comparative) of methodology, expectations and outcomes and extended geographical coverage across all continents. As a result, in this book twenty-nine andintertwined but variegatedand essays (to use the editorands characterization) provide substantial insight in such specific topics as: ADRands flexible procedures as controlled by the parties; ADRands facilitation of the continuation of relations between the parties; privilege and confidentiality; involvement of non-legal professionals; the identity and the role of the andneutraland as well as the role of the arbitrator; the implementation of ICC and other international ADR rules; the workings of Dispute Boards and the role of ADR in securing investment and other specific objectives. In its compound thesis and growing in relevance every day and that numerous dispute resolution methods exist whose goals and developments are varied but fundamentally complementary, the multifaceted approach presented here is of immeasurable value to any business party, particularly at the international level. Practitioners faced with drafting a dispute resolution clause in a contract, or dealing with a dispute that has arisen, will find expert guidance here, and academics will expand their awareness of the issues raised by ADR, in particular as it relates to arbitration. A broad cross section of interested professionals will discover ample material for comparative study of how disputes are approached and resolved in numerous countries and cultures.
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 904113414X
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 690
Book Description
Whether the andAand stands for andappropriateand, andamicableand, or andalternativeand, all out of court dispute resolution modes, collected under the banner term andADRand, aim to assist the business world in overcoming relational differences in a truly manageable way. The first edition of this book (2006) contributed to a global awareness that ADR is important in its own right, and not simply as a substitute for litigation or arbitration. Now, drawing on a wealth of new sources and developments, including the flourishing of hybrid forms of ADR, the subject matter has been largely augmented and expanded on two fronts: in-depth analysis (both descriptive and comparative) of methodology, expectations and outcomes and extended geographical coverage across all continents. As a result, in this book twenty-nine andintertwined but variegatedand essays (to use the editorands characterization) provide substantial insight in such specific topics as: ADRands flexible procedures as controlled by the parties; ADRands facilitation of the continuation of relations between the parties; privilege and confidentiality; involvement of non-legal professionals; the identity and the role of the andneutraland as well as the role of the arbitrator; the implementation of ICC and other international ADR rules; the workings of Dispute Boards and the role of ADR in securing investment and other specific objectives. In its compound thesis and growing in relevance every day and that numerous dispute resolution methods exist whose goals and developments are varied but fundamentally complementary, the multifaceted approach presented here is of immeasurable value to any business party, particularly at the international level. Practitioners faced with drafting a dispute resolution clause in a contract, or dealing with a dispute that has arisen, will find expert guidance here, and academics will expand their awareness of the issues raised by ADR, in particular as it relates to arbitration. A broad cross section of interested professionals will discover ample material for comparative study of how disputes are approached and resolved in numerous countries and cultures.
International Commercial Arbitration and Mediation in UNCITRAL Model Law Jurisdictions
Author: Peter Binder
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 904116894X
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 930
Book Description
International Commercial Arbitration and Mediation in UNCITRAL Model Law Jurisdictions Fourth Edition Dr Peter Binder This new edition of a classic text is so extensively revised and updated as to constitute a new book. It does, however, retain the tried and tested article-by-article structure of the previous three editions: it covers all the information needed when contemplating cross-border arbitration or mediation and enables a practitioner to ascertain what to expect in each jurisdiction. It remains the only book that provides a complete overview of all the adopting jurisdictions (now 111) at one glance, with a description of the legislation in these jurisdictions counterbalanced by court rulings to demonstrate how matters are dealt with in everyday practice. The popular adoption chart matrix unique to this book has been further enhanced and updated. Featuring the first full commentary on the newly released 2018 UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Mediation (including its revolutionary regime for the enforcement of settlement agreements reached by means of mediation) and an update of all case law on UNCITRAL texts (CLOUT) to date, the fourth edition provides explicit expert guidance on such matters as the following: overview of each jurisdiction that has enacted the Model Laws; provisions in a particular national Model Law enactment to be watched out for; how a particular issue dealt with in a Model Law enacting jurisdiction has been handled by local courts; and which jurisdictions can be safely recommended in arbitration or mediation clauses in international commercial agreements. Both of the Model Laws are reproduced in full in an appendix. With an examination of each provision’s legislative history as well as national and subnational adoptions of the Model Laws, this work provides a complete picture of global practice in international arbitration and mediation as it exists today, taking full account of emerging trends in the enactment process and in case law. Business people who agree to arbitrate in one of the 111 recognized Model Law jurisdictions can rely on a secure minimum of rights in the arbitral proceedings and run less risk of being surprised by unwelcome peculiarities of local law. International litigation lawyers, arbitrators, and in-house lawyers who are considering arbitrating or mediating in one of the 111 jurisdictions analysed, academics in international ADR, and national government officials dealing with cross-border trade will benefit enormously from this new edition.
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 904116894X
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 930
Book Description
International Commercial Arbitration and Mediation in UNCITRAL Model Law Jurisdictions Fourth Edition Dr Peter Binder This new edition of a classic text is so extensively revised and updated as to constitute a new book. It does, however, retain the tried and tested article-by-article structure of the previous three editions: it covers all the information needed when contemplating cross-border arbitration or mediation and enables a practitioner to ascertain what to expect in each jurisdiction. It remains the only book that provides a complete overview of all the adopting jurisdictions (now 111) at one glance, with a description of the legislation in these jurisdictions counterbalanced by court rulings to demonstrate how matters are dealt with in everyday practice. The popular adoption chart matrix unique to this book has been further enhanced and updated. Featuring the first full commentary on the newly released 2018 UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Mediation (including its revolutionary regime for the enforcement of settlement agreements reached by means of mediation) and an update of all case law on UNCITRAL texts (CLOUT) to date, the fourth edition provides explicit expert guidance on such matters as the following: overview of each jurisdiction that has enacted the Model Laws; provisions in a particular national Model Law enactment to be watched out for; how a particular issue dealt with in a Model Law enacting jurisdiction has been handled by local courts; and which jurisdictions can be safely recommended in arbitration or mediation clauses in international commercial agreements. Both of the Model Laws are reproduced in full in an appendix. With an examination of each provision’s legislative history as well as national and subnational adoptions of the Model Laws, this work provides a complete picture of global practice in international arbitration and mediation as it exists today, taking full account of emerging trends in the enactment process and in case law. Business people who agree to arbitrate in one of the 111 recognized Model Law jurisdictions can rely on a secure minimum of rights in the arbitral proceedings and run less risk of being surprised by unwelcome peculiarities of local law. International litigation lawyers, arbitrators, and in-house lawyers who are considering arbitrating or mediating in one of the 111 jurisdictions analysed, academics in international ADR, and national government officials dealing with cross-border trade will benefit enormously from this new edition.
Comparative International Commercial Arbitration
Author: Julian D. M. Lew
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9041115684
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 994
Book Description
This treatise describes the practice of international commercial arbitration with reference to the major international treaties and instruments, arbitration rules and national laws. It provides an analysis of the interaction between party autonomy and arbitration practice.
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9041115684
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 994
Book Description
This treatise describes the practice of international commercial arbitration with reference to the major international treaties and instruments, arbitration rules and national laws. It provides an analysis of the interaction between party autonomy and arbitration practice.
International Dispute Resolution
Author: Vesna Lazić
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 946265252X
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 131
Book Description
The contributions in this book cover a wide range of topics within modern disputeresolution, which can be summarised as follows: harmonisation, enforcement andalternative dispute resolution. In particular, it looks into the impact of harmonisedEU law on national rules of civil procedure and addresses the lack of harmonisationin the US regarding the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. Furthermore,the law on enforcement is examined, not only by focusing on US law, but also onhow to attach assets in order to enforce a judgment. Finally, it addresses certain typesof alternative dispute resolution. In addition, the book looks into the systems andcultures of dispute resolution in several regions of the world, such as the EU, the US andChina, that have a high impact on globalisation. Hence, the book is diverse in the senseof dealing with multiple issues in the field of modern dispute resolution./div The book offers explorations of the impact of international rules and EU law on domesticcivil procedure, through case studies from, among others, the US, China, Belgium andthe Netherlands. The relevance of EU law for the national debate and its impact on theregulation of civil procedure is also considered. Furthermore, several contributions discussthe necessity and possibility of harmonisation in the emergency arbitrator mechanisms inthe EU. The harmonisation of private international law rules within the EU, particularlythose of a procedural nature, is juxtaposed to the lack thereof in the US. Also, the bookoffers an overview of the current dispute settlement mechanisms in China. The publication is primarily meant for legal academics in private international law andcivil procedure. It will also prove useful to practitioners regularly engaged in cross-borderdispute resolution and will be of added value to advanced students, as well as to those withan interest in international litigation and more generally in the area of dispute resolution. Vesna Lazić is Senior Researcher at the T.M.C. Asser Institute, Associate Professor ofPrivate Law at Utrecht University and Professor of European Civil Procedure at theUniversity of Rijeka. Steven Stuij is an expert in Private International Law and a PhD Candidate/GuestResearcher at the Erasmus School of Law, Rotterdam. Ton Jongbloed is Guest Editor on this volume./div
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 946265252X
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 131
Book Description
The contributions in this book cover a wide range of topics within modern disputeresolution, which can be summarised as follows: harmonisation, enforcement andalternative dispute resolution. In particular, it looks into the impact of harmonisedEU law on national rules of civil procedure and addresses the lack of harmonisationin the US regarding the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. Furthermore,the law on enforcement is examined, not only by focusing on US law, but also onhow to attach assets in order to enforce a judgment. Finally, it addresses certain typesof alternative dispute resolution. In addition, the book looks into the systems andcultures of dispute resolution in several regions of the world, such as the EU, the US andChina, that have a high impact on globalisation. Hence, the book is diverse in the senseof dealing with multiple issues in the field of modern dispute resolution./div The book offers explorations of the impact of international rules and EU law on domesticcivil procedure, through case studies from, among others, the US, China, Belgium andthe Netherlands. The relevance of EU law for the national debate and its impact on theregulation of civil procedure is also considered. Furthermore, several contributions discussthe necessity and possibility of harmonisation in the emergency arbitrator mechanisms inthe EU. The harmonisation of private international law rules within the EU, particularlythose of a procedural nature, is juxtaposed to the lack thereof in the US. Also, the bookoffers an overview of the current dispute settlement mechanisms in China. The publication is primarily meant for legal academics in private international law andcivil procedure. It will also prove useful to practitioners regularly engaged in cross-borderdispute resolution and will be of added value to advanced students, as well as to those withan interest in international litigation and more generally in the area of dispute resolution. Vesna Lazić is Senior Researcher at the T.M.C. Asser Institute, Associate Professor ofPrivate Law at Utrecht University and Professor of European Civil Procedure at theUniversity of Rijeka. Steven Stuij is an expert in Private International Law and a PhD Candidate/GuestResearcher at the Erasmus School of Law, Rotterdam. Ton Jongbloed is Guest Editor on this volume./div
International Arbitration in the United States
Author: Laurence Shore
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9041190813
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 794
Book Description
International Arbitration in the United States is a comprehensive analysis of international arbitration law and practice in the United States (U.S.). Choosing an arbitration seat in the U.S. is a common choice among parties to international commercial agreements or treaties. However, the complexities of arbitrating in a federal system, and the continuing development of U.S. arbitration law and practice, can be daunting to even experienced arbitrators. This book, the first of its kind, provides parties opting for “private justice” with vital judicial reassurance on U.S. courts’ highly supportive posture in enforcing awards and its pronounced reluctance to intervene in the arbitral process. With a nationwide treatment describing both the default forum under federal arbitration law and the array of options to which parties may agree in state courts under state international arbitration statutes, this book covers aspects of U.S. arbitration law and practice as the following: .institutions and institutional rules that practitioners typically use; .ethical considerations; .costs and fees; .provisional measures; and .confidentiality. There are also chapters on arbitration in specialized areas such as class actions, securities, construction, insurance, and intellectual property.
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9041190813
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 794
Book Description
International Arbitration in the United States is a comprehensive analysis of international arbitration law and practice in the United States (U.S.). Choosing an arbitration seat in the U.S. is a common choice among parties to international commercial agreements or treaties. However, the complexities of arbitrating in a federal system, and the continuing development of U.S. arbitration law and practice, can be daunting to even experienced arbitrators. This book, the first of its kind, provides parties opting for “private justice” with vital judicial reassurance on U.S. courts’ highly supportive posture in enforcing awards and its pronounced reluctance to intervene in the arbitral process. With a nationwide treatment describing both the default forum under federal arbitration law and the array of options to which parties may agree in state courts under state international arbitration statutes, this book covers aspects of U.S. arbitration law and practice as the following: .institutions and institutional rules that practitioners typically use; .ethical considerations; .costs and fees; .provisional measures; and .confidentiality. There are also chapters on arbitration in specialized areas such as class actions, securities, construction, insurance, and intellectual property.
Procedure and Evidence in International Arbitration
Author: Jeffrey Waincymer
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9041140670
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 1363
Book Description
Central to the book’s purpose is the procedural challenge facing arbitrators at each and every stage of the arbitral process when fairness arguments conflict with efficiency concerns and trade-offs must be determined. Some key themes include how can a tribunal be fair, and in particular be neutral, if parties are so diverse? How can arbitration be made efficient and cost-effective without undue inroads into fairness and accuracy? How does a tribunal do what is best if the parties are choosing a suboptimal process? When can or must an arbitrator ignore procedural choices made by the parties? The author thoroughly evaluates competing arguments and adds his own practical tips, expertly synthesizing and engaging with the conference literature and differing authors’ views. He identifies criteria that offer a harmonized approach to each stage of the arbitral process, with particular attention to such aspects of international arbitration as: appropriate trade-offs between flexibility and certainty; the rights, duties and powers of arbitrators; appointment and challenge of arbitrators; responses to ‘guerilla’ tactics; drafting of arbitration agreements, including specialty clauses; drafting of required commencement notices and response documents; set-off; fast track arbitration and other efficiency options; strategic use of preliminary conferences and timetabling; online arbitration; multi-party, multi-contract, class arbitration; amicus and third party funders; pre-arbitral referees and interim relief; witness evidence, both factual and expert; documentary evidence, production obligations, and challenges to production; identifying applicable law; and remedies and costs.
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9041140670
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 1363
Book Description
Central to the book’s purpose is the procedural challenge facing arbitrators at each and every stage of the arbitral process when fairness arguments conflict with efficiency concerns and trade-offs must be determined. Some key themes include how can a tribunal be fair, and in particular be neutral, if parties are so diverse? How can arbitration be made efficient and cost-effective without undue inroads into fairness and accuracy? How does a tribunal do what is best if the parties are choosing a suboptimal process? When can or must an arbitrator ignore procedural choices made by the parties? The author thoroughly evaluates competing arguments and adds his own practical tips, expertly synthesizing and engaging with the conference literature and differing authors’ views. He identifies criteria that offer a harmonized approach to each stage of the arbitral process, with particular attention to such aspects of international arbitration as: appropriate trade-offs between flexibility and certainty; the rights, duties and powers of arbitrators; appointment and challenge of arbitrators; responses to ‘guerilla’ tactics; drafting of arbitration agreements, including specialty clauses; drafting of required commencement notices and response documents; set-off; fast track arbitration and other efficiency options; strategic use of preliminary conferences and timetabling; online arbitration; multi-party, multi-contract, class arbitration; amicus and third party funders; pre-arbitral referees and interim relief; witness evidence, both factual and expert; documentary evidence, production obligations, and challenges to production; identifying applicable law; and remedies and costs.