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Author: Matthew James Chester
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Matthew James Chester
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Barry Leonard
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
ISBN: 0756733510
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 161
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In the 21st century, management of municipal solid waste (MSW) continues to be an important environmental challenge facing the U.S. Climate change is also a serious issue, & the U.S. is embarking on a number of voluntary actions to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) that can intensify climate change. By presenting material-specific GHG emission factors for various waste management options, this report examines how the two issues -- MSW management & climate change -- are related. The report's findings may be used to support a variety of programs & activities, including voluntary reporting of emission reductions from waste management practices. Charts, tables & graphs.
Author: Jasper Zebulon Lienhard
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 36
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As materials consumption increases globally, minimizing the end-of-life impact of solid waste has become a critical challenge. Cost-effective methods of quantifying and tracking municipal solid waste contents and disposal processes are necessary to drive and track increases in material recovery and recycling. This work presents an algorithm for estimating the average quantity and composition of municipal waste produced by individual locations. Mass fraction confidence intervals for different types of waste were calculated from data collected by sorting and weighing waste samples from municipal sites. This algorithm recognizes the compositional nature of mass fraction waste data. The algorithm developed in this work also evaluated the value of additional waste samples in refining mass fraction confidence intervals. Additionally, a greenhouse gas emissions model compared carbon dioxide emissions for different disposal methods of waste, in particular landfilling and recycling, based on the waste stream. This allowed for identification of recycling opportunities based on carbon dioxide emission savings from offsetting the need for primary materials extraction. Casework was conduced with this methodology using site-specific waste audit data from industry. The waste streams and carbon dioxide emissions of three categories of municipal waste producers, retail, commercial, and industrial, were compared. Paper and plastic products, whose mass fraction averages ranged from 40% to 52% and 26% to 29%, respectively, dominated the waste streams of these three industries. Average carbon dioxide emissions in each of these three industries ranged from 2.18 kg of CO2 to 2.5 kg of CO2 per kilogram of waste thrown away. On average, Americans throw away about 2 kilograms per person per day of solid waste.
Author: Danila Vieru
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781639024100
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 106
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This is a technical book for those interested in the field of the management of Landfill Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) within rational-ecological condition in order to minimize the greenhouse effect gases (GEG). The problem of greenhouse effect gases (GEG) is already known. There were identified different gas types (methane gas, carbon dioxide, nitrogen protoxide) due to the (MSW) landfill gas emission, being dangerous for the global atmosphere heating, among them the methane gas-CH4 is the most dangerous one. A continuous attention is given, by scientific researchers to the problem of quantification and collecting of the methane gas for its energetic value, e.g. - generating of electric power on site, house using, or in the field of transportation area. In the present book I was looking to prove that within the landfill (MSW), conform or either non conform one, a bio degradation at COD (dissolved organic carbon) took place. The bio degraded quantity corresponds to a -m- parameter, a number of months respectively, according to the NOMOGRAMA of the landfill (MSW).
Author: Asian Development Bank
Publisher: Asian Development Bank
ISBN: 9292542338
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 136
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Managing solid waste is one of the major challenges in urbanization. A survey conducted in all 58 municipalities of Nepal in 2012 found that the average municipal solid waste generation was 317 grams per capita per day. This translates into 1,435 tons per day or 524,000 tons per year of municipal solid waste generation in Nepal. Many of these technically and financially constrained municipalities are still practicing roadside waste pickup from open piles and open dumping, creating major health risks.
Author: David N. Beede
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Refuse and refuse disposal
Languages : en
Pages : 108
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This paper examines the generation and management of solid waste (MSW) through the lens of economics. We estimate that the global burden of MSW amounted to 1.3 billion metric tons in 1990, or 0.67 kilograms of waste per person per day. Industrial countries account for a disproportionate share of world MSW relative to their share of world population, while developing countries account for a disproportionate share of the world's MSW relative to their share of world income. Cross-country and time-series analyses reveal that MSW generation is positively associated but inelastic with respect to per capita income, and positively associated and unit elastic with respect to population size. Practices for collecting, processing, and disposing of MSW vary widely across countries in accord with the nature of the waste stream and key features of the environmental and economic context. However the least efficient practices tend to be found in developing countries, where MSW poses serious environmental quality and public health threats. Although considerable evidence indicates that the generation and management of MSW is sensitive to income and price variables, natural incentives to overuse common property and the presence of intergenerational externalities both suggest that private economic behavior will not yield socially optimal outcomes in this area. Community intervention may thereby promote the social good, with evidence accumulating that favors arrangements involving the of private firms. The cost of MSW management is likely to grow faster than the pace of urbanization if urbanization outpaces the development of transportation infrastructures. Our calculations also suggest that improvements in the handling of hazardous MSW will be far less expensive in discounted terms than undoing in the future the damage being caused by current practices.
Author: Zonghua Xu
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Materials management
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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This dissertation includes two research studies regarding economic and environmental modeling for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management strategies and reverse logistic system. Management strategies for municipal solid waste (MSW) have been studied and conducted concerning GHG emissions related to MSW treatment options for cities and large geographical regions, but few have been conducted related to social cost of GHG emissions from a single facility's waste treatment management strategy, specifically as it relates to a zero waste to landfill management policy. The first study fills that gap by evaluating economic cost, and social cost of CO2e for the treatment of MSW streams for a single large facility in Ohio, USA moving towards a zero waste to landfill strategy. A total of eight scenarios related to varying IWM strategies at the facility were studied. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted using the Integrated Waste Management Model (IWM) to find the best potential integrated MSW management strategy that minimizes GHG emissions for the facility based on MSW amounts and compositions. A tool was built to analyze the environmental and economic cost for those scenarios that applied different MSW management strategies. The annual operation cost of the MSW management in the facility is applied in the economic modelling, and the GHG emissions from annual MSW generated in the facility is applied in the environmental modelling. MSW treatment options that were applied at the facility including landfill, recycling, Waste to Energy, composting, Anaerobic Digestion (AD). Scenarios were ranked based on the social cost of carbon and economic cost of the MSW management in the facility. The IWM modelling results shows that the facility generated 580 t CO2e from disposing 1377 tons of MSW in 2015, of which 90% was disposed of by landfilling, mostly was from methane emissions. The net GHG emissions were estimated to be -374.4 tons due to the virgin material displacement credit from current recycling. From the 9 scenarios proposed in IWM model, the main options for the facility's MSW to contribute less GHG emissions are through source reduction, recycling, AD, composting, and Waste to Energy. The results indicated that the economic cost and social cost of CO2e decreased by 49.05% and 2.25 times respectively compared with the current scenario by increasing the recycling rate for the facility by 50%, diverting 30% of food waste to AD processing (from 0%), incinerating the rest of the waste for energy, and sending little to zero waste to landfills. The second research study involved optimizing reverse logistic for the Lucas County District to reduce total economic and environmental cost, mainly by reducing the vehicle traveling miles and GHG gas emissions. The period vehicle routing problem (PVRP) Mathematic model was built for the recycles collection reverse logistic system in Lucas County. The first goal of this research study is to minimize the traveling miles of the current routes under current schedule using ArcGIS network Analyst, which can be used as a baseline case for the following new proposed vehicle routes. The second Goal is solving the mathematical model for a periodic vehicle routing problem (PVRP) with time window and find the optimal solution. The PVRP problem is a complex optimization problem with strong constraints and nonlinearity, its computational complexity makes it difficult to be solved by any optimization software in a reasonably computational time, especially for large-sized problems. Thus, we propose a meta-heuristic method based on Tabu search algorithm. The PVRP problem is divided into vehicle scheduling selection problem and vehicle routing problem, which can effectively reduce the complexity of the problem. At first, the vehicle routing problem based on current routes is optimized in ArcMap -VRP-1 and the vehicle routing problem based on current schedule is optimized -VRP-2, and then the PVRP mathematical model is validated via solving some test problems by GAMS/CPLEX, of which the solutions are further used to compare and analyze the solutions obtained using Tabu search Algorithm. The solutions from the Heuristic search Algorithm is very near to the exact solutions obtained from Gams/Cplex in the sample testing. The results show that the optimized solution using VRP-1 based on current routes and VRP-2 based on current schedule using GIS decreased the total traveling miles by a rate of 12% and 16% respectively, and the TSA optimal solution has a 29% improvement rate compared with the current scenario. And the TSA solution has a 14% improvement compared with the VRP-2 optimized solution from GIS. It shows the proposed algorithm is valid and can be applied to other fields of reverse logistic system.
Author: Joseph Michael Krouse
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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This research analyzed environmental and economic factors associated with municipal solid waste (MSW) management of select high growth Planning District Commissions (PDCs) of Virginia. Current MSW management scenarios were compared to future hypothetical scenarios utilizing a regional landfill or waste-to-energy (WTE) combustion facility. Life-cycle inventory and full cost accounting methods of the Municipal Solid Waste Decision Support Tool, developed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), were utilized to estimate annualized environmental emissions and economic costs. Model results and analysis indicate that a regional landfill would be the least cost intensive MSW management strategy in comparison to current management methods; however present the greatest environmental burden with respect to methane emissions. It was also inferred that a WTE facility would represent the least environmental burden with respect to energy offsets via MSW combustion while being the most cost intensive option. The study supports the anecdotal view that a regional-based approach to MSW management of high-growth PDCs would help reduce costs and potential environmental impacts.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Recycling (Waste, etc.)
Languages : en
Pages : 11
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"This 'Methodology for Estimating Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Recycling Benefits' is intended to provide a clear and complete explanation of the process used by EPA to develop estimates of the benefits associated with municipal solid waste (MSW) recycling. This methodology helps to serve as a crosswalk and explains how EPA's MSW characterization data (as reported in 'Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Recycling, and Disposal in the United States: Facts and Figures for 2006' (Characterization Report)), are input into the Waste Reduction Model (WARM) in order to derive benefit estimates. Also, this methodology provides further specifics regarding the Characterization Report and WARM, and helps to further document the linkages that exist between waste management, and its potential contributions to climate change and energy conservation."--Purpose.
Author: Indu Shekhar Thakur
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128236094
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 510
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Book Description
Biomass, Biochemicals, Biofuel: Climate Change Mitigation: Sequestration of Green House Gases is designed to not only give basic knowledge on the topics presented, but also to enlighten on conventional and advanced technologies, socioeconomic aspects, techno-economic feasibility, models and modeling tools, and detailed LCA approaches in the sequestration of GHGs for biofuel and biomaterials, including biopolymer production. These innovative technologies and novel prospective directly find applications in day-to-day practices. The book is a useful guide to politicians, researchers, teachers and waste management practitioners. It offers a treasure of knowledge to guide readers on the importance of GHGs sequestration in important areas. The issue of climate change is gaining much more attention by researchers, public, politicians and others. Climate change is one of the most complex issues the world is facing today. It has implications across society, including in science, technology, economics, society, politics, and moral and ethical dilemmas. Introduces appropriate technologies for GHG sequestration for biofuel and biomaterials production Presents the best available technologies for climate mitigation and examples from various geographical areas Evaluates technological systems to help users develop technically best and economically feasible projects Offers chemical looping mechanisms for the sequestration of green house gases for biofuel and biomaterials
