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Author: Richard Porter
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Rural roads
Languages : en
Pages : 259
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Book Description
The overall objectives of this study were to (1) identify and explore alternative safety data sources and analysis perspectives and (2) demonstrate the potential utility of these alternative approaches in increasing understanding of precipitating events and predisposing factors for crashes occurring on horizontal curves and at unsignalized intersections along rural two-lane roads. Generalized conceptual crash model frameworks were developed, informed by a review of supporting published literature on conceptual crash models and contributing factors, alternative approaches to accident analysis, and the role of constraints in systemic approaches to accident analysis. The frameworks proved useful from several perspectives, including (1) identifying and organizing all factors that influence the likelihood of a crash and defining the event sequences that lead to a crash, (2) providing terminology that will encourage clear communication across accident analysis disciplines as research on crash causation continues, (3) visualizing the nature by which a certain factor influences the likelihood of a crash or by which an event directly causes a crash, and (4) identifying data needs (versus data availability) for studying the precipitating events, system constraints, predisposing factors, and target groups associated with a specific crash type. After marrying the conceptual crash model framework with available data, a study was conducted to determine whether crash causal types, or similar crashes grouped together based on their key precipitating events, could be developed from data, photographs, and narratives developed from detailed, on-scene crash investigations available in the National Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Survey. This was followed by a set of three additional studies primarily focused on alternative safety data sources and analysis perspectives related to predisposing factors. Enhanced data collection and subsequent analysis were demonstrated for three high-priority crash scenarios on rural two-lane roads: “straight crossing path crashes” at unsignalized intersections, combination “control loss/no vehicle action” and “road edge departure/no maneuver” single-vehicle crashes on horizontal curves, and “opposite direction/no maneuver crashes” on horizontal curves. Findings demonstrate that expanding beyond traditional databases used for crash-based evaluations can provide further insight into these crashes. One follow-on analysis in the final part of the study indicated that the alternative approaches to estimating disaggregate measures of exposure, kriging, and quasi-induced demand techniques show some promise and should be considered in future research.
Author: Richard Porter
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Rural roads
Languages : en
Pages : 259
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Book Description
The overall objectives of this study were to (1) identify and explore alternative safety data sources and analysis perspectives and (2) demonstrate the potential utility of these alternative approaches in increasing understanding of precipitating events and predisposing factors for crashes occurring on horizontal curves and at unsignalized intersections along rural two-lane roads. Generalized conceptual crash model frameworks were developed, informed by a review of supporting published literature on conceptual crash models and contributing factors, alternative approaches to accident analysis, and the role of constraints in systemic approaches to accident analysis. The frameworks proved useful from several perspectives, including (1) identifying and organizing all factors that influence the likelihood of a crash and defining the event sequences that lead to a crash, (2) providing terminology that will encourage clear communication across accident analysis disciplines as research on crash causation continues, (3) visualizing the nature by which a certain factor influences the likelihood of a crash or by which an event directly causes a crash, and (4) identifying data needs (versus data availability) for studying the precipitating events, system constraints, predisposing factors, and target groups associated with a specific crash type. After marrying the conceptual crash model framework with available data, a study was conducted to determine whether crash causal types, or similar crashes grouped together based on their key precipitating events, could be developed from data, photographs, and narratives developed from detailed, on-scene crash investigations available in the National Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Survey. This was followed by a set of three additional studies primarily focused on alternative safety data sources and analysis perspectives related to predisposing factors. Enhanced data collection and subsequent analysis were demonstrated for three high-priority crash scenarios on rural two-lane roads: “straight crossing path crashes” at unsignalized intersections, combination “control loss/no vehicle action” and “road edge departure/no maneuver” single-vehicle crashes on horizontal curves, and “opposite direction/no maneuver crashes” on horizontal curves. Findings demonstrate that expanding beyond traditional databases used for crash-based evaluations can provide further insight into these crashes. One follow-on analysis in the final part of the study indicated that the alternative approaches to estimating disaggregate measures of exposure, kriging, and quasi-induced demand techniques show some promise and should be considered in future research.
Author: Xiao Qin
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 270
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Book Description
Author: Andrew Vogt
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Roads
Languages : en
Pages : 184
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Book Description
Author: John Sanders Miller
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Roads
Languages : en
Pages : 68
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Book Description
Intersection crashes cost the nation more than $40 billion annually, account for more than one-fifth of all highway crash fatalities nationally, and totaled almost 75,000 in the Virginia Department of Transportation's (VDOT) Northern Virginia District for the period 2001 through 2006. Although VDOT maintains several databases containing more than 170 data elements with detailed crash, driver, and roadway attributes, it was not clear to users of these databases how these data elements could be used to identify causal factors for these intersection crashes for two reasons: (1) the quality of some of the data elements was imperfect, and (2) and random variation is inherent in crashes. This study developed an approach to address these two issues. To address the first issue, the completeness and accuracy of the 179 data elements that comprise the VDOT CRASHDATA database were assessed. For the 76 data elements for which the quality of the data was imperfect, eight rules for using these elements were developed. The rules indicate which data elements should be used in certain circumstances; which data elements are incomplete; and how to manipulate the data for certain applications. To address the second issue, classification trees and crash estimation models (CEMs) were developed. The trees showed that specific causal factors, such as the approach alignment or surface condition, successfully indicate whether a given crash was a rear-end or angle crash. By extension, the trees suggested that intersection crashes were not purely random. Accordingly, it was feasible to develop CEMs that for 17 intersection classes predicted the number of crashes for a 1-year period for four crash types: rear-end, angle, injury, and total. The 68 CEMs showed deviance-based pseudo R-square values between 0.07 and 0.74, suggesting that the causal factors explained some, but not all, of the variation in intersection crashes. The CEMs varied by intersection class. Two actions with regard to crash data analysis may be taken as detailed in this report. First, the eight crash data quality rules developed in this study should be considered for use on a case-by-case basis for studies requiring intersection crash data. Second, when they are collected at the crash scene, the variables that successfully classified rear-end and angle crashes may be given increased attention such that every effort is made to ensure these data elements are accurately recorded.
Author: Zuxuan Deng
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 110
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Author: Nicholas J. Garber
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Roads
Languages : en
Pages : 68
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Book Description
In 2004, a total of 95,020 vehicle crashes occurred on highways under the jurisdiction of the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT). Of these, 39,847 crashes occurred on primary highways, and 345 of these were fatal crashes. VDOT's traffic engineers continue to place increasing emphasis on identifying causal factors for crashes to enhance the selection of appropriate and effective countermeasures. The purpose of this study was to identify causal factors and appropriate countermeasures for crashes occurring at high-risk locations on multilane primary highways from 2001 through 2006. These high-risk locations were identified by Fontaine and Reed (2006) in a VDOT safety corridor study. A total of 365 sites, 1 to 2 mi in length, were used in the study. The statewide sites were located on rural and urban highways with divided, undivided, and traversable medians, with about 40 sites per VDOT district. Crash data were extracted from police crash reports, and geometric data were collected through site visits. Operational data were collected using VDOT's resources. The analysis involved more than 34,000 crashes and was conducted using fault tree analysis and generalized linear modeling. The fault tree analysis was used to determine the critical fault path based on the probability of an event occurring. Individual fault trees were constructed for each collision type and for each highway classification. The generalized linear models were developed for different highway classifications: urban divided, urban undivided, urban traversable (central lanes that can be used for left turns in both directions), and rural divided highways. Models were developed for rear-end crashes and total crashes, and separate models were developed for injury crashes, property damage only (PDO) crashes, and injury + PDO crashes. Appropriate potential countermeasures were then identified based on the significant causal factors identified in the models. The results indicated that rear-end crashes were the predominant type of crash, representing 56% of all PDO crashes on urban divided highways and 37% of all PDO crashes on rural divided highways. Implementing the recommended countermeasures for total, rear-end, and angle crashes for different assumed levels of rehabilitation is expected to result in a crash reduction of up to about 40% depending on the site and level of rehabilitation undertaken. A benefit/cost analysis showed that the benefit/cost ratios were higher than 1 for all levels of countermeasure implementation.
Author:
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0081026722
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 4418
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Book Description
In an increasingly globalised world, despite reductions in costs and time, transportation has become even more important as a facilitator of economic and human interaction; this is reflected in technical advances in transportation systems, increasing interest in how transportation interacts with society and the need to provide novel approaches to understanding its impacts. This has become particularly acute with the impact that Covid-19 has had on transportation across the world, at local, national and international levels. Encyclopedia of Transportation, Seven Volume Set - containing almost 600 articles - brings a cross-cutting and integrated approach to all aspects of transportation from a variety of interdisciplinary fields including engineering, operations research, economics, geography and sociology in order to understand the changes taking place. Emphasising the interaction between these different aspects of research, it offers new solutions to modern-day problems related to transportation. Each of its nine sections is based around familiar themes, but brings together the views of experts from different disciplinary perspectives. Each section is edited by a subject expert who has commissioned articles from a range of authors representing different disciplines, different parts of the world and different social perspectives. The nine sections are structured around the following themes: Transport Modes; Freight Transport and Logistics; Transport Safety and Security; Transport Economics; Traffic Management; Transport Modelling and Data Management; Transport Policy and Planning; Transport Psychology; Sustainability and Health Issues in Transportation. Some articles provide a technical introduction to a topic whilst others provide a bridge between topics or a more future-oriented view of new research areas or challenges. The end result is a reference work that offers researchers and practitioners new approaches, new ways of thinking and novel solutions to problems. All-encompassing and expertly authored, this outstanding reference work will be essential reading for all students and researchers interested in transportation and its global impact in what is a very uncertain world. Provides a forward looking and integrated approach to transportation Updated with future technological impacts, such as self-driving vehicles, cyber-physical systems and big data analytics Includes comprehensive coverage Presents a worldwide approach, including sets of comparative studies and applications
Author: Richard L. Knoblauch
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Automatic data collection systems
Languages : en
Pages : 280
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Author: Abdulaziz Hebni Alshehri
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Motor vehicles are the primary source of transportation in the United States. While this is true for any age group, the older population tend to rely more heavily on automobiles because of easy access and availability, compared to public transportation even when it is available. Older drivers aged 65 years and older are more vulnerable to fatal crashes due to cognitive impairments and frailty. When older drivers are involved in crashes, they sustain higher injury severities compared to younger drivers. One location where older driver experience higher crash risk is intersection, due to the complexity of the situation involving multiple tasks and movements. The objectives of this study were to determine risk factors associated with intersection-related crashes involving older drivers in the Midwestern states and to provide countermeasure ideas to improve safety. Five-year fatal crash data from 2014 to 2018 from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) database were utilized, and statistical analysis was carried out to identify characteristics of fatal crashes involving older drivers and risk factors associated with intersection crashes among this age group. Three separate binary logistic regression models were developed to identify statistically significant predictor variables. First model represents older drivers who are involved in fatal single-vehicle crashes. Second model represents fatal multi-vehicle crashes involving at least one older driver, whereas the third model represents fatal single-vehicle crashes involving drivers younger than 65 years for comparison purposes. The dependent variable is whether a fatal crash occurs at an intersection location or not. Many independent variables that include various crash, driver, vehicle, and environmental factors were considered. By considering a 95 percent confidence level, odds ratios were estimated and used to identify relative risk factors of fatal intersection crashes. Analysis showed that controlled intersections, two-way undivided highways, and roads with posted speed limits less than 55 mph increased the risk of fatal single-vehicle and multi-vehicle crashes for older drivers. Fatal single-vehicle crashes were especially prevalent for these drivers. Factors such as urban roadways, driver age older than 75 years, nighttime driving, and speeding increased the risk of single-vehicle fatal intersection crashes, while turning movements and intersecting paths, straight and level roadways, two-lanes highway, and violation of roadway rules increased the risk of multi-vehicle fatal intersection crashes for older drivers. Single-vehicle fatal intersection crash analysis also showed that controlled intersections, two-way undivided highways, roads with posted speed limits less than 55 mph, urban roadways, speeding, nighttime driving, and fixed objects increased the risk of intersection-related fatal single-vehicle crashes, especially for older drivers. However, factors such as straight and level roadways, impaired driving, driver obesity, and the operation of recreation vehicles, buses, or motorcycles increased the risk of single-vehicle fatal intersection crashes for drivers in other age categories. Based on model results, countermeasure ideas to improve the safety of older drivers at intersections as well as other road users were identified. Among suggested ideas, improving intersections designs to accommodate older driver needs is recommended, such as implementing roundabouts when it is appropriate, reach minimum of 75-degree skew angel at intersection, providing protected left turn signals, flashing yellow arrow, restricted crossing U-turn, median U-turn, using rumble stripes along the side of roadway and median, providing transverse rumble strips (TRS) at intersections, improving roadway lighting, signs and markings at intersections and interchanges, implementing roadway diet, enhancing roadway signs and retroreflective delineation, providing cable, guardrail, or concrete barriers, implementing continuous raised-curb medians, enhancing lane drop marking on interchanges, providing acceleration and deceleration lane for merging and diverging locations, providing fixed or portable changeable message signs, enhancing high friction surface treatments on risk prone locations, increasing contrast markings on concrete pavement. Beside the engineering countermeasures, using newer vehicles that equipped with many safety features is advisable to enhance older and other drivers' safety. In addition, older driver license renewal may be modified to be required yearly to overcome early signs of fatigue or cognitive decline to reduce fatal crash risks and enhance safety. Therefore, the results and suggested countermeasures can provide guidance to improve safety of older drivers and other road users.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Pedestrian accidents
Languages : en
Pages : 348
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