Author: Michel Hersen
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1135680981
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 621
Book Description
There was a time when abnormal child psychology was the stepchild of abnormal psychology, with perhaps one or two chapters in an entire advanced textbook devoted to children. Given the explosive amount of new research on child development in general since the 1980s, "stepchild" is obviously no longer a valid characterization. Indeed, in the last 15 years, many new journals devoted to childhood problems have made their appearance on library bookshelves. The first edition of this book was assembled in an effort to integrate the empirical and clinical literatures and show the advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate student the breadth and depth of our existing knowledge about the disorders that manifest themselves early in development. Now, since its publication in 1995, a great deal more work has been done. This revised and expanded second edition includes much new material from the first edition authors and from several new ones, all respected experts in the field. Part I offers an overview. It outlines: *historical developments with documentation of the neglect and abuse that children suffered at the hands of society well into the 20th century; *developmental psychopathology as a theoretical framework to guide research and clinical efforts; *psychophysiological determinants of behavior, with special attention focused on childhood autism, and attention deficit and antisocial conduct disorders; *theoretical, methodological, and practical considerations involved in determining investigatory paths including sampling, design selection, measurement, data analysis, and pragmatics; and *the reactions of children, families, and society to complex and diverse child health problems. Part II addresses assessment and treatment issues. It discusses: *behavioral treatment of childhood disorders and multiple case examples of commonly used techniques; *new developments in pharmacological treatment and sound guidelines for the consideration of pharmacotherapy; and *formulations and a review of preventive interventions. Part III examines specific disorders of childhood and adolescence. It discusses: *anxiety disorders, affective and mood disorders, mental retardation, autism, specific developmental disorders, conduct disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and eating disorders; *psychological aspects of pediatric disorders--interventions tailored to the needs of the child and family to maximize adaptation and recovery; and *substance use disorders--ranging from models emphasizing social influences to those focusing on biological vulnerabilities. Each chapter in Part III has an identical structure--clinical description, causes, course, familial contributions, psychological and genetic influences, current treatments, summary--and includes numerous case illustrations.
Advanced Abnormal Child Psychology
Author: Michel Hersen
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1135680981
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 621
Book Description
There was a time when abnormal child psychology was the stepchild of abnormal psychology, with perhaps one or two chapters in an entire advanced textbook devoted to children. Given the explosive amount of new research on child development in general since the 1980s, "stepchild" is obviously no longer a valid characterization. Indeed, in the last 15 years, many new journals devoted to childhood problems have made their appearance on library bookshelves. The first edition of this book was assembled in an effort to integrate the empirical and clinical literatures and show the advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate student the breadth and depth of our existing knowledge about the disorders that manifest themselves early in development. Now, since its publication in 1995, a great deal more work has been done. This revised and expanded second edition includes much new material from the first edition authors and from several new ones, all respected experts in the field. Part I offers an overview. It outlines: *historical developments with documentation of the neglect and abuse that children suffered at the hands of society well into the 20th century; *developmental psychopathology as a theoretical framework to guide research and clinical efforts; *psychophysiological determinants of behavior, with special attention focused on childhood autism, and attention deficit and antisocial conduct disorders; *theoretical, methodological, and practical considerations involved in determining investigatory paths including sampling, design selection, measurement, data analysis, and pragmatics; and *the reactions of children, families, and society to complex and diverse child health problems. Part II addresses assessment and treatment issues. It discusses: *behavioral treatment of childhood disorders and multiple case examples of commonly used techniques; *new developments in pharmacological treatment and sound guidelines for the consideration of pharmacotherapy; and *formulations and a review of preventive interventions. Part III examines specific disorders of childhood and adolescence. It discusses: *anxiety disorders, affective and mood disorders, mental retardation, autism, specific developmental disorders, conduct disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and eating disorders; *psychological aspects of pediatric disorders--interventions tailored to the needs of the child and family to maximize adaptation and recovery; and *substance use disorders--ranging from models emphasizing social influences to those focusing on biological vulnerabilities. Each chapter in Part III has an identical structure--clinical description, causes, course, familial contributions, psychological and genetic influences, current treatments, summary--and includes numerous case illustrations.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1135680981
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 621
Book Description
There was a time when abnormal child psychology was the stepchild of abnormal psychology, with perhaps one or two chapters in an entire advanced textbook devoted to children. Given the explosive amount of new research on child development in general since the 1980s, "stepchild" is obviously no longer a valid characterization. Indeed, in the last 15 years, many new journals devoted to childhood problems have made their appearance on library bookshelves. The first edition of this book was assembled in an effort to integrate the empirical and clinical literatures and show the advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate student the breadth and depth of our existing knowledge about the disorders that manifest themselves early in development. Now, since its publication in 1995, a great deal more work has been done. This revised and expanded second edition includes much new material from the first edition authors and from several new ones, all respected experts in the field. Part I offers an overview. It outlines: *historical developments with documentation of the neglect and abuse that children suffered at the hands of society well into the 20th century; *developmental psychopathology as a theoretical framework to guide research and clinical efforts; *psychophysiological determinants of behavior, with special attention focused on childhood autism, and attention deficit and antisocial conduct disorders; *theoretical, methodological, and practical considerations involved in determining investigatory paths including sampling, design selection, measurement, data analysis, and pragmatics; and *the reactions of children, families, and society to complex and diverse child health problems. Part II addresses assessment and treatment issues. It discusses: *behavioral treatment of childhood disorders and multiple case examples of commonly used techniques; *new developments in pharmacological treatment and sound guidelines for the consideration of pharmacotherapy; and *formulations and a review of preventive interventions. Part III examines specific disorders of childhood and adolescence. It discusses: *anxiety disorders, affective and mood disorders, mental retardation, autism, specific developmental disorders, conduct disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and eating disorders; *psychological aspects of pediatric disorders--interventions tailored to the needs of the child and family to maximize adaptation and recovery; and *substance use disorders--ranging from models emphasizing social influences to those focusing on biological vulnerabilities. Each chapter in Part III has an identical structure--clinical description, causes, course, familial contributions, psychological and genetic influences, current treatments, summary--and includes numerous case illustrations.
Advanced Abnormal Child Psychology
Author: Michel Hersen
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 9780805812046
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
There was a time when abnormal child psychology was the stepchild of abnormal psychology, with perhaps one or two chapters in an entire advanced textbook devoted to issues concerning children. Given the explosive amount of new developmental research since the 1980s, the stepchild status obviously no longer applies. The editors have assembled the present text integrating both empirical and clinical issues and maintaining the spirit of empiricism that fortunately now pervades the field. A comprehensive account of the nature, causes, and assessment and treatment of child psychopathology, this textbook is geared toward the advanced undergraduate or beginning graduate student. It provides state-of-the-art reviews of the critical areas in abnormal child psychology written by leading experts in the field. Balancing both theory and treatment, and relying primarily on the empirical literature, the book addresses both psychological and biological determinants and strategies. Chapter authors have used structural formats which enhance the text's readability and utility. The first section of the text provides an overview of advanced abnormal child psychology, outlining the contributions from a variety of directions including: * historical developments, essentially documenting both the neglect and abuse that children suffered at the hands of society well into the 20th century; * developmental psychopathology as a theoretical framework to guide research and clinical efforts; * psychophysiological determinants of behavior, with special attention focused on childhood autism, and attention deficit and antisocial conduct disorders; and * theoretical, methodological, and practical considerations involved in determining investigatory paths including sampling, design selection, measurement, data analysis, and pragmatics. The second section addresses assessment and treatment issues in abnormal child behavior. Coverage includes: * behavioral treatment of childhood disorders and multiple case examples of commonly used techniques; * new developments in pharmacological treatment and sound guidelines for the consideration of pharmacotherapy; and * community prevention techniques including an examination of theoretical formulations and a review of preventive interventions. The final section examines specific disorders of childhood and adolescence as follows: * anxiety disorders, affective and mood disorders, mental retardation, autism, specific developmental disorders, conduct disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and eating disorders; * psychological aspects of pediatric disorders--interventions tailored to the needs of the child and family to maximize adaptation and recovery; and * substance use disorders--ranging from models emphasizing social influences to those focusing on biological vulnerabilities.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 9780805812046
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
There was a time when abnormal child psychology was the stepchild of abnormal psychology, with perhaps one or two chapters in an entire advanced textbook devoted to issues concerning children. Given the explosive amount of new developmental research since the 1980s, the stepchild status obviously no longer applies. The editors have assembled the present text integrating both empirical and clinical issues and maintaining the spirit of empiricism that fortunately now pervades the field. A comprehensive account of the nature, causes, and assessment and treatment of child psychopathology, this textbook is geared toward the advanced undergraduate or beginning graduate student. It provides state-of-the-art reviews of the critical areas in abnormal child psychology written by leading experts in the field. Balancing both theory and treatment, and relying primarily on the empirical literature, the book addresses both psychological and biological determinants and strategies. Chapter authors have used structural formats which enhance the text's readability and utility. The first section of the text provides an overview of advanced abnormal child psychology, outlining the contributions from a variety of directions including: * historical developments, essentially documenting both the neglect and abuse that children suffered at the hands of society well into the 20th century; * developmental psychopathology as a theoretical framework to guide research and clinical efforts; * psychophysiological determinants of behavior, with special attention focused on childhood autism, and attention deficit and antisocial conduct disorders; and * theoretical, methodological, and practical considerations involved in determining investigatory paths including sampling, design selection, measurement, data analysis, and pragmatics. The second section addresses assessment and treatment issues in abnormal child behavior. Coverage includes: * behavioral treatment of childhood disorders and multiple case examples of commonly used techniques; * new developments in pharmacological treatment and sound guidelines for the consideration of pharmacotherapy; and * community prevention techniques including an examination of theoretical formulations and a review of preventive interventions. The final section examines specific disorders of childhood and adolescence as follows: * anxiety disorders, affective and mood disorders, mental retardation, autism, specific developmental disorders, conduct disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and eating disorders; * psychological aspects of pediatric disorders--interventions tailored to the needs of the child and family to maximize adaptation and recovery; and * substance use disorders--ranging from models emphasizing social influences to those focusing on biological vulnerabilities.
Advanced Abnormal Psychology
Author: Michel Hersen
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1475703457
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 541
Book Description
Although senior undergraduate psychology students and first year master's- and doctoral-level students frequently take courses in advanced abnormal psychology, it has been almost two decades since a book by this title has appeared. Professors teaching this course have had a wide variety of texts to select from that touch on various aspects of psychopathology, but none has been as comprehensive for the student as the present volume. Not only are basic concepts and models included, but there are specific sections dealing with childhood and adolescent disorders, adult and geriatric disorders, child treatment, and adult treatment. We believe the professor and advanced student alike will benefit from having all the requisite material under one cover. Our book contains 26 chapters presented in five parts, each part preceded by an editors' introduction. The chapters reflect updates in the classification of disorders (i. e. , DSM-IV). In Part I (Basic Concepts and Models), the chapters include diagnosis and classification, assessment strategies, research methods, the psychoanalytic model, the behavioral model, and the biological model. Parts II (Childhood and Adolescent Disorders) and III (Adult and Older Adult Disorders), bulk of the book. To ensure cross each containing seven chapters, represent the chapter consistency, each of these chapters on psychopathology follows an identi cal format, with the following basic sections: description of the disorder, epidem iology, clinical picture (with case description), course and prognosis, familial and genetic patterns, and diagnostic considerations.
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1475703457
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 541
Book Description
Although senior undergraduate psychology students and first year master's- and doctoral-level students frequently take courses in advanced abnormal psychology, it has been almost two decades since a book by this title has appeared. Professors teaching this course have had a wide variety of texts to select from that touch on various aspects of psychopathology, but none has been as comprehensive for the student as the present volume. Not only are basic concepts and models included, but there are specific sections dealing with childhood and adolescent disorders, adult and geriatric disorders, child treatment, and adult treatment. We believe the professor and advanced student alike will benefit from having all the requisite material under one cover. Our book contains 26 chapters presented in five parts, each part preceded by an editors' introduction. The chapters reflect updates in the classification of disorders (i. e. , DSM-IV). In Part I (Basic Concepts and Models), the chapters include diagnosis and classification, assessment strategies, research methods, the psychoanalytic model, the behavioral model, and the biological model. Parts II (Childhood and Adolescent Disorders) and III (Adult and Older Adult Disorders), bulk of the book. To ensure cross each containing seven chapters, represent the chapter consistency, each of these chapters on psychopathology follows an identi cal format, with the following basic sections: description of the disorder, epidem iology, clinical picture (with case description), course and prognosis, familial and genetic patterns, and diagnostic considerations.
Introduction to Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology
Author: Robert Weis
Publisher: SAGE Publications
ISBN: 1506339786
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 1646
Book Description
Robert Weis' third edition of Introduction to Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology adopts a developmental psychopathology approach to understanding child disorders. Using case studies, this perspective examines the emergence of disorders over time, pays special attention to risk and protective factors that influence developmental processes and trajectories, and examines child psychopathology in the context of normal development. Designed to be flexible via its focused modular organization, the text reflects the latest changes to the DSM (DSM 5, 2013) and is updated with new research and developments in the field.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
ISBN: 1506339786
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 1646
Book Description
Robert Weis' third edition of Introduction to Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology adopts a developmental psychopathology approach to understanding child disorders. Using case studies, this perspective examines the emergence of disorders over time, pays special attention to risk and protective factors that influence developmental processes and trajectories, and examines child psychopathology in the context of normal development. Designed to be flexible via its focused modular organization, the text reflects the latest changes to the DSM (DSM 5, 2013) and is updated with new research and developments in the field.
Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology
Author: Linda Wilmshurst
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317336585
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 859
Book Description
Written from a developmental perspective, Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology is organized around five prominent and recurring themes: the course of normal development proceeds in an orderly and predictable direction; maladaptive behaviors represent deviations from the normal path; maladaptive behavior is represented by a continuum of severity (symptoms, syndromes, disorders) based on the degree to which behaviors deviate from the norm; individual, interpersonal, contextual and cultural factors interact in a reciprocal way to influence normal development and abnormal deviations; theoretical input from diverse perspectives can guide our understanding of underlying processes that precipitate and maintain behaviors and the different developmental pathways that might result. The revision will be divided into 5 sections, all integrating the DSM-5, and will include a new chapter on child maltreatment and self injurious behavior.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317336585
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 859
Book Description
Written from a developmental perspective, Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology is organized around five prominent and recurring themes: the course of normal development proceeds in an orderly and predictable direction; maladaptive behaviors represent deviations from the normal path; maladaptive behavior is represented by a continuum of severity (symptoms, syndromes, disorders) based on the degree to which behaviors deviate from the norm; individual, interpersonal, contextual and cultural factors interact in a reciprocal way to influence normal development and abnormal deviations; theoretical input from diverse perspectives can guide our understanding of underlying processes that precipitate and maintain behaviors and the different developmental pathways that might result. The revision will be divided into 5 sections, all integrating the DSM-5, and will include a new chapter on child maltreatment and self injurious behavior.
Abnormal Child Psychology
Author: Linda Wilmshurst
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1135925771
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 656
Book Description
Abnormal Child Psychology: A Developmental Perspective is intended for undergraduate and Masters-level students enrolled in courses in Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology. Written from a developmental perspective, the book is organized around five prominent and recurring themes: the course of normal development proceeds in an orderly and predictable direction; maladaptive behaviors represent deviations from the normal path; maladaptive behavior is represented by a continuum of severity (symptoms, syndromes, disorders) based on the degree to which behaviors deviate from the norm; individual, interpersonal, contextual and cultural factors interact in a reciprocal way to influence normal development and abnormal deviations; theoretical input from diverse perspectives can guide our understanding of underlying processes that precipitate and maintain behaviors and the different developmental pathways that might result. The text provides students with a learning model which incorporates three essential cornerstones, which are pivotal to understanding child and adolescent psychopathology: the K3 paradigm that consists of knowledge of developmental expectations, knowledge of the sources of influence, and knowledge of the theoretical models. Each chapter opens with a case illustration to highlight the themes of the material that follows. The chapters conclude with a Summary Review, Glossary of New Terms and a Set of Review Questions.
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1135925771
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 656
Book Description
Abnormal Child Psychology: A Developmental Perspective is intended for undergraduate and Masters-level students enrolled in courses in Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology. Written from a developmental perspective, the book is organized around five prominent and recurring themes: the course of normal development proceeds in an orderly and predictable direction; maladaptive behaviors represent deviations from the normal path; maladaptive behavior is represented by a continuum of severity (symptoms, syndromes, disorders) based on the degree to which behaviors deviate from the norm; individual, interpersonal, contextual and cultural factors interact in a reciprocal way to influence normal development and abnormal deviations; theoretical input from diverse perspectives can guide our understanding of underlying processes that precipitate and maintain behaviors and the different developmental pathways that might result. The text provides students with a learning model which incorporates three essential cornerstones, which are pivotal to understanding child and adolescent psychopathology: the K3 paradigm that consists of knowledge of developmental expectations, knowledge of the sources of influence, and knowledge of the theoretical models. Each chapter opens with a case illustration to highlight the themes of the material that follows. The chapters conclude with a Summary Review, Glossary of New Terms and a Set of Review Questions.
Child Psychopathology, Third Edition
Author: Eric J. Mash
Publisher: Guilford Publications
ISBN: 1462516688
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 1026
Book Description
This highly respected reference and text on developmental psychopathology brings together leading authorities on the psychological, biological, and social-contextual determinants of child and adolescent problems. The comprehensive introductory chapter provides a state-of-the-art developmental-systems framework for understanding behavioral and emotional disturbances. Subsequent chapters synthesize the developmental bases of specific disorders. Coverage includes the characteristics, epidemiology, developmental course and outcomes, and etiological pathways of each disorder; risk and protective factors; and issues in conceptualization and diagnosis. Important unanswered questions are identified and implications for treatment and prevention considered. New to This Edition *Includes DSM-5 criteria and discussion of changes. *Incorporates over a decade's worth of research advances in genetics, neurobiology, and other areas. *Chapters on bipolar disorder, suicide/self-injury, obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders, and personality disorders.
Publisher: Guilford Publications
ISBN: 1462516688
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 1026
Book Description
This highly respected reference and text on developmental psychopathology brings together leading authorities on the psychological, biological, and social-contextual determinants of child and adolescent problems. The comprehensive introductory chapter provides a state-of-the-art developmental-systems framework for understanding behavioral and emotional disturbances. Subsequent chapters synthesize the developmental bases of specific disorders. Coverage includes the characteristics, epidemiology, developmental course and outcomes, and etiological pathways of each disorder; risk and protective factors; and issues in conceptualization and diagnosis. Important unanswered questions are identified and implications for treatment and prevention considered. New to This Edition *Includes DSM-5 criteria and discussion of changes. *Incorporates over a decade's worth of research advances in genetics, neurobiology, and other areas. *Chapters on bipolar disorder, suicide/self-injury, obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders, and personality disorders.
The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology
Author: Amy Wenzel
Publisher: SAGE Publications
ISBN: 1506353223
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 4200
Book Description
Abnormal and clinical psychology courses are offered in psychology programs at universities worldwide, but the most recent major encyclopedia on the topic was published many years ago. Although general psychology handbooks and encyclopedias include essays on abnormal and clinical psychology, such works do not provide students with an accessible reference for understanding the full scope of the field. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology, a 7-volume, A-Z work (print and electronic formats), will be such an authoritative work. Its more than 1,400 entries will provide information on fundamental approaches and theories, various mental health disorders, assessment tools and psychotherapeutic interventions, and the social, legal, and cultural frameworks that have contributed to debates in abnormal and clinical psychology. Key features include: 1,400 signed articles contained in 7 volumes and available in choice of print and/or electronic formats Although organized A-to-Z, front matter includes a Reader’s Guide grouping related entries thematically Back matter includes a Chronology, Resource Guide, Bibliography, and detailed Index Entries conclude with References/Further Readings and Cross-References to related entries The Index, Reader’s Guide themes, and Cross-References between and among entries all combine to provide robust search-and-browse features in the electronic version.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
ISBN: 1506353223
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 4200
Book Description
Abnormal and clinical psychology courses are offered in psychology programs at universities worldwide, but the most recent major encyclopedia on the topic was published many years ago. Although general psychology handbooks and encyclopedias include essays on abnormal and clinical psychology, such works do not provide students with an accessible reference for understanding the full scope of the field. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology, a 7-volume, A-Z work (print and electronic formats), will be such an authoritative work. Its more than 1,400 entries will provide information on fundamental approaches and theories, various mental health disorders, assessment tools and psychotherapeutic interventions, and the social, legal, and cultural frameworks that have contributed to debates in abnormal and clinical psychology. Key features include: 1,400 signed articles contained in 7 volumes and available in choice of print and/or electronic formats Although organized A-to-Z, front matter includes a Reader’s Guide grouping related entries thematically Back matter includes a Chronology, Resource Guide, Bibliography, and detailed Index Entries conclude with References/Further Readings and Cross-References to related entries The Index, Reader’s Guide themes, and Cross-References between and among entries all combine to provide robust search-and-browse features in the electronic version.
Understanding Abnormal Child Psychology
Author: Vicky Phares
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 600
Book Description
Now in its second edition, this comprehensive book explores developmental psychopathology as a means for understanding and treating abnormal behavior in children. It covers the strengths and healthy outcomes as a means for designing effective therapies to help children and families, while also focusing on prevention as a cornerstone of managing child behavior. Special attention is also given to issues of diversity, inclusion, and understanding.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 600
Book Description
Now in its second edition, this comprehensive book explores developmental psychopathology as a means for understanding and treating abnormal behavior in children. It covers the strengths and healthy outcomes as a means for designing effective therapies to help children and families, while also focusing on prevention as a cornerstone of managing child behavior. Special attention is also given to issues of diversity, inclusion, and understanding.
Handbook of Psychosocial Characteristics of Exceptional Children
Author: Vicki L. Schwean
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1475753756
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 656
Book Description
Research has documented the reciprocal effects of exceptionality and secondary psychosocial and behavioral characteristics. This in-depth handbook examines the categories of exceptionality most often described in educational, behavioral, and health practices. Leading authorities from psychology, education, and medicine evaluate the key characteristics of particular exceptionalities from the vantage point of theory, research, assessment, and intervention.
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1475753756
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 656
Book Description
Research has documented the reciprocal effects of exceptionality and secondary psychosocial and behavioral characteristics. This in-depth handbook examines the categories of exceptionality most often described in educational, behavioral, and health practices. Leading authorities from psychology, education, and medicine evaluate the key characteristics of particular exceptionalities from the vantage point of theory, research, assessment, and intervention.