Author: Christopher J. Dimitriou
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 320
Book Description
Precipitate-containing crude oils are of increasing economic importance, due to diminishing oil reserves and the increased need to extract hydrate and wax-containing crude oil from ultra deep-water resources. Despite this need, the rheological behavior of these types of crude oil is often poorly understood. In this thesis, we investigate some of the underlying complexities associated with the rheology of waxy crude oils. These complex phenomena are often difficult to both quantify experimentally and capture with existing constitutive models. The contribution of this thesis is therefore to develop a detailed understanding of three of these particular phenomena, through the development and use of several new experimental and theoretical tools. A better understanding of waxy crude oil rheology is critical for developing flow assurance strategies, which can in turn ensure continuous production of precipitate-containing crude oils under adverse conditions. The three phenomena studied are, first: shear heterogeneities, i.e. the manifestation of wall slip, shear banding or other shear-localization events under imposed deformations that are assumed to be homogenous. For these purposes, flow visualization techniques capable of "Rheo-PIV" measurements are developed to detect these heterogeneities. Second: elasto-viscoplasticity, or the presence of an elastic response and a yield-like behavior in a non-Newtonian fluid. Constitutive modeling of this type of behavior is difficult to achieve using standard linear viscoelastic techniques, where the viscoelastic response is decomposed into a finite number of linear elements with a spectrum of relaxation times. For these reasons, additional concepts are adopted from plasticity models in order to describe this behavior. Finally: thixotropy, which refers to the ability of a fluid to continuously evolve, or age at rest and shear rejuvenate under a constant applied shear rate. A rigorous set of experimental tests is constructed which allow for the appropriate constitutive model parameters to be determined for a thixotropic fluid. Through quantitative study of these phenomena, we reach several conclusions about how to characterize and model the rheology of a precipitate-containing crude oil. First, measurements of shear heterogeneities are important in these fluids, so that rheological characterization may proceed with a knowledge of when these may arise and introduce artifacts into data. Second, new nonlinear rheometric techniques are necessary to develop quantitative data sets that describe the inherently nonlinear rheology of these fluids. The specific technique developed in this work is termed stress-controlled large amplitude oscillatory shear, or LAOStress. Finally, we show that the constitutive behavior of these materials is best prescribed using a framework which utilizes yielding and hardening mechanisms from plasticity theory. The resulting constitutive model for this nonlinear elasto-viscoplastic and thixotropic class of materials is expressed in a closed form that can be used in existing flow assurance simulation tools. The most relevant applications for this work are in the flow assurance challenges associated with crude oil production. Consequently, a large portion of the experimental work is carried out on a model waxy crude oil, containing a total wax content ranging from 5 to 10% by weight. However the phenomena studied here occur ubiquitously in a number of complex fluids. For this reason, the same rheological complexities are studied in the context of several other fluids, including a swollen microgel paste (Carbopol) and a shear-banding wormlike micellar solution.
The Rheological Complexity of Waxy Crude Oils
Author: Christopher J. Dimitriou
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 320
Book Description
Precipitate-containing crude oils are of increasing economic importance, due to diminishing oil reserves and the increased need to extract hydrate and wax-containing crude oil from ultra deep-water resources. Despite this need, the rheological behavior of these types of crude oil is often poorly understood. In this thesis, we investigate some of the underlying complexities associated with the rheology of waxy crude oils. These complex phenomena are often difficult to both quantify experimentally and capture with existing constitutive models. The contribution of this thesis is therefore to develop a detailed understanding of three of these particular phenomena, through the development and use of several new experimental and theoretical tools. A better understanding of waxy crude oil rheology is critical for developing flow assurance strategies, which can in turn ensure continuous production of precipitate-containing crude oils under adverse conditions. The three phenomena studied are, first: shear heterogeneities, i.e. the manifestation of wall slip, shear banding or other shear-localization events under imposed deformations that are assumed to be homogenous. For these purposes, flow visualization techniques capable of "Rheo-PIV" measurements are developed to detect these heterogeneities. Second: elasto-viscoplasticity, or the presence of an elastic response and a yield-like behavior in a non-Newtonian fluid. Constitutive modeling of this type of behavior is difficult to achieve using standard linear viscoelastic techniques, where the viscoelastic response is decomposed into a finite number of linear elements with a spectrum of relaxation times. For these reasons, additional concepts are adopted from plasticity models in order to describe this behavior. Finally: thixotropy, which refers to the ability of a fluid to continuously evolve, or age at rest and shear rejuvenate under a constant applied shear rate. A rigorous set of experimental tests is constructed which allow for the appropriate constitutive model parameters to be determined for a thixotropic fluid. Through quantitative study of these phenomena, we reach several conclusions about how to characterize and model the rheology of a precipitate-containing crude oil. First, measurements of shear heterogeneities are important in these fluids, so that rheological characterization may proceed with a knowledge of when these may arise and introduce artifacts into data. Second, new nonlinear rheometric techniques are necessary to develop quantitative data sets that describe the inherently nonlinear rheology of these fluids. The specific technique developed in this work is termed stress-controlled large amplitude oscillatory shear, or LAOStress. Finally, we show that the constitutive behavior of these materials is best prescribed using a framework which utilizes yielding and hardening mechanisms from plasticity theory. The resulting constitutive model for this nonlinear elasto-viscoplastic and thixotropic class of materials is expressed in a closed form that can be used in existing flow assurance simulation tools. The most relevant applications for this work are in the flow assurance challenges associated with crude oil production. Consequently, a large portion of the experimental work is carried out on a model waxy crude oil, containing a total wax content ranging from 5 to 10% by weight. However the phenomena studied here occur ubiquitously in a number of complex fluids. For this reason, the same rheological complexities are studied in the context of several other fluids, including a swollen microgel paste (Carbopol) and a shear-banding wormlike micellar solution.
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 320
Book Description
Precipitate-containing crude oils are of increasing economic importance, due to diminishing oil reserves and the increased need to extract hydrate and wax-containing crude oil from ultra deep-water resources. Despite this need, the rheological behavior of these types of crude oil is often poorly understood. In this thesis, we investigate some of the underlying complexities associated with the rheology of waxy crude oils. These complex phenomena are often difficult to both quantify experimentally and capture with existing constitutive models. The contribution of this thesis is therefore to develop a detailed understanding of three of these particular phenomena, through the development and use of several new experimental and theoretical tools. A better understanding of waxy crude oil rheology is critical for developing flow assurance strategies, which can in turn ensure continuous production of precipitate-containing crude oils under adverse conditions. The three phenomena studied are, first: shear heterogeneities, i.e. the manifestation of wall slip, shear banding or other shear-localization events under imposed deformations that are assumed to be homogenous. For these purposes, flow visualization techniques capable of "Rheo-PIV" measurements are developed to detect these heterogeneities. Second: elasto-viscoplasticity, or the presence of an elastic response and a yield-like behavior in a non-Newtonian fluid. Constitutive modeling of this type of behavior is difficult to achieve using standard linear viscoelastic techniques, where the viscoelastic response is decomposed into a finite number of linear elements with a spectrum of relaxation times. For these reasons, additional concepts are adopted from plasticity models in order to describe this behavior. Finally: thixotropy, which refers to the ability of a fluid to continuously evolve, or age at rest and shear rejuvenate under a constant applied shear rate. A rigorous set of experimental tests is constructed which allow for the appropriate constitutive model parameters to be determined for a thixotropic fluid. Through quantitative study of these phenomena, we reach several conclusions about how to characterize and model the rheology of a precipitate-containing crude oil. First, measurements of shear heterogeneities are important in these fluids, so that rheological characterization may proceed with a knowledge of when these may arise and introduce artifacts into data. Second, new nonlinear rheometric techniques are necessary to develop quantitative data sets that describe the inherently nonlinear rheology of these fluids. The specific technique developed in this work is termed stress-controlled large amplitude oscillatory shear, or LAOStress. Finally, we show that the constitutive behavior of these materials is best prescribed using a framework which utilizes yielding and hardening mechanisms from plasticity theory. The resulting constitutive model for this nonlinear elasto-viscoplastic and thixotropic class of materials is expressed in a closed form that can be used in existing flow assurance simulation tools. The most relevant applications for this work are in the flow assurance challenges associated with crude oil production. Consequently, a large portion of the experimental work is carried out on a model waxy crude oil, containing a total wax content ranging from 5 to 10% by weight. However the phenomena studied here occur ubiquitously in a number of complex fluids. For this reason, the same rheological complexities are studied in the context of several other fluids, including a swollen microgel paste (Carbopol) and a shear-banding wormlike micellar solution.
Rheometry and Direct Flow Observations of a Model Wax-oil System
Author: Christopher J. Dimitriou
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 132
Book Description
Waxy crude oils are a commonly encountered type of crude oil which must be dealt with by oil production companies. They are characterized by a gel-like behavior at temperatures below their wax appearance temperature (Twa) and often exhibit a yield stress. The restart of pipelines containing gelled waxy crude is a commonly encountered problem in production scenarios where low ambient temperatures are encountered, especially due to the increasingly important role that deep-water oil exploration has in meeting production needs. In this thesis, a model wax-oil system is formulated which closely mimics the thermorheological complexity of an actual waxy crude oil. The composition of the model system is characterized using chemical characterization techniques, and the basic rheological properties of these components are probed using temperature sweeps and stress sweeps. Large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) is also used to gain additional insight into the rheology of the model system. The results from the LAOS measurements show that the wax-oil system exhibits a strain stiffening and shear thinning response under oscillatory shear. The system is then studied using a combined approach of rheology and flow measurement techniques. We describe the design, fabrication and calibration of a quantitative flow imaging apparatus that enables measurements of the local kinematics within the model fluid using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). This Rheo-PIV approach forms the basis for the study of the model fluid using Flow Assurance Rheometry. The data from this combined approach shows that the model fluid exhibits a complex behavior due to heterogeneities within the domain of the fluid. Specifically, the wax-oil system is shown to consist of two distinct phases: rigid clumps or fragments that are formed by aggregates of wax crystallites, and fluid-like regions which contain fewer wax precipitates. It is shown that under imposition of a steady shear stress, these rigid fragments break down over time into smaller pieces, and this contributes to the fluidization of the model wax-oil. The effect of surface roughness on the dynamics of this shear-induced fragmentation process is also investigated. It is shown that when the gelled system is in contact with a roughened surface, the fragmentation process happens faster.
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 132
Book Description
Waxy crude oils are a commonly encountered type of crude oil which must be dealt with by oil production companies. They are characterized by a gel-like behavior at temperatures below their wax appearance temperature (Twa) and often exhibit a yield stress. The restart of pipelines containing gelled waxy crude is a commonly encountered problem in production scenarios where low ambient temperatures are encountered, especially due to the increasingly important role that deep-water oil exploration has in meeting production needs. In this thesis, a model wax-oil system is formulated which closely mimics the thermorheological complexity of an actual waxy crude oil. The composition of the model system is characterized using chemical characterization techniques, and the basic rheological properties of these components are probed using temperature sweeps and stress sweeps. Large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) is also used to gain additional insight into the rheology of the model system. The results from the LAOS measurements show that the wax-oil system exhibits a strain stiffening and shear thinning response under oscillatory shear. The system is then studied using a combined approach of rheology and flow measurement techniques. We describe the design, fabrication and calibration of a quantitative flow imaging apparatus that enables measurements of the local kinematics within the model fluid using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). This Rheo-PIV approach forms the basis for the study of the model fluid using Flow Assurance Rheometry. The data from this combined approach shows that the model fluid exhibits a complex behavior due to heterogeneities within the domain of the fluid. Specifically, the wax-oil system is shown to consist of two distinct phases: rigid clumps or fragments that are formed by aggregates of wax crystallites, and fluid-like regions which contain fewer wax precipitates. It is shown that under imposition of a steady shear stress, these rigid fragments break down over time into smaller pieces, and this contributes to the fluidization of the model wax-oil. The effect of surface roughness on the dynamics of this shear-induced fragmentation process is also investigated. It is shown that when the gelled system is in contact with a roughened surface, the fragmentation process happens faster.
The Rheology of Waxy Crude Oil
Author: Leigh Thomas Wardhaugh
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Petroleum pipelines
Languages : en
Pages : 688
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Petroleum pipelines
Languages : en
Pages : 688
Book Description
Rheology and the Pumping of Waxy Crude Oils
Author: A. M. A. Abdelrahim
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
An Experimental Study on the Effects of Heat and Chemical Inhibitors on the Flow Behaviour of Waxy Crude Oils
Author: Fathia Abdulwahed B. Mohamed
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 149
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 149
Book Description
Wax Deposition
Author: Zhenyu Huang
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1466567678
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 182
Book Description
Wax Deposition: Experimental Characterizations, Theoretical Modeling, and Field Practices covers the entire spectrum of knowledge on wax deposition. The book delivers a detailed description of the thermodynamic and transport theories for wax deposition modeling as well as a comprehensive review of laboratory testing for the establishment of appropr
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1466567678
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 182
Book Description
Wax Deposition: Experimental Characterizations, Theoretical Modeling, and Field Practices covers the entire spectrum of knowledge on wax deposition. The book delivers a detailed description of the thermodynamic and transport theories for wax deposition modeling as well as a comprehensive review of laboratory testing for the establishment of appropr
Processing of Heavy Crude Oils
Author: Ramasamy Marappa Gounder
Publisher:
ISBN: 1839684097
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 274
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN: 1839684097
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 274
Book Description
Determination of the rheological properties and start-up pipeline flow characteristics of waxy crude and fuel oils
Author: A. J. Carleton
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Petroleum pipelines
Languages : en
Pages : 17
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Petroleum pipelines
Languages : en
Pages : 17
Book Description
Determination of the Rheological Properties and Start-up Pipeline Flow Charts Flow Characteristics of Waxy Crude and Fuel Oils
Author: Institute of Petroleum
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
Determination of the Rheological Properties and Start-up Pipiline [sic] Flow Characteristics of Waxy Crude and Fuel Oils
Author: A. J. Carleton
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Petroleum pipelines
Languages : en
Pages : 17
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Petroleum pipelines
Languages : en
Pages : 17
Book Description