Transcriptional Effects of Viral Proteins that Bind Host RNA Polymerase PDF Download
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Author: Kelly Porter Williams
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 376
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Book Description
Author: Kelly Porter Williams
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 376
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Book Description
Author: Ann Arvin
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1139461648
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1325
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Book Description
This comprehensive account of the human herpesviruses provides an encyclopedic overview of their basic virology and clinical manifestations. This group of viruses includes human simplex type 1 and 2, Epstein–Barr virus, Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, cytomegalovirus, HHV6A, 6B and 7, and varicella-zoster virus. The viral diseases and cancers they cause are significant and often recurrent. Their prevalence in the developed world accounts for a major burden of disease, and as a result there is a great deal of research into the pathophysiology of infection and immunobiology. Another important area covered within this volume concerns antiviral therapy and the development of vaccines. All these aspects are covered in depth, both scientifically and in terms of clinical guidelines for patient care. The text is illustrated generously throughout and is fully referenced to the latest research and developments.
Author: Lois K. Miller
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9780306456411
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 480
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Book Description
The past decade has witnessed an explosion of information on the molecular biology of insect viruses and a frenzy of activity in applying this information to medicine and agriculture. Genetically engineered baculoviruses are presently being tested for commercial use as pesticides, and the study of such viruses is also revealing remarkable insights into basic cellular processes such as apoptosis. This comprehensive volume provides readers with knowledge of basic and applied baculovirology so that current literature in the field can be appreciated.
Author:
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128145161
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 4109
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Book Description
Encyclopedia of Virology, Fourth Edition, Five Volume Set builds on the solid foundation laid by the previous editions, expanding its reach with new and timely topics. In five volumes, the work provides comprehensive coverage of the whole virosphere, making this a unique resource. Content explores viruses present in the environment and the pathogenic viruses of humans, animals, plants and microorganisms. Key areas and concepts concerning virus classification, structure, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention are discussed, guiding the reader through chapters that are presented at an accessible level, and include further readings for those needing more specific information. More than ever now, with the Covid19 pandemic, we are seeing the huge impact viruses have on our life and society. This encyclopedia is a must-have resource for scientists and practitioners, and a great source of information for the wider public. Offers students and researchers a one-stop shop for information on virology not easily available elsewhere Fills a critical gap of information in a field that has seen significant progress in recent years Authored and edited by recognized experts in the field, with a range of different expertise, thus ensuring a high-quality standard
Author: M. A. Epstein
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642672361
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 467
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Book Description
The Epstein-Barr virus was discovered 15 years ago. Since that time an immense body of information has been accumu lated on this agent which has come to assume great signifi cance in many different fields of biological science. Thus, the virus has very special relevance in human medicine and oncology, in tumor virology, in immunology, and in mole cular virology, since it is the cause of infectious mononu cleosis and also the first human cancer virus, etiologically related to endemic Burkitt's lymphoma and probably to nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In addition, continuous human lymphoid cell lines initiated and maintained by the transform ing function of the virus genome provide a laboratory tool with wide and ever-growing applications. Innumerable papers on the Epstein-Barr virus have ap peared over recent years and reports of work with this agent now constitute a veritable flood. The present book provides the first and only comprehensive, authoritative over-view of all aspects of the virus by authors who have been the original and major contributors in their particular disciplines. A complete and up-to-date survey of this unique and important agent is thus provided which should be of great interest to experts, teachers, and students engaged in cancer research, virology, immunology, molecular biology, epide miology, and cell culture. Where topics have been dealt with from more than one of these viewpoints, some inevitable overlap and duplication has resulted; although this has been kept to a minimum, it has been retained in some places because of positive usefulness.
Author: Bruce Alberts
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780815332183
Category : Cytology
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Author: Rong Sun (Ph. D. in plant pathology)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Plant viruses
Languages : en
Pages : 127
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Book Description
Viruses are the simplest organisms comprising only DNA or RNA genomes wrapped in protective shells of proteins or proteins and lipids. Their reproduction is only possible after they successfully enter a host cell, where they depend on the cellular apparatus for a variety of vital steps in their life cycles. Depending on the nature of viral genomes, these steps can include transcription of viral genes to synthesize viral mRNA, translation of viral proteins, and ultimately replication (multiplication) of viral genomes. The replicated viral genomes are then reassembled into virus particles, completing the life cycle of a typical virus. Throughout the entire process viruses interact intimately with the cellular environment, and must not only coerce the host cells for collaboration, but also counteract the hazard of host defense. As a result, viruses, despite their simple genomes, evolved to encode a vast array of regulative capacities that fine tune their gene expression and genome replication based on their surroundings and the progression of their life cycles. My thesis research focused on examining some of the virus-encoded regulative strategies. This dissertation contains four chapters. The first chapter reviewed the relevant literature, providing the background information and the current status of related research. The second chapter examined the impact of several cis-acting RNA elements on the replication of a virus with a single-stranded (ss), positive sense (+) RNA genome. The third chapter adopted a virus model with a genome of circular ssDNA, and investigated how a transcription factor encoded by this virus activates the transcription of late genes of the same virus. Finally, the last chapter sought to determine how a virus-encoded replication protein executes two opposite functions in the same infected cell. I used Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) as a small (+) RNA virus model for the research presented in Chapters two and four. Chapter two investigated how cis-acting RNA elements that are located in the coding region of TCV RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase (RdRp) influence the replication of this virus. Previous studies of these structures were limited to synonymous mutations that did not alter the amino acid sequence of RdRp, because the impact of nonsynonymous changes would be compounded by possible interference with the RdRp activity. Furthermore, those previous studies also could not determine whether certain cis-acting elements play multiple roles. For example, mutations within cis-acting elements important for RdRp translation could not be further tested to see if they are also important for the replication itself, because the latter step requires RdRp translation to be optimal. I have developed a new approach that decouples the translation and replication steps. This new approach allowed me to introduce a variety of mutations, including deletions of up to 1,000 nucleotides (nt), in the RdRp coding region. Using this approach, I was able to identify several new cis-acting elements that are important for the replication of TCV. In Chapter three, I studied a common phenomenon in a group of ssDNA viruses in the family Geminiviridae, known as bipartite begomoviruses. I used Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) as a model to study the transcriptional activation of the late gene BV1 by AC2, an early expressing transcriptional activator protein of this virus. Previous research by others showed that AC2 bound to DNA but nonspecifically. I hence hypothesized that the transcriptional activation of BV1 gene required interactions between AC2 and transcription factors of the host plants, the latter binding to the promoter DNA of BV1 gene (PBV1) through specific promoter motifs. Therefore, my goal was to identify the specific motifs located in PBV1 that could be bound by potential AC2-interacting transcription factors of host plants. I was able to identify three ABA-responsive elements (ABREs) within the first 73 nt of PBV1 that collaboratively mediated the transcriptional activation of this promoter by the AC2 protein. Therefore, plant transcription factors involved in the ABA signaling pathways are likely candidates recruited by MYMV AC2 to mediate the activation of BV1 expression. In Chapter four, I investigated how p28, a TCV-encoded auxiliary replication protein (ARP), exerts two opposite functions in the same infected cell. My colleagues and I have established earlier that p28 plays two opposite roles in TCV replication: it supports TCV replication as an ARP, and represses TCV replication by eliciting superinfection exclusion (SIE). A p28 derivative with a C-terminal green fluorescent protein (GFP) tag, designated p28-GFP, exerted strong repression on the replication of a TCV replicon. However, p28-GFP failed to recapitulate the replication function of p28 because it was unable to complement the replication of a p28-defective TCV replicon. The focus of the Chapter four was to resolve why the p28-GFP, and other C-terminally tagged p28 variants, exhibited a strong repressive activity but lacked the replication activity. I initially hypothesized that the C-terminal tags stabilized the p28 protein, resulting in a higher p28 concentration in host cells, favoring p28 polymerization to form repressive protein aggregates. I first tested if the tendency of GFP to dimerize enhanced polymerization of p28-GFP, by replacing GFP with the non-dimerizing mNeonGreen (mNG). I found that the resulting p28-mNG still formed intracellular aggregates and exerted strong repressive activity to TCV replication. Simultaneously, I tested if the TCV RNA sequence encoding p28 was important for the formation of p28 protein aggregates using a codon shuffled (CS) p28, and found that the RNA sequence of p28 was not important for protein aggregation. Subsequently, I tested if I could abolish the repressive activity of C-terminally tagged p28 variants, and restore the replication-complementation activity to them, by diminishing their expression levels with weaker promoters. I found that very low expression of p28-mNG, as well as another p28 variant with a C-terminal duplicated HA tag (p28-2XHA), indeed abrogated their repressive activity. Surprisingly, even at very low expression levels, these C-terminally tagged p28 variants remained incapable of complementing the replication of a TCV mutant that did not encode its own p28. These results prompted the alternative hypothesis that an intact C-terminus free of any modifications is needed for the replication function of p28. Since our previous studies showed that HA-p28, a p28 derivative with an N-terminal, single-copy HA tag, did not significantly change the replication function of p28, I used it as the template to make small modifications at the C terminus of p28. I found that while deleting or mutating the last two amino acid (aa) residues substantially weakened the replication function of p28, a two-aa addition at this end had a relatively minor effect. These findings thus rejected my alternative hypothesis, suggesting that fusion of a C-terminal tag does not necessarily abolish the replication function of p28. Rather, there appears to be an upper limit on the size of the C-terminal tags. In summary, this dissertation examined three types of virus-encoded mechanisms that bolster the reproduction of viruses in infected cells. My research findings are expected to lay the foundation for additional investigations by fellow plant virologists, and contribute to the knowledge-based control and management of plant virus diseases.
Author: Guido Silvestri
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 303002816X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 248
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Book Description
This volume summarizes recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of HIV-1 latency, in characterizing residual viral reservoirs, and in developing targeted interventions to reduce HIV-1 persistence during antiretroviral therapy. Specific chapters address the molecular mechanisms that govern and regulate HIV-1 transcription and latency; assays and technical approaches to quantify viral reservoirs in humans and animal models; the complex interchange between viral reservoirs and the host immune system; computational strategies to model viral reservoir dynamics; and the development of therapeutic approaches that target viral reservoir cells. With contributions from an interdisciplinary group of investigators that cover a broad spectrum of subjects, from molecular virology to proof-of-principle clinical trials, this book is a valuable resource for basic scientists, translational investigators, infectious-disease physicians, individuals living with HIV/AIDS and the general public.
Author: Jennifer Louten
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0323914926
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 412
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Book Description
Essential Human Virology, Second Edition focuses on the structure and classification of viruses, virus transmission and virus replication strategies based upon type of viral nucleic acid. Several chapters focus on notable and recognizable viruses and the diseases caused by them, including influenza, HIV, hepatitis viruses, poliovirus, herpesviruses and emerging and dangerous viruses. Additionally, how viruses cause disease (pathogenesis) is highlighted, along with discussions on immune response to viruses, vaccines, anti-viral drugs, gene therapy, the beneficial uses of viruses, research laboratory assays and viral diagnosis assays. Fully revised and updated with new chapters on coronaviruses, nonliving infectious agents, and notable non-human viruses, the book provides students with a solid foundation in virology. Focuses on human diseases and the cellular pathology that viruses cause Highlights current and cutting-edge technology and associated issues Presents real case studies and current news highlights in each chapter Features dynamic illustrations, chapter assessment questions, key terms, and a summary of concepts, as well as an instructor website with lecture slides, a test bank and recommended activities Updated and revised, with new chapters on coronaviruses, nonliving infectious agents, and notable non-human viruses
Author: Satya Prakash Gupta
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128154233
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 496
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Book Description
Viral Polymerases: Structures, Functions and Roles as Antiviral Drug Targets presents in-depth study information on the structure and functions of polymerases and their roles in the lifecycle of viruses, and as drug targets. Viral polymerases constitute a vital component in the lifecycle of many viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis viruses, influenza virus, and several others. They are essentially required for the replication of viruses. Thus, the polymerases that can be found in viruses (called viral polymerases) represent favorable targets for the design and development of antiviral drugs. Provides comprehensive, state-of-the-art coverage on virus infections, the virus lifecycle, and mechanisms of polymerase inhibition Analyzes the structure-activity relationships of inhibitors of each viral polymerase Presents a consistent and comprehensive coverage of all aspects of viral polymerases, including structure, function and their role as antiviral drug targets
