Author: Jamie Turner
Publisher: McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN: 1264268556
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 315
Book Description
The breakthrough marketing strategy today’s leading companies are using to change consumer behavior and drive revenue to the bottom line One-to-one marketing is the breakthrough strategy today’s top brands are using to generate meaningful conversations with customers on an individual basis, helping them grow their revenue while understanding and even anticipating consumer behavior. But with that enormous potential comes a common pitfall: Alienating customers who value their privacy. In An Audience of One, internationally recognized marketing experts Jamie Turner and Chuck Moxley reveal the secrets to implementing a strategy that allows you to use important data while respecting consumers’ privacy concerns. In chapter after chapter of real-life cases and primary research, you’ll learn: Which brands are using one-to-one marketing, and how they leverage it for growth The important role privacy plays in a one-to-one marketing campaign What fears consumers have about privacy—and how address those concerns How to calculate the ROI of a one-to-one marketing campaign Why the traditional sales funnel no longer works—and what’s replacing it Surprising insights about how the customer journey can be leveraged to grow sales How to create consumer profiles—without invading your customers’ privacy If you’re a marketing professional, C-level executive, an entrepreneur or leader in any consumer-facing business, understanding one-to-one marketing—and learning how to use it properly—is critical to your brand’s success. An Audience of One will give you the in-depth understanding you need and provide a hands-on, actionable roadmap to take your marketing to the next level.
An Audience of One: Drive Superior Results by Making the Radical Shift from Mass Marketing to One-to-One Marketing
Author: Jamie Turner
Publisher: McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN: 1264268556
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 315
Book Description
The breakthrough marketing strategy today’s leading companies are using to change consumer behavior and drive revenue to the bottom line One-to-one marketing is the breakthrough strategy today’s top brands are using to generate meaningful conversations with customers on an individual basis, helping them grow their revenue while understanding and even anticipating consumer behavior. But with that enormous potential comes a common pitfall: Alienating customers who value their privacy. In An Audience of One, internationally recognized marketing experts Jamie Turner and Chuck Moxley reveal the secrets to implementing a strategy that allows you to use important data while respecting consumers’ privacy concerns. In chapter after chapter of real-life cases and primary research, you’ll learn: Which brands are using one-to-one marketing, and how they leverage it for growth The important role privacy plays in a one-to-one marketing campaign What fears consumers have about privacy—and how address those concerns How to calculate the ROI of a one-to-one marketing campaign Why the traditional sales funnel no longer works—and what’s replacing it Surprising insights about how the customer journey can be leveraged to grow sales How to create consumer profiles—without invading your customers’ privacy If you’re a marketing professional, C-level executive, an entrepreneur or leader in any consumer-facing business, understanding one-to-one marketing—and learning how to use it properly—is critical to your brand’s success. An Audience of One will give you the in-depth understanding you need and provide a hands-on, actionable roadmap to take your marketing to the next level.
Publisher: McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN: 1264268556
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 315
Book Description
The breakthrough marketing strategy today’s leading companies are using to change consumer behavior and drive revenue to the bottom line One-to-one marketing is the breakthrough strategy today’s top brands are using to generate meaningful conversations with customers on an individual basis, helping them grow their revenue while understanding and even anticipating consumer behavior. But with that enormous potential comes a common pitfall: Alienating customers who value their privacy. In An Audience of One, internationally recognized marketing experts Jamie Turner and Chuck Moxley reveal the secrets to implementing a strategy that allows you to use important data while respecting consumers’ privacy concerns. In chapter after chapter of real-life cases and primary research, you’ll learn: Which brands are using one-to-one marketing, and how they leverage it for growth The important role privacy plays in a one-to-one marketing campaign What fears consumers have about privacy—and how address those concerns How to calculate the ROI of a one-to-one marketing campaign Why the traditional sales funnel no longer works—and what’s replacing it Surprising insights about how the customer journey can be leveraged to grow sales How to create consumer profiles—without invading your customers’ privacy If you’re a marketing professional, C-level executive, an entrepreneur or leader in any consumer-facing business, understanding one-to-one marketing—and learning how to use it properly—is critical to your brand’s success. An Audience of One will give you the in-depth understanding you need and provide a hands-on, actionable roadmap to take your marketing to the next level.
Good to Great
Author: Jim Collins
Publisher: Harper Collins
ISBN: 0066620996
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 320
Book Description
The Challenge Built to Last, the defining management study of the nineties, showed how great companies triumph over time and how long-term sustained performance can be engineered into the DNA of an enterprise from the verybeginning. But what about the company that is not born with great DNA? How can good companies, mediocre companies, even bad companies achieve enduring greatness? The Study For years, this question preyed on the mind of Jim Collins. Are there companies that defy gravity and convert long-term mediocrity or worse into long-term superiority? And if so, what are the universal distinguishing characteristics that cause a company to go from good to great? The Standards Using tough benchmarks, Collins and his research team identified a set of elite companies that made the leap to great results and sustained those results for at least fifteen years. How great? After the leap, the good-to-great companies generated cumulative stock returns that beat the general stock market by an average of seven times in fifteen years, better than twice the results delivered by a composite index of the world's greatest companies, including Coca-Cola, Intel, General Electric, and Merck. The Comparisons The research team contrasted the good-to-great companies with a carefully selected set of comparison companies that failed to make the leap from good to great. What was different? Why did one set of companies become truly great performers while the other set remained only good? Over five years, the team analyzed the histories of all twenty-eight companies in the study. After sifting through mountains of data and thousands of pages of interviews, Collins and his crew discovered the key determinants of greatness -- why some companies make the leap and others don't. The Findings The findings of the Good to Great study will surprise many readers and shed light on virtually every area of management strategy and practice. The findings include: Level 5 Leaders: The research team was shocked to discover the type of leadership required to achieve greatness. The Hedgehog Concept (Simplicity within the Three Circles): To go from good to great requires transcending the curse of competence. A Culture of Discipline: When you combine a culture of discipline with an ethic of entrepreneurship, you get the magical alchemy of great results. Technology Accelerators: Good-to-great companies think differently about the role of technology. The Flywheel and the Doom Loop: Those who launch radical change programs and wrenching restructurings will almost certainly fail to make the leap. “Some of the key concepts discerned in the study,” comments Jim Collins, "fly in the face of our modern business culture and will, quite frankly, upset some people.” Perhaps, but who can afford to ignore these findings?
Publisher: Harper Collins
ISBN: 0066620996
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 320
Book Description
The Challenge Built to Last, the defining management study of the nineties, showed how great companies triumph over time and how long-term sustained performance can be engineered into the DNA of an enterprise from the verybeginning. But what about the company that is not born with great DNA? How can good companies, mediocre companies, even bad companies achieve enduring greatness? The Study For years, this question preyed on the mind of Jim Collins. Are there companies that defy gravity and convert long-term mediocrity or worse into long-term superiority? And if so, what are the universal distinguishing characteristics that cause a company to go from good to great? The Standards Using tough benchmarks, Collins and his research team identified a set of elite companies that made the leap to great results and sustained those results for at least fifteen years. How great? After the leap, the good-to-great companies generated cumulative stock returns that beat the general stock market by an average of seven times in fifteen years, better than twice the results delivered by a composite index of the world's greatest companies, including Coca-Cola, Intel, General Electric, and Merck. The Comparisons The research team contrasted the good-to-great companies with a carefully selected set of comparison companies that failed to make the leap from good to great. What was different? Why did one set of companies become truly great performers while the other set remained only good? Over five years, the team analyzed the histories of all twenty-eight companies in the study. After sifting through mountains of data and thousands of pages of interviews, Collins and his crew discovered the key determinants of greatness -- why some companies make the leap and others don't. The Findings The findings of the Good to Great study will surprise many readers and shed light on virtually every area of management strategy and practice. The findings include: Level 5 Leaders: The research team was shocked to discover the type of leadership required to achieve greatness. The Hedgehog Concept (Simplicity within the Three Circles): To go from good to great requires transcending the curse of competence. A Culture of Discipline: When you combine a culture of discipline with an ethic of entrepreneurship, you get the magical alchemy of great results. Technology Accelerators: Good-to-great companies think differently about the role of technology. The Flywheel and the Doom Loop: Those who launch radical change programs and wrenching restructurings will almost certainly fail to make the leap. “Some of the key concepts discerned in the study,” comments Jim Collins, "fly in the face of our modern business culture and will, quite frankly, upset some people.” Perhaps, but who can afford to ignore these findings?
Paid, Owned, Earned
Author: Nick Burcher
Publisher: Kogan Page Publishers
ISBN: 0749465638
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 296
Book Description
The complexity of media that now sees multiple channels accessed through multiple devices has created major challenges for today's marketing and advertising professionals. Consumer time is split between TVs, laptops, iPads, X-Boxes and smartphones, with traditional media, websites, videos, social networks and apps all competing for attention, meaning it's difficult for brands to decide how best to reach and engage their audiences. Paid, Owned, Earned defines the constituents of each area of 'paid', 'owned' and 'earned' media and shows how they are linked together. It proposes a blueprint for how to think and navigate across this space using a framework made up of key elements such as communities and content, social media optimisation, seeding and viral distribution, broadcast mass media, social performance media and measurement.
Publisher: Kogan Page Publishers
ISBN: 0749465638
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 296
Book Description
The complexity of media that now sees multiple channels accessed through multiple devices has created major challenges for today's marketing and advertising professionals. Consumer time is split between TVs, laptops, iPads, X-Boxes and smartphones, with traditional media, websites, videos, social networks and apps all competing for attention, meaning it's difficult for brands to decide how best to reach and engage their audiences. Paid, Owned, Earned defines the constituents of each area of 'paid', 'owned' and 'earned' media and shows how they are linked together. It proposes a blueprint for how to think and navigate across this space using a framework made up of key elements such as communities and content, social media optimisation, seeding and viral distribution, broadcast mass media, social performance media and measurement.
The Long Tail
Author: Chris Anderson
Publisher: Hachette Books
ISBN: 1401384633
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 256
Book Description
What happens when the bottlenecks that stand between supply and demand in our culture go away and everything becomes available to everyone? "The Long Tail" is a powerful new force in our economy: the rise of the niche. As the cost of reaching consumers drops dramatically, our markets are shifting from a one-size-fits-all model of mass appeal to one of unlimited variety for unique tastes. From supermarket shelves to advertising agencies, the ability to offer vast choice is changing everything, and causing us to rethink where our markets lie and how to get to them. Unlimited selection is revealing truths about what consumers want and how they want to get it, from DVDs at Netflix to songs on iTunes to advertising on Google. However, this is not just a virtue of online marketplaces; it is an example of an entirely new economic model for business, one that is just beginning to show its power. After a century of obsessing over the few products at the head of the demand curve, the new economics of distribution allow us to turn our focus to the many more products in the tail, which collectively can create a new market as big as the one we already know. The Long Tail is really about the economics of abundance. New efficiencies in distribution, manufacturing, and marketing are essentially resetting the definition of what's commercially viable across the board. If the 20th century was about hits, the 21st will be equally about niches.
Publisher: Hachette Books
ISBN: 1401384633
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 256
Book Description
What happens when the bottlenecks that stand between supply and demand in our culture go away and everything becomes available to everyone? "The Long Tail" is a powerful new force in our economy: the rise of the niche. As the cost of reaching consumers drops dramatically, our markets are shifting from a one-size-fits-all model of mass appeal to one of unlimited variety for unique tastes. From supermarket shelves to advertising agencies, the ability to offer vast choice is changing everything, and causing us to rethink where our markets lie and how to get to them. Unlimited selection is revealing truths about what consumers want and how they want to get it, from DVDs at Netflix to songs on iTunes to advertising on Google. However, this is not just a virtue of online marketplaces; it is an example of an entirely new economic model for business, one that is just beginning to show its power. After a century of obsessing over the few products at the head of the demand curve, the new economics of distribution allow us to turn our focus to the many more products in the tail, which collectively can create a new market as big as the one we already know. The Long Tail is really about the economics of abundance. New efficiencies in distribution, manufacturing, and marketing are essentially resetting the definition of what's commercially viable across the board. If the 20th century was about hits, the 21st will be equally about niches.
The Handbook of Online and Social Media Research
Author: Ray Poynter
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470971371
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 486
Book Description
Drawing together the new techniques available to the market researcher into a single reference, The Handbook of Online and Social Media Research explores how these innovations are being used by the leaders in the field. This groundbreaking reference examines why traditional research is broken, both in theory and practice, and includes chapters on online research communities, community panels, blog mining, social networks, mobile research, e-ethnography, predictive markets, and DIY research. "This handbook fills a significant learning gap for the market research profession and Ray Poynter has once again proven that he is a guiding light. The practical and pragmatic advice contained within these pages will be relevant to new students of research, young researchers and experienced researchers that want to understand the basics of online and social media research. Ray’s views on 'how to be better with people' and ‘how to maximise response rates’ are vital clues that are likely to shape the future of market and social research." —Peter Harris, National President, Australian Market and Social Research Society (AMSRS) "It's hard to imagine anyone better suited to covering the rapidly changing world of online research than Ray Poynter. In this book he shows us why. Whether you are new to online or a veteran interested in broadening your understanding of the full range of techniques—quant and qual—this book is for you." —Reg Baker, President and Chief Operating Officer, Market Strategies International "Finally, a comprehensive handbook for practitioners, clients, suppliers and students that includes best practices, clear explanations, advice and cautionary warnings. This should be the research benchmark for online research for some time. Poynter proves he is the online market research guru." —Cam Davis, Ph.D., former Dean and current instructor of the online market research course for the Canadian Marketing Research and Intelligence Association "Ray Poynter's comprehensive, authoritative, easy to read, and knowledgeable handbook has come to our rescue ... it is a must read for anyone who needs to engage with customers or stakeholders in a creative, immediate and flexible way that makes maximum use of all the exciting, new technology now open to us. Market researchers need to know this stuff now. I can guarantee that anyone who buys the book will find it a compelling read: they will be constantly turning to the next page in order to find yet another nugget of insight from Ray’s tour de force." —Dr David Smith, Director, DVL Smith Ltd; Professor, University of Hertfordshire, Business School
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470971371
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 486
Book Description
Drawing together the new techniques available to the market researcher into a single reference, The Handbook of Online and Social Media Research explores how these innovations are being used by the leaders in the field. This groundbreaking reference examines why traditional research is broken, both in theory and practice, and includes chapters on online research communities, community panels, blog mining, social networks, mobile research, e-ethnography, predictive markets, and DIY research. "This handbook fills a significant learning gap for the market research profession and Ray Poynter has once again proven that he is a guiding light. The practical and pragmatic advice contained within these pages will be relevant to new students of research, young researchers and experienced researchers that want to understand the basics of online and social media research. Ray’s views on 'how to be better with people' and ‘how to maximise response rates’ are vital clues that are likely to shape the future of market and social research." —Peter Harris, National President, Australian Market and Social Research Society (AMSRS) "It's hard to imagine anyone better suited to covering the rapidly changing world of online research than Ray Poynter. In this book he shows us why. Whether you are new to online or a veteran interested in broadening your understanding of the full range of techniques—quant and qual—this book is for you." —Reg Baker, President and Chief Operating Officer, Market Strategies International "Finally, a comprehensive handbook for practitioners, clients, suppliers and students that includes best practices, clear explanations, advice and cautionary warnings. This should be the research benchmark for online research for some time. Poynter proves he is the online market research guru." —Cam Davis, Ph.D., former Dean and current instructor of the online market research course for the Canadian Marketing Research and Intelligence Association "Ray Poynter's comprehensive, authoritative, easy to read, and knowledgeable handbook has come to our rescue ... it is a must read for anyone who needs to engage with customers or stakeholders in a creative, immediate and flexible way that makes maximum use of all the exciting, new technology now open to us. Market researchers need to know this stuff now. I can guarantee that anyone who buys the book will find it a compelling read: they will be constantly turning to the next page in order to find yet another nugget of insight from Ray’s tour de force." —Dr David Smith, Director, DVL Smith Ltd; Professor, University of Hertfordshire, Business School
The Great CEO Within: The Tactical Guide to Company Building
Author: Matt Mochary
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780578599281
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 202
Book Description
Matt Mochary coaches the CEOs of many of the fastest-scaling technology companies in Silicon Valley. With The Great CEO Within, he shares his highly effective leadership and business-operating tools with any CEO or manager in the world. Learn how to efficiently scale your business from startup to corporation by implementing a system of accountability, effective problem-solving, and transparent feedback. Becoming a great CEO requires training. For a founding CEO, there is precious little time to complete that training, especially at the helm of a rapidly growing company. Now you have the guidance you need in one book.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780578599281
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 202
Book Description
Matt Mochary coaches the CEOs of many of the fastest-scaling technology companies in Silicon Valley. With The Great CEO Within, he shares his highly effective leadership and business-operating tools with any CEO or manager in the world. Learn how to efficiently scale your business from startup to corporation by implementing a system of accountability, effective problem-solving, and transparent feedback. Becoming a great CEO requires training. For a founding CEO, there is precious little time to complete that training, especially at the helm of a rapidly growing company. Now you have the guidance you need in one book.
Principles of Marketing
Author: Gary M. Armstrong
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781488620102
Category : Customer relations
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
An introduction to marketing concepts, strategies and practices with a balance of depth of coverage and ease of learning. Principles of Marketing keeps pace with a rapidly changing field, focussing on the ways brands create and capture consumer value. Practical content and linkage are at the heart of this edition. Real local and international examples bring ideas to life and new feature 'linking the concepts' helps students test and consolidate understanding as they go. The latest edition enhances understanding with a unique learning design including revised, integrative concept maps at the start of each chapter, end-of-chapter features summarising ideas and themes, a mix of mini and major case studies to illuminate concepts, and critical thinking exercises for applying skills.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781488620102
Category : Customer relations
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
An introduction to marketing concepts, strategies and practices with a balance of depth of coverage and ease of learning. Principles of Marketing keeps pace with a rapidly changing field, focussing on the ways brands create and capture consumer value. Practical content and linkage are at the heart of this edition. Real local and international examples bring ideas to life and new feature 'linking the concepts' helps students test and consolidate understanding as they go. The latest edition enhances understanding with a unique learning design including revised, integrative concept maps at the start of each chapter, end-of-chapter features summarising ideas and themes, a mix of mini and major case studies to illuminate concepts, and critical thinking exercises for applying skills.
Go Mobile
Author: Jeanne Hopkins
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118239547
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 260
Book Description
Set-up, run, and measure successful mobile media marketing campaigns Go Mobile is packed with tools, tips, and techniques that will help readers set-up, launch, run, and measure mobile media campaigns. This book will help readers understand the different mobile media platforms, learn how to us SMS for business, incorporate 2D and QR Codes into their campaigns, develop mobile websites and mobile apps, see case studies, and much more. Go Mobile offers practical, step-by-step guidance for implementing a mobile marketing campaign. Readers will learn how to: Use location-based marketing to get new customers and keep existing ones Integrate social media with your mobile media campaign Use mobile E-commerce to improve brand loyalty Measure the ROI of a mobile media campaign Develop mobile media business models you can use to grow revenues With these effective, efficient, and integrated mobile marketing campaigns, business owners and marketers will garner enviable response rates and watch their revenue grow more rapidly than ever before.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118239547
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 260
Book Description
Set-up, run, and measure successful mobile media marketing campaigns Go Mobile is packed with tools, tips, and techniques that will help readers set-up, launch, run, and measure mobile media campaigns. This book will help readers understand the different mobile media platforms, learn how to us SMS for business, incorporate 2D and QR Codes into their campaigns, develop mobile websites and mobile apps, see case studies, and much more. Go Mobile offers practical, step-by-step guidance for implementing a mobile marketing campaign. Readers will learn how to: Use location-based marketing to get new customers and keep existing ones Integrate social media with your mobile media campaign Use mobile E-commerce to improve brand loyalty Measure the ROI of a mobile media campaign Develop mobile media business models you can use to grow revenues With these effective, efficient, and integrated mobile marketing campaigns, business owners and marketers will garner enviable response rates and watch their revenue grow more rapidly than ever before.
Wikinomics
Author: Don Tapscott
Publisher: Penguin
ISBN: 1440639485
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 376
Book Description
The acclaimed bestseller that's teaching the world about the power of mass collaboration. Translated into more than twenty languages and named one of the best business books of the year by reviewers around the world, Wikinomics has become essential reading for business people everywhere. It explains how mass collaboration is happening not just at Web sites like Wikipedia and YouTube, but at traditional companies that have embraced technology to breathe new life into their enterprises. This national bestseller reveals the nuances that drive wikinomics, and share fascinating stories of how masses of people (both paid and volunteer) are now creating TV news stories, sequencing the human gnome, remixing their favorite music, designing software, finding cures for diseases, editing school texts, inventing new cosmetics, and even building motorcycles.
Publisher: Penguin
ISBN: 1440639485
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 376
Book Description
The acclaimed bestseller that's teaching the world about the power of mass collaboration. Translated into more than twenty languages and named one of the best business books of the year by reviewers around the world, Wikinomics has become essential reading for business people everywhere. It explains how mass collaboration is happening not just at Web sites like Wikipedia and YouTube, but at traditional companies that have embraced technology to breathe new life into their enterprises. This national bestseller reveals the nuances that drive wikinomics, and share fascinating stories of how masses of people (both paid and volunteer) are now creating TV news stories, sequencing the human gnome, remixing their favorite music, designing software, finding cures for diseases, editing school texts, inventing new cosmetics, and even building motorcycles.
Brand Relevance
Author: David A. Aaker
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470613580
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 400
Book Description
Branding guru Aaker shows how to eliminate the competition and become the lead brand in your market This ground-breaking book defines the concept of brand relevance using dozens of case studies-Prius, Whole Foods, Westin, iPad and more-and explains how brand relevance drives market dynamics, which generates opportunities for your brand and threats for the competition. Aaker reveals how these companies have made other brands in their categories irrelevant. Key points: When managing a new category of product, treat it as if it were a brand; By failing to produce what customers want or losing momentum and visibility, your brand becomes irrelevant; and create barriers to competitors by supporting innovation at every level of the organization. Using dozens of case studies, shows how to create or dominate new categories or subcategories, making competitors irrelevant Shows how to manage the new category or subcategory as if it were a brand and how to create barriers to competitors Describes the threat of becoming irrelevant by failing to make what customer are buying or losing energy David Aaker, the author of four brand books, has been called the father of branding This book offers insight for creating and/or owning a new business arena. Instead of being the best, the goal is to be the only brand around-making competitors irrelevant.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470613580
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 400
Book Description
Branding guru Aaker shows how to eliminate the competition and become the lead brand in your market This ground-breaking book defines the concept of brand relevance using dozens of case studies-Prius, Whole Foods, Westin, iPad and more-and explains how brand relevance drives market dynamics, which generates opportunities for your brand and threats for the competition. Aaker reveals how these companies have made other brands in their categories irrelevant. Key points: When managing a new category of product, treat it as if it were a brand; By failing to produce what customers want or losing momentum and visibility, your brand becomes irrelevant; and create barriers to competitors by supporting innovation at every level of the organization. Using dozens of case studies, shows how to create or dominate new categories or subcategories, making competitors irrelevant Shows how to manage the new category or subcategory as if it were a brand and how to create barriers to competitors Describes the threat of becoming irrelevant by failing to make what customer are buying or losing energy David Aaker, the author of four brand books, has been called the father of branding This book offers insight for creating and/or owning a new business arena. Instead of being the best, the goal is to be the only brand around-making competitors irrelevant.