An Experimental Study of Worthington Jet Formation After Impact of Solid Spheres PDF Download
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Author: Jenna Marie McKown
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 91
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Book Description
The impacts of solid spheres with the free surface have been studied for over one hundred years. In this thesis, the Worthington jets resulting from the impacts of hydrophobic and hydrophilic spheres with the free surface are studied experimentally. Several impact velocities and three materials of differing mass ratios are used. The resulting jets are characterized in terms of common non-dimensional physical parameters. A single camera is used to image activity both above and below the free surface simultaneously. The resulting images provide measurements of the height and velocity of the Worthington jets, as well as information about the breakup of the columns of fluid into droplets. In the hydrophilic cases, two separate regimes of jet formation are observed. The heights of both the first and second jet are recorded with time, and the maximum heights of each jet are compared to the Froude number at impact. The maximum height of the second jet is found to scale linearly with We, which is calculated using the velocity of the jet tip rather than impact velocity. Viscosity is shown to be negligible while a dependence on gravity is indicated. The time at which the first jet breaks up is proportional to Froude number, while the time of breakup for the second jet is nearly constant. Comparisons to energy transfer are presented. In the hydrophobic cases, the Worthington jet results from the collapse of the cavity formed below the free surface. Heights of the continuous Worthington jet are recorded for each time step, and average maximum heights obtained are again compared to Froude and Weber numbers. The increased variability in these data hinder clear scaling, and experimental error is calculated from repeated trials of two representative cases. Unaffected by experimental variation, however, the lifespan of the Worthington jets is shown to depend linearly on Froude number. Energy comparisons are explored.
Author: Jenna Marie McKown
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 91
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Book Description
The impacts of solid spheres with the free surface have been studied for over one hundred years. In this thesis, the Worthington jets resulting from the impacts of hydrophobic and hydrophilic spheres with the free surface are studied experimentally. Several impact velocities and three materials of differing mass ratios are used. The resulting jets are characterized in terms of common non-dimensional physical parameters. A single camera is used to image activity both above and below the free surface simultaneously. The resulting images provide measurements of the height and velocity of the Worthington jets, as well as information about the breakup of the columns of fluid into droplets. In the hydrophilic cases, two separate regimes of jet formation are observed. The heights of both the first and second jet are recorded with time, and the maximum heights of each jet are compared to the Froude number at impact. The maximum height of the second jet is found to scale linearly with We, which is calculated using the velocity of the jet tip rather than impact velocity. Viscosity is shown to be negligible while a dependence on gravity is indicated. The time at which the first jet breaks up is proportional to Froude number, while the time of breakup for the second jet is nearly constant. Comparisons to energy transfer are presented. In the hydrophobic cases, the Worthington jet results from the collapse of the cavity formed below the free surface. Heights of the continuous Worthington jet are recorded for each time step, and average maximum heights obtained are again compared to Froude and Weber numbers. The increased variability in these data hinder clear scaling, and experimental error is calculated from repeated trials of two representative cases. Unaffected by experimental variation, however, the lifespan of the Worthington jets is shown to depend linearly on Froude number. Energy comparisons are explored.
Author: Revanth Kotha
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aerospace engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 194
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Book Description
The phenomenon of solid-particle jet formation is observed under and wide array of circumstances such as explosive volcanic eruption, following the detonation of explosive charges surrounded by particles, or also on impact of solid projectile on granular media. This solid-particle jet formation occurs due to the interaction of granular media with an impulsive pressure load like shock and blast-waves. During this interaction, the solid particles are impulsively dispersed by the pressure load and develop a spatial distribution resulting in the formation of these particle jets. The physical mechanism of particle jetting appears to be driven by two phenomenon: the driver gas jets induced by the shock-wave through the initial particle layer and the inelastic collisions between the particles. Research has shown that this jetting is influenced by the particles’ properties as well as the relation between the strength of the initial impulse and the initial particle layer mass. Still, the physical mechanism of the particle jet selection has not been fully identified. The aim of our current work is to computationally study this particle dispersal with fingering effects, in a quasi-two-dimensional setup. In the current computational study, a blast-wave is initialized in the carrier gas in the center of a Hele-Shaw cell around which a granular medium ring is place. This blast-wave accelerates from the inner-side of the granular medium ring. The impulsive interaction between the particles and the blast-wave causes the particles to disperse and form the particle jets. Experiments have observed that these jets were initially generated in the interior of the particle ring where the ring first comes in contact with the shock-wave and these internally formed jets were later expelled outwards to from the visible outward jets. They have also found small perturbations around the external and internal surfaces of the particle ring prior to the formation of particle jets. In this work, multiple computations were performed to study the formation of internal particle perturbations, external particle perturbations, internal particle jets and external particle jets. We also focus our attention on explaining the coalescence of the particle jets observed during the later stages of the experiment and on the prediction of the particle jet selection mechanism. Also investigated are the influences of material properties, particle ring geometry, the initial over-pressure, and the initial volume fraction distribution, on the jets formed and also on the number of particle jets.
Author: John G. Waugh
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Ballistic missiles
Languages : en
Pages : 372
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Book Description
Photographs of familiar objects such as chair, barrettes, and manhole cover present a study of rounded and angular shapes.
Author: A.M. Worthington
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 3732665224
Category : Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 106
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Book Description
Reproduction of the original: A Study of Splashes by A.M. Worthington
Author: Martin Rein
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9783211836927
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 328
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Book Description
This book presents a comprehensive overview of fluid mechanical, thermal and physico-chemical aspects of drop-surface interactions. Basic physical mechanisms pertaining to free-surface flow phenomena characteristic of drop impact on solid and liquid surfaces are explained emphasizing the importance of scaling. Moreover, physico-chemical fundamentals relating to a forced spreading of complex solutions, analytical tools for calculating compressibility effects, and heat transfer and phase change phenomena occurring during solidification and evaporation processes, respectively, are introduced in detail. Finally, numerical approaches particularly suited for modeling drop-surface interactions are consisely surveyed with a particular emphasis on boundary integral methods and Navier-Stokes algorithms (volume of fluid, level set and front tracking algorithms). The book is closed by contributions to a workshop on Drop-Surface Interactions held at the International Centre of Mechanical Sciences.
Author: O. Faltinsen
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9780521458702
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 344
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Book Description
After introducing the theory of the structural loading on ships and offshore structures based on the motions of wind, waves and currents, this text demonstrates its applications to conventional and non-conventional sea vessels, including extensive exercises and examples.
Author: Efstathios Michaelides
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1315354624
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 1559
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Book Description
The Multiphase Flow Handbook, Second Edition is a thoroughly updated and reorganized revision of the late Clayton Crowe’s work, and provides a detailed look at the basic concepts and the wide range of applications in this important area of thermal/fluids engineering. Revised by the new editors, Efstathios E. (Stathis) Michaelides and John D. Schwarzkopf, the new Second Edition begins with two chapters covering fundamental concepts and methods that pertain to all the types and applications of multiphase flow. The remaining chapters cover the applications and engineering systems that are relevant to all the types of multiphase flow and heat transfer. The twenty-one chapters and several sections of the book include the basic science as well as the contemporary engineering and technological applications of multiphase flow in a comprehensive way that is easy to follow and be understood. The editors created a common set of nomenclature that is used throughout the book, allowing readers to easily compare fundamental theory with currently developing concepts and applications. With contributed chapters from sixty-two leading experts around the world, the Multiphase Flow Handbook, Second Edition is an essential reference for all researchers, academics and engineers working with complex thermal and fluid systems.
Author: Nasser Ashgriz
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1441972641
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 922
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Book Description
Atomization and sprays are used in a wide range of industries: mechanical, chemical, aerospace, and civil engineering; material science and metallurgy; food; pharmaceutical, forestry, environmental protection; medicine; agriculture; meteorology and others. Some specific applications are spray combustion in furnaces, gas turbines and rockets, spray drying and cooling, air conditioning, powdered metallurgy, spray painting and coating, inhalation therapy, and many others. The Handbook of Atomization and Sprays will bring together the fundamental and applied material from all fields into one comprehensive source. Subject areas included in the reference are droplets, theoretical models and numerical simulations, phase Doppler particle analysis, applications, devices and more.
Author: John G Waugh
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 374
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Book Description
Author: John Bratby
Publisher: IWA Publishing
ISBN: 1843391066
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 421
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Book Description
Coagulation and Flocculation in Water and Wastewater Treatment provides a comprehensive account of coagulation and flocculation techniques and technologies in a single volume covering theoretical principles to practical applications. Thoroughly revised and updated since the 1st Edition it has been progressively modified and increased in scope to cater for the requirements of practitioners involved with water and wastewater treatment. A thorough gamut of treatment scenarios is attempted, including turbidity, color and organics removal, including the technical aspects of enhanced coagulation. The effects of temperature and ionic content are described as well as the removal of specific substances such as arsenic and phosphorus. Chemical phosphorus removal is dealt with in detail, Rapid mixing for efficient coagulant utilization, and flocculation are dealt with in specific chapters. Water treatment plant waste sludge disposal is dealt with in considerable detail, in an Appendix devoted to this subject. Invaluble for water scientists, engineers and students of this field, Coagulation and Flocculation in Water and Wastewater Treatment is a convenient reference handbook in the form of numerous examples and appended information.
