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Author: United States United States Department of State
Publisher: CreateSpace
ISBN: 9781503194151
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 592
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Book Description
In September 2012, the Ministry of Health (MOH) released the results of the Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey (UAIS) 2011, which indicated that Uganda continues to experience a severe HIV epidemic. HIV prevalence in the general population (15 to 59 years old) is estimated to be 7.3% in 2011, compared to 6.4% in 2004-5. HIV prevalence is higher among women (8.3%) than among men (6.1%). Compared to the 2004/5 UAIS survey, the magnitude of change in HIV prevalence varied across regions: Central, Western, Southwestern and Northern regions remain the worst-affected while modest declines in prevalence were recorded in the East-Central and Mid-Eastern regions. Of particular concern is the rise in HIV prevalence among young people aged 15-24 years generally and in all age groups specifically in the West Nile and North-East regions that previously were least affected. UNAIDS projects the number of new annual infections at 150,000 (2011), an increase from 120,000 in 2004. AIDS mortality is estimated at 62,000 deaths in 2011, the lowest estimate in a long decline since 2000, reflecting the significant expansion of ART. The UNAIDS' most recent World AIDS Day Report warned of increasing unprotected sex (both sexes) and multiple partners (women). The estimated number of people infected with HIV has risen to 1.39 million, 55% of whom are female and 14% are children under the age of 15 years. HIV is predominantly heterosexually transmitted, accounting for 75-80% of new infections. However, population subgroups show that the most affected and the risk factors and drivers of HIV infections have evolved in recent years. Studies show an HIV prevalence of 1.2% in university students, 15-40% in fishing communities, 37% among sex workers, 18% in the partners of sex workers, and 13% in the group of men with a history of having sex with men. Strikingly, 35% of new infections occur amongst self-reported monogamous individuals which raises concerns regarding rising multiple concurrent partnerships. The remaining transmissions are largely due to mother-to-child HIV transmission. In response to the 2011 UAIS results, PEPFAR revised its programmatic and technical approaches and targets to better respond to Uganda's escalating epidemic. The 2013 COP is based on scientific evidence, prioritized proven interventions, resources matched effectively across subpopulations, and efforts directed towards sources of new infections to assist the HIV/AIDS epidemic response in Uganda. The 2013 COP is the product of a consultative process that involved the GOU, PEPFAR implementing partners (IP) and bilateral and multilateral donors.
Author: United States United States Department of State
Publisher: CreateSpace
ISBN: 9781503194151
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 592
Get Book
Book Description
In September 2012, the Ministry of Health (MOH) released the results of the Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey (UAIS) 2011, which indicated that Uganda continues to experience a severe HIV epidemic. HIV prevalence in the general population (15 to 59 years old) is estimated to be 7.3% in 2011, compared to 6.4% in 2004-5. HIV prevalence is higher among women (8.3%) than among men (6.1%). Compared to the 2004/5 UAIS survey, the magnitude of change in HIV prevalence varied across regions: Central, Western, Southwestern and Northern regions remain the worst-affected while modest declines in prevalence were recorded in the East-Central and Mid-Eastern regions. Of particular concern is the rise in HIV prevalence among young people aged 15-24 years generally and in all age groups specifically in the West Nile and North-East regions that previously were least affected. UNAIDS projects the number of new annual infections at 150,000 (2011), an increase from 120,000 in 2004. AIDS mortality is estimated at 62,000 deaths in 2011, the lowest estimate in a long decline since 2000, reflecting the significant expansion of ART. The UNAIDS' most recent World AIDS Day Report warned of increasing unprotected sex (both sexes) and multiple partners (women). The estimated number of people infected with HIV has risen to 1.39 million, 55% of whom are female and 14% are children under the age of 15 years. HIV is predominantly heterosexually transmitted, accounting for 75-80% of new infections. However, population subgroups show that the most affected and the risk factors and drivers of HIV infections have evolved in recent years. Studies show an HIV prevalence of 1.2% in university students, 15-40% in fishing communities, 37% among sex workers, 18% in the partners of sex workers, and 13% in the group of men with a history of having sex with men. Strikingly, 35% of new infections occur amongst self-reported monogamous individuals which raises concerns regarding rising multiple concurrent partnerships. The remaining transmissions are largely due to mother-to-child HIV transmission. In response to the 2011 UAIS results, PEPFAR revised its programmatic and technical approaches and targets to better respond to Uganda's escalating epidemic. The 2013 COP is based on scientific evidence, prioritized proven interventions, resources matched effectively across subpopulations, and efforts directed towards sources of new infections to assist the HIV/AIDS epidemic response in Uganda. The 2013 COP is the product of a consultative process that involved the GOU, PEPFAR implementing partners (IP) and bilateral and multilateral donors.
Author: United States United States Department of State
Publisher: CreateSpace
ISBN: 9781503193161
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 98
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Book Description
In 2011, Secretary Clinton called on the world to join in the fight for an AIDS Free generation and in 2012 the Secretary revealed a PEPFAR (President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief) Blueprint outlining the path to making this a reality. Aligned with the Global Health Initiative (GHI) Strategy, our Partnership Framework (PF) and the Blueprint's policy imperative, Angola's PEPFAR initiatives are based on strategic, scientifically sound investments to scale-up core HIV prevention to maximize impact. Based on a capacity-building, systems strengthening model, PEPFAR Angola is working with partners to effectively mobilize, coordinate and efficiently use resources to save more lives sooner. The focus will be on key populations, on women and girls to increase gender equality, and ending stigma and discrimination against people living with HIV (Cross Cutting-Appendix A). This will be measured by setting benchmarks that are regularly assessed, with the long term goal of country ownership. The Angola PEPFAR Team will continue to build upon successes of our past, maintaining current programs like supporting the Government of Republic of Angola (GRA-INLS, INSP, CNS) decentralization plan with technical assistance in health systems strengthening, implementation of an enhanced Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission (PMTCT) services, building GRA human resources by training local surveillance experts to sustain the country's capacity in strategic information, and supporting the military to strengthen its HIV Prevention Program and promote organizational networking with other military partners at the regional level. In addition to continuing programs, in fiscal year 2014, Angola PEPFAR will expand PMTCT and HIV testing and counseling in Luanda province and coordinate HIV initiatives across borders to demonstrate collaboration with our neighbors in unity toward an AIDS Free generation. The United States Government (USG-Appendix C) utilizes a technical assistance approach in areas identified by the Ministry of Health (MoH). Secretary Clinton stated in her remarks at the 2012 International AIDS conference that we should continue to be focused on supporting high-impact interventions, and make tough decisions driven by science. This is the fundamental goal of the Angola PEPFAR program.
Author: United States United States Department of State
Publisher: CreateSpace
ISBN: 9781503194250
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 486
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Book Description
As part of our two year Country Operational Plan (COP), the 2013 plan supports the global priorities set forth in the AIDS-Free Generation (AFG) policy to: provide antiretroviral treatment (ART) for 6 million people; perform 4.7 million voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) procedures; provide antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis to 1.5 million HIV-infected pregnant women to prevent mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT); support the Government of Mozambique's (GRM) national "HIV/AIDS Acceleration Plan 2013-2015" (Acceleration Plan) to increase the percentage of eligible adults and children with advanced HIV infection who receive antiretroviral therapy to 80%; increase the percentage of HIV-positive pregnant women who receive ARVs to 90%; and increase the percentage of adult males circumcised in target provinces to 75% by 2015. The Acceleration Plan, developed in collaboration with the PEPFAR Mozambique team, and closely coordinated with the development of the Ministry of Health's Global Fund Round 9 phase II application for HIV/AIDS, prioritizes high-impact interventions and geographic areas, and focuses on a continuum of response by addressing key populations. This year's COP represents result-driven and target-based budget allocations through direct application of PEPFAR Expenditure Analysis and other unit cost data to PEPFAR's contribution to the national targets. Our interventions target priority districts identified in the GRM's Acceleration Plan and ensure strong linkages between counseling and testing, care, treatment, and PMTCT for a robust continuum of response. Our overall budget is carefully aligned to the priorities of an AIDS Free Generation. Prevention activities represent 24% of our overall budget, with 8% allocated to PMTCT for ARV prophylaxis for 61,147 pregnant women, 8% allocated to VMMC to circumcise 224,413 men, 3% reserved for sexual prevention to reach most-at-risk populations (MARPs), 4% dedicated to test and counsel 2.2 million individuals; 33% allocated for antiretroviral (ART) treatment for 380,680 adults and children - including 16% for ARV drugs, 19% dedicated to the care of almost one million HIV infected adults and children - including 10% for orphans and vulnerable children, and 13% budgeted for system strengthening activities to support prevention, care, and treatment goals. HIV commodities, including ARV drugs, represent 23% of the budget. USG management and operations represent 11% of PEPFAR resources.
Author: United States United States Department of State
Publisher: CreateSpace
ISBN: 9781503193130
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 100
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Book Description
Burundi is a low-income developing country with a population of 10.5 million (July 2012 CIA World Fact book), an annual population growth of 2.4 percent, and more than 300 inhabitants per km2. This makes Burundi the country with the second highest population density in sub-Saharan Africa. Burundi remains one of the poorest countries in the world with a per capita gross national income (GNI) of $170, and it is considered one of the world's 40 "Heavily Indebted Poor Countries". Additionally, it is worth noting that a civil war, which lasted 13 years from 1993, killed more than 300,000 people, severely weakened the health and social welfare systems and negatively affected donor support and private sector investment in Burundi.
Author: Ross Benes
Publisher: Sourcebooks, Inc.
ISBN: 1492647438
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 336
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Book Description
A gripping exploration of the relationship between sex and our society, with a foreword by bestselling author A.J. Jacobs Why do political leaders become entangled in so many sex scandals? How did the U.S. military inadvertently help make San Francisco a mecca of gay culture? And what was the original purpose of vibrators? Find out the answers to all these questions and more as journalist Ross Benes delves into the complicated relationship between everyday human life—including religion, politics, and technology—and our sexuality. Drawing on history, psychology, sociology, and more, The Sex Effect combines innovative research and analysis with captivating anecdotes to reveal just how much sex shapes our society—and what it means for us as humans as we continue to struggle with the wide-ranging effects our sexuality has on the world around us.
Author: United States United States Department of State
Publisher: CreateSpace
ISBN: 9781503193147
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 244
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Book Description
The U.S.-Botswana health partnership remains strong and effective. HIV-associated mortality has been reduced by more than half since treatment became available, and the rate of new infections has declined. Botswana's HIV treatment and Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) programs are models for their coverage and quality of services. The rate of mother to child HIV transmission in Botswana has declined to
Author: United States United States Department of State
Publisher: CreateSpace
ISBN: 9781503194168
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 546
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Book Description
Since 2004, PEPFAR Tanzania has been working closely with the United Republic of Tanzania and other donors, including the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, to respond to the HIV epidemic. PEPFAR/T, the GFATM and the URT share a symbiotic relationship in Tanzania. While PEPFAR/T predominantly focuses on services and system strengthening, GFATM is responsible for commodity procurement and some systems strengthening, and the URT provides policy framework, infrastructure, systems, and personnel. Deficits in resources, governance, and health systems continue to complicate Tanzania's ability to adequately respond to HIV/AIDS. As a result, Tanzania's health programs, especially for HIV, are highly dependent upon donor funding. Foreign funds account for 97% of the Mainland's HIV/AIDS response, of which 90% come from the combined efforts of PEPFAR/T (74%) and the GFATM (16%). In addition, the country grapples with weak health infrastructure, shortages of health and social workers, high levels of stigma, cumbersome government procurement systems, weak management and strategic planning, and poor accountability. According to the 2011 UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic, adult HIV prevalence in the country is estimated at 5.8% and an estimated 1.6 million Tanzanians are living with HIV of which 1.3 million are OVC. An estimated 84,000 AIDS related deaths occur in Tanzanian each year. According to the 2007-08 Tanzania HIV and AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey, the impact of the epidemic varies significantly by region, with the highest prevalence region (Iringa) estimated at 15.7%, and the lowest estimated (Zanzibar) at 0.6%, and with a significant difference in the prevalence between urban (9%) and rural (5%) areas. The data also reveal significant sex differentials in HIV prevalence, with male prevalence at 5%, and female prevalence at 7%. A new THMIS was conducted in 2011-2012 and is due to be released in late March 2013. Despite a generalized epidemic, key populations play a critical role in HIV transmission dynamics. Data indicate that injection drug use, specifically heroin use, is on the rise in urban Tanzania and Zanzibar. Studies carried out in Dar es Salaam indicate that the HIV prevalence is 42% among people who inject drugs (2007) and 31.4% among sex workers (2010), while unpublished data for men who have sex with men in Dar es Salaam indicates prevalence over 30% (2012). PEPFAR support to Tanzania has enabled a dramatic increase in the number of adults and children accessing ART, with 364,000 individuals receiving treatment in FY2012. Also during FY2012, a total of 3,370,000 individuals received HIV testing and counseling, 1,100,000 pregnant women were tested and counseled through PMTCT services, 526,000 OVC received support, and 152,000 VMMC took place.
Author: United States United States Department of State
Publisher: CreateSpace
ISBN: 9781503194175
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 196
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Book Description
Swaziland is a landlocked kingdom at the epicenter of the global HIV/AIDS pandemic, struggling to mitigate the world's highest prevalence rates of HIV and TB. Economically, Swaziland is closely tied to South Africa, from which it receives 90 percent of its imports and a large proportion of its public sector financing through the Southern African Customs Union (SACU). Compounding the economic situation and exacerbating the strains on the health and social systems was a precipitous fall in revenue resulting from two-thirds cut of SACU customs receipts in 2009. More than half of the population is under 20 and nearly half of the youth are at extremely high risk of HIV. The 2010 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) reported that 45.1% of children and youth fit the definition of orphaned or vulnerable. Traditional family structures have all but collapsed, with only 22 percent of children raised in two-parent households. Gender-based inequalities, violence, poverty and income disparities persist in the country and create significant barriers to effective HIV prevention interventions and the up-take of care and treatment services. Economic growth and development have been deeply impacted by the health crisis, which literally threatens the future of the kingdom. The 2010 MICS reported high rates of malnutrition, with 40.9 percent of children experiencing moderate to severe stunting. Furthermore, anecdotal reports show that food insecurity is one of the main reasons that eligible individuals will not initiate treatment; they fear not having food to take with ARVs. The Swaziland HIV Incidence Measurement Survey (SHIMS) published in late 2012, provides the best data available to date on the epidemic. SHIMS identified a national HIV prevalence of 31 percent among adults 18-49 years of age. A reanalysis of the 2007 Demographic Health Survey data determined prevalence of 31 percent in adults 18-49, indicating that the HIV prevalence in Swaziland has stabilized in the last five years. Adult incidence is high at 2.4 percent, with a significantly higher incidence for women of 3.1 per cent (1.7. per cent for men).
Author: United States United States Department of State
Publisher: CreateSpace
ISBN: 9781503194205
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 214
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Book Description
Rwanda has made remarkable progress since the tragedy of the 1994 genocide, with growth in real per capita income averaging nearly 5% and accelerating to an average of over 8% in the period 2006-2010 (NISR, Statistical Yearbook 2011). However, Rwanda remains one of the world's poorest countries, and is ranked 166 out of 187 countries on UNDP's Human Development Index 2011. According to the 2011 household survey, 45% of the population lives below the poverty line of $1.30 per day with 24% falling below an extreme poverty threshold of about $0.90 per day (NISR, 2012). Although Rwanda has made significant progress in improving the health status of its population, much work remains. Females have a life expectancy of 53.8 years, while males have a life expectancy of 49.4 years (NISR, 2011). The burden of disease in Rwanda is similar to that of other developing countries. Acute respiratory infections (ARI) accounted for 36% of all illnesses in 2011, followed by intestinal parasites (9%) (Rwanda MOH Annual Health Statistics Booklet, 2011). Cases of malaria have dropped from 8% in 2010 to 3% in 2011 but account for 6% of total deaths in 2011 as compared to 13% in 2010. In 2011, HIV and associated opportunistic infections was the fourth leading cause of hospital mortality with 7% of deaths after premature birth (11%), ARIs (9%) and cardiac diseases (9%).
Author: United States United States Department of State
Publisher: CreateSpace
ISBN: 9781503194120
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 506
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Book Description
The recent 2012 UNAIDS World AIDS Day Report showed significant improvements in HIV and AIDS-related results globally. In general, new HIV infections declined among children; there were fewer AIDS-related deaths; and there were increased investments in the response to HIV and AIDS. Zambia, like many countries, has recorded significant improvements in all three key areas. According to the report, between 2001 and 2011, Zambia reduced new HIV infections by 58%, while the country also cut AIDS-related deaths by more than 50%. The 2007 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (2007 ZDHS) measured adult HIV prevalence at 14.3%. With the population currently standing at 13.1 million people with 61% in rural areas and 39% in urban areas, Zambia still has one of the world's most devastating HIV and AIDS epidemics, with more than one in seven adults living with HIV. Infection rates are twice as high in urban as in rural areas, while life expectancy is estimated at 49 years in what is still a generalized epidemic [UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic (2010)]. The HIV epidemic is geographically diverse, with provincial prevalence levels ranging from 6.8% to 20.8%. The Northern and Northwestern provinces have the lowest prevalence, just below 7%. Both provinces are predominantly rural, with low population density and high levels of poverty. In contrast, Lusaka, Central and Copperbelt Provinces are more densely populated, with large urban areas and have prevalence levels of 17% and higher. The most recent UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic (2012 UNAIDS) estimated Zambia's HIV prevalence among 15-49 year olds to have declined to 12.5%. The country is awaiting the results of the newly-started DHS that will enable an update to the most recent HIV and AIDS statistics. The six key drivers of the HIV and AIDS epidemic in Zambia are: 1) high rates of multiple concurrent partnerships; 2) low and inconsistent condom use; 3) low rates of voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC); 4) population mobility; 5) vulnerable groups with high risk behaviors; and 6) mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). In addition, other factors such as gender inequality, disparity, socio-cultural practices, and stigma interact with these drivers to sustain high levels of risk and vulnerability.
