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The SNS has adopted superconducting RF technology for the high-energy end of its linac. The design uses cavities of [beta] = 0.61 and 0.81 to span the energy region from 186 MeV up to a maximum of 1.3 GeV. Thirty-three of the lower [beta] cavities are contained in 11 cryomodules, and there could be as many as 21 additional cryomodules, each containing four of the higher [beta] cavities, to reach the maximum energy. The design uses a peak surface gradient of 35 MV/m. Each cavity will be driven by a 550 kW klystron. Cryomodules will be connected to the refrigerator by a pair of ''tee'' shape transfer lines. The refrigerator will produce 120 g/sec of refrigeration at 2.1 K, 15 g/sec of liquefaction at 4.5 K, and 8,300 W of 50 K shield refrigeration.
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Languages : en
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Book Description
The SNS has adopted superconducting RF technology for the high-energy end of its linac. The design uses cavities of [beta] = 0.61 and 0.81 to span the energy region from 186 MeV up to a maximum of 1.3 GeV. Thirty-three of the lower [beta] cavities are contained in 11 cryomodules, and there could be as many as 21 additional cryomodules, each containing four of the higher [beta] cavities, to reach the maximum energy. The design uses a peak surface gradient of 35 MV/m. Each cavity will be driven by a 550 kW klystron. Cryomodules will be connected to the refrigerator by a pair of ''tee'' shape transfer lines. The refrigerator will produce 120 g/sec of refrigeration at 2.1 K, 15 g/sec of liquefaction at 4.5 K, and 8,300 W of 50 K shield refrigeration.
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The superconducting linac of the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) has 23 cryomodules whose vacuum system is monitored and controlled by custom built hardware. The original control hardware was provided by Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab) and contained a variety of custom boards utilizing integrated circuits to perform logic. The need for control logic changes, a desire to increase maintainability, and a desire to increase flexibility to adapt for the future has led to a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) based upgrade. This paper provides an overview of the commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware being used in the superconducting vacuum control system. Details of the design and challenges to convert a control system during small windows of maintenance periods without disrupting beam operation will be covered in this paper.
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At the Spallation Neutron Source, the first fully operational pulsed superconducting linac has been active for about two years. During this period, stable beam operation at 4.4 K has been achieved with beam for repetition rates up to 15 Hz and 30 Hz at 2.1 K. At the lower temperature 60 Hz RF pulses have been also used. Full beam energy has been achieved at 15 Hz and short beam pulses. Most of the time the superconducting cavities are operated at somewhat lower gradients to improve reliability. A large amount of data has been collected on the pulsed behavior of cavities and SRF modules at various repetition rates and at various temperatures. This experience will be of great value in determining future optimizations of SNS as well in guiding in the design and operation of future pulsed superconducting linacs. This paper describes the details of the cryogenic system and RF properties of the SNS superconducting linac.
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Higher order modes (HOM's) of monopoles, dipoles, quadrupoles and sextupoles in [beta] = 0.61 and [beta] = 0.81 6-cell superconducting (SC) cavities for the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) project, have been found up to about 3 GHz and their properties such as R/Q, trapping possibility, etc have been figured out in concerning with the manufacturing imperfection. Main issues of HOM's are beam instabilities (published separately) and HOM induced power especially from TM monopoles. The time structure of SNS beam has three different time scales of pulses, which are micro-pulse, midi-pulse and macropulse. Each time structure will generate resonances. When a mode is near these resonance frequencies, the induced voltage could be large and accordingly the resulting HOM power, too. In order to understand the effects from such a complex beam time structure on the mode excitation and resulting HOM power, analytic expressions are developed. With these analytic expressions, the induced HOM voltage and HOM power were calculated by assuming external Q for each HOM.
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As part of a multi-laboratory collaboration, Jefferson Lab is currently engaged in the fabrication, assembly, and testing of 23 cryomodules for the superconducting linac portion of the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) being built at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. As with any large accelerator construction project, it is vitally important that these components be built in a cost effective and timely manner, and that they meet the stringent performance requirements dictated by the project specifications. A comprehensive Quality Assurance (QA) program designed to help accomplish these goals has been implemented as an inherent component of JLab's SNS construction effort. This QA program encompasses the traditional spectrum of component performance, from incoming parts inspection, raw materials testing, through to sub-assembly and finished article performance evaluation.
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Experience using laser-wire beam profile measurement to perform transverse beam matching in the SNS superconducting linac is discussed. As the SNS beam power is ramped up to 1 MW, transverse beam matching becomes a concern to control beam loss and residual activation in the linac. In our experiments, however, beam loss is not very sensitive to the matching condition. In addition, we have encountered difficulties in performing a satisfactory transverse matching with the envelope model currently available in the XAL software framework. Offline data analysis from multi-particle tracking simulation shows that the accuracy of the current online model may not be sufficient for modeling the SC linac.
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Pages : 3
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The Spallation Neutron Source being built at the Oak Ridge National Lab in Tennessee requires a 1 GeV proton linac. Los Alamos has responsibility for the RF systems for the entire linac. The linac requires 3 distinct types of RF systems: 2.5-MW peak, 402.5 MHz, RF systems for the RFQ and DTL (7 systems total); 5-MW peak, 805 MHz systems for the CCL and the two energy corrector cavities (6 systems total); and 550-kW peak, 805 MHz systems for the superconducting sections (8 1 systems total). The design of the SNS Linac RF system was presented at the 2001 Particle Accelerator Conference in Chicago. Vendors have been selected for the klystrons (3 different vendors), circulators (I vendor), transmitter (1 vendor), and high power RF loads (3 different vendors). This paper presents the results and status of vendor procurements, test results of the major components of the Linac RF system and our installation progress.
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Pages : 4
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A high-intensity proton linac, such as that being planned for the SNS, requires accurate RF control of cavity fields for the entire pulse in order to avoid beam spill. The current design requirement for the SNS is RF field stability within ±0.5% and ±0.5 . This RF control capability is achieved by the control electronics using the excess RF power to correct disturbances. To minimize the initial capital costs, the RF system is designed with 'just enough' RF power. All the usual disturbances exist, such as beam noise, klystron/HVPS noise, coupler imperfections, transport losses, turn-on and turn-off transients, etc. As a superconducting linac, there are added disturbances of large magnitude, including Lorentz detuning and microphonics. The effects of these disturbances and the power required to correct them are estimated, and the result shows that the highest power systems in the SNS have just enough margin, with little or no excess margin.
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The SNS linac RF control system (RFCS) is currently in development. A system is being installed in a superconducting test stand at Jefferson Laboratory presently. Two systems will soon be installed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and more are due to be installed early next year. The RF control system provides field control for the entire SNS linac, including an RFQ and 6 DTL cavities at 402.5 MHz as well as three different types of cavities at of 805 MHz: 4 CCL cavities, 36 medium beta superconducting (SRF) cavities, and 45 high beta superconducting cavities. In addition to field control, it provides cavity resonance control, and incorporates high power protect functions. This paper will discuss the RFCS design to date, with emphasis on the challenges of providing a universal digital system for use on each of the individual cavity types. The RF control system hardware has been designed to minimize the amount of changes for all of the applications. Through software/firmware modification and changing a couple of frequency-dependent filters, the same control system design can be used for all five cavity types. The SNS is the first to utilize SRF cavities for a pulsed high-current proton accelerator, thereby making RF control especially challenging.
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Languages : en
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Book Description
A high-intensity proton linac, such as that being planned for the SNS, requires accurate RF control of cavity fields for the entire pulse in order to avoid beam spill. The current design requirement for the SNS is RF field stability within "0.5% and "0.5{sup o} [1]. This RF control capability is achieved by the control electronics using the excess RF power to correct disturbances. To minimize the initial capital costs, the RF system is designed with 'just enough' RF power. All the usual disturbances exist, such as beam noise, klystron/HVPS noise, coupler imperfections, transport losses, turn-on and turn-off transients, etc. As a superconducting linac, there are added disturbances of large magnitude, including Lorentz detuning and microphonics. The effects of these disturbances and the power required to correct them are estimated, and the result shows that the highest power systems in the SNS have just enough margin, with little or no excess margin.
