Analysis of Personal and Home Characteristics Associated with the Elemental Composition of PM2.5 in Indoor, Outdoor, and Personal Air in the RIOPA Study PDF Download
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Author: Patrick H. Ryan (Scientist)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Air
Languages : en
Pages : 50
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Book Description
Author: Patrick H. Ryan (Scientist)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Air
Languages : en
Pages : 50
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Air
Languages : en
Pages : 112
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Author:
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ISBN:
Category : Organic compounds
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Helen Suh
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Air
Languages : en
Pages : 232
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Author: Matthew Secrest
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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"Background: Particulate matter (PM) air pollution from the household combustion of solid fuel (e.g., coal, biomass) for cooking and heating is a widespread environmental exposure that causes an estimated 4 million yearly premature deaths and contributes to global and regional climate change. PM from different sources varies in its physicochemical properties, which may differentially impact its toxicity to humans and determine its net radiative forcing effect on the climate. Little is known about PM's composition or toxicity in different global contexts where solid fuels are burned for cooking and heating. Methods: I first conducted a literature review of studies that reported on the chemical composition and/or sources of PM in field settings of solid fuel combustion. I extracted a number of variables from each study (e.g., PM size fraction, chemical species concentrations) and calculated weighted mean daily household concentrations and 24-h personal exposures for select chemical components [black carbon, organic carbon, and benzo(a)pyrene]. PM sources as determined by formal source apportionment analyses were also compared across studies.I then performed an empirical analysis of the chemical composition and toxicity of 24-h fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposures of 20 women in northern (n = 17) and southern (n = 3) China who cooked and heated their homes with solid fuel. PM2.5 samples were analyzed for mass, black carbon, water soluble organic carbon, ions, and select metals. Two different assays were used to measure the ability of PM2.5 exposures to generate reactive oxygen species (i.e., the "oxidative potential" of PM2.5 exposures). I performed a factor analysis with three factors to identify the primary indoor and outdoor sources of women's exposure to PM2.5 and their chemical markers. Linear regressions were used to determine the chemical species and, by extension, sources of exposure to PM2.5 that were most responsible for the oxidative potential of PM2.5. Results: My literature search identified 46 studies in 12 countries on the chemical speciation of PM. Weighted mean daily household concentrations of black carbon, organic carbon, and benzo(a)pyrene were 17.2 [mu]g/m3, 61.9 [mu]g/m3, and 156 ng/m3, respectively. In identified studies, solid fuel combustion was not always the major contributor to PM, explaining 29% to 48% of principal component / factor analysis variance and 41% to 87% of PM mass as determined by positive matrix factorization. In my empirical analysis, rural women's geometric mean exposures to PM2.5 were 248.6 [mu]g/m3 and 83.9 [mu]g/m3 in northern and southern Chinese field sites, respectively. The major source contributors to PM2.5 exposures were resuspended dust, biomass combustion, and coal combustion. Chemical markers for dust were associated with intrinsic oxidative potential in both univariate and multivariate linear regression models, whereas markers for coal and biomass combustion were not associated with redox activity. Conclusions: My literature review identified daily household concentrations and 24-h personal exposures to carbonaceous particles and benzo(a)pyrene that were high by global standards. The between-study differences in PM components were great, highlighting the importance of field setting (e.g., season, fuel and stove used) and measurement methods (e.g., monitor placement) on PM component concentrations. My review presented evidence that solid fuel combustion is not always the major contributor to PM indoor concentrations and exposures. In my empirical analysis, all women's 24-h exposures to PM2.5 exceeded the World Health Organization's interim target 1 annual guideline of 35 [mu]g/m3. The null associations between markers for solid fuel combustion and intrinsic oxidative potential may result from myriad factors, including the existence of mechanisms other than oxidative stress that drive PM health relationships in these settings." --
![Chemical Characterization and Source Apportionment of Indoor, Outdoor, and Personal Exposures to PM[2.5] in Chinese Communities Using Solid Fuels for Household Energy PDF](https://books.google.com/books/content/images/frontcover/SsFEzgEACAAJ?fife=w80-h100)
Author: Alexandra Marieta Lai
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 164
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Book Description
Over three billion people worldwide rely on solid fuels such as coal and biomass for household cooking and heating, which releases pollutants including fine particulate matter (PM[2.5]). This household air pollution is a major environmental risk factor for adverse respiratory and cardiovascular health outcomes. Introduction of improved solid fuel stoves and clean fuel (gas/electric) stoves has typically failed to achieve adequate reductions. This outcome is frequently attributed to technical and cultural issues, but another, underappreciated potential barrier is the influence of outdoor air pollution. Solid fuel combustion is a major source of outdoor PM[2.5] in rural areas, so household-level changes may not be effective without community-level changes, and other sources also contribute to ambient PM[2.5]. Furthermore, personal exposures are highly variable and may not be well predicted by household PM[2.5]. The research presented in this dissertation uses chemical analysis of PM[2.5] to investigate the composition and sources of PM[2.5] in settings of household solid fuel use, from emissions to exposures. Chemical components of PM[2.5] emissions from traditional and semi-gasifier heating and cookstoves using various coal and biomass fuels are presented in Chapter 2. Stove design was the main determinant of chemical composition: semi-gasifier stove emissions were mostly inorganic, while traditional stove emissions were mostly carbonaceous. Chapter 3 investigates whether chemical components of household air pollution correspond with quantitatively measured stove use. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations were higher when traditional stoves were used than when they were not, but other chemical species did not vary based on stove use. Chapters 4 and 5 explore the chemical composition of personal exposures - and how this corresponds to outdoor and household PM[2.5] and/or household energy behaviors - in rural or peri-urban communities in Sichuan (Chapter 4), Guangxi, Beijing, and Shanxi (Chapter 5) provinces. Indoor and outdoor source contributions to personal exposures (Chapter 4) and elevation of biomass and coal source tracers in exposures (Chapter 5) provide quantitative evidence that both household sources and outdoor air pollution contribute to personal PM[2.5] exposures. Better chemical characterization of PM[2.5] derived from solid fuel burning is a key component of understanding the mechanisms underlying its observed human health effects.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Air
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Steven Colome
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Air
Languages : en
Pages : 256
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Author: Lidia Morawska
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 3527609202
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 467
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Book Description
Covering the fundamentals of air-borne particles and settled dust in the indoor environment, this handy reference investigates: * relevant definitions and terminology, * characteristics, * sources, * sampling techniques and instrumentation, * exposure assessment, * monitoring methods. The result is a useful and comprehensive overview for chemists, physicists and biologists, postgraduate students, medical practitioners, occupational health professionals, building owners and managers, building, construction and air-conditioning engineers, architects, environmental lawyers, government and regulatory professionals.
Author: Riccardo Buccolieri
Publisher: MDPI
ISBN: 303897806X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 448
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Book Description
This book contains twenty-one original papers and one review paper published by internationally recognized experts in the Atmosphere Special Issue "Recent Advances in Urban Ventilation Assessment and Flow Modelling", years 2017–2019. The Special Issue includes contributions on recent experimental and modelling works, techniques, and developments mainly tailored to the assessment of urban ventilation on flow and pollutant dispersion in cities. The study of ventilation is of critical importance, as it addresses the capacity with which a built urban structure is capable of replacing the polluted air with ambient fresh air. Here, ventilation is recognized as a transport process that improves local microclimate and air quality and closely relates to the term “breathability”. The efficiency with which street canyon ventilation occurs depends on the complex interaction between the atmospheric boundary layer flow and the local urban morphology. The individual contributions to this Issue are summarized and categorized into four broad topics: (1) outdoor ventilation efficiency and application/development of ventilation indices, (2) relationship between indoor and outdoor ventilation, (3) effects of urban morphology and obstacles to ventilation, and (4) ventilation modelling in realistic urban districts. The results and approaches presented and proposed will be of great interest to experimentalists and modelers, and may constitute a starting point for the improvement of numerical simulations of flow and pollutant dispersion in the urban environment, for the development of simulation tools, and for the implementation of mitigation strategies.
