The Nucleation and Growth of Calcium-containing Biominerals on Biologically Relevant Surfaces PDF Download
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Author: Allison Ann Campbell
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 306
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Author: Allison Ann Campbell
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 306
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 120
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Hydroxyapatite (HAP) participates in vertebral bone and tooth formation by a nonclassical hitherto unknown nucleation mechanism, in which amorphous precursors form and transform during long induction periods. Elucidation of the mechanism by which amorphous precursors assemble and transform is essential to understanding how hard tissues form in vivo, and will advance the design and fabrication of new biomaterials. The combination of conductance and potentiometric techniques to monitor Ca-P mineral formation has given new insight into the mechanism of nucleation. Differences detected in the dehydration rates of calcium and phosphate ions indicate the formation of non-equilibrium calcium-deficient clusters. The aggregation of these clusters forms a calcium-deficient amorphous phase I early in the induction period, which slowly transforms to amorphous phase II by dehydration. Pre-critical nuclei form within amorphous phase II later in the induction period, leading to mineral formation. In addition, constant composition kinetic investigations were done to investigate the effectiveness of a novel chemical and heat treatment procedure claimed to increase the bioactivity of Ti surface. The procedure proved to be highly effective at increasing the material which grew on the activated Ti surfaces. The heat treatment is essential to the formation of both the asatase and rutile forms of Ti-O2 both necessary to nucleate calcium phosphate. Using the reported treatment OCP crystallites formed on the disc surface in solutions at the pH and ionic strength of human serum. Using the highly sensitive CC technique control over the rate of reaction was demonstrated by adjusting the driving force. Constant composition kinetic investigations were done to investigate the effect of magnesium, carbonate and citrate ions on Ca-P mineralization and demineralization events. The effect of magnesium on calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate nucleation has been investigated. The most intriguing result was found when calcium phosphate was nucleated in the presence of magnesium at pH values greater than 8. 0 and at relatively high carbonate concentration (10. 0 mmol); at these conditions magnesium accelerates calcium phosphate nucleation. This is in contrast to the further inhibition of calcium phosphate mineral formation in solutions containing carbonate by magnesium under previously investigated human oral conditions
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 124
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The constant composition method was used to investigate the effect of polyaspartic acids on calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal (COM) growth. Three larger molecular weight (ranging from 6000--35000) polymers were first used, and it was found that a polyaspartic acid with a molecular weight of 13000 had the highest effect. The ability to inhibit molecular growth is similar on a molar level to osteopontin, a protein commonly found in urine that has been shown to significantly inhibit calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal growth. The effect of three smaller weight (around 3000) polyaspartic acids was also investigated. However, at such low molecular weights, polyaspartic acid is unstable; amino acid spacers must be added to the polymer. The spacer used markedly affects the effectiveness of the copolymer towards the inhibition of COM crystal growth. A copolymer with serine spacers is most effective, followed by one with a phosphoserine spacer and then one with a glycine spacer, although all three are less effective than the three higher molecular weight polymers. Atomic force microscopy studies show that the polyaspartic acid with serine spacers is much more effective at inhibiting COM growth on the (010) and ( -101) faces than the copolymer with glycine spacers. Using a thin layer wicking technique, the interfacial energies of COM treated with various proteins and polyaspartic acids were determined. It was hoped that there would be a trend in either the Lewis base term and/or in the interfacial energy term that paralleled their effects on COM crystal growth (i.e. 13000 molecular weight polyaspartic acid would have a similar Lewis base term and/or interfacial energy). However, no trend was established. Constant composition experiments were also made in attempts to nucleate COM on dentin surfaces. The goal of these experiments was to nucleate COM crystals such that they occlude the open tubules in dentin (the condition in which a person has exposed tubules is called dentine sensitivity). At moderate supersaturations, COM crystals did nucleate on the surface of dentin disks. However, these crystals were not small enough and thus did not nucleate inside the tubules.
Author: Erich Konigsberger
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470092114
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 302
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This title takes an interdisciplinary approach to the central role of solubility in pathological biomineralisation, ranging from traditional thermodynamics and kinetics to unusual concepts such as the PILP process. The scientific background and expertise of the contributors, ranges accordingly from solubility modelling and database development, renal stone and bone implant research, Mössbauer spectroscopy and structural chemistry to biochemistry and crystallisation. The chapters all have a quantitative, physico-chemical component rather than giving purely phenomenological descriptions. The contributors deal with aspects and concepts that have not previously been common in the study of pathological biomineralisation processes.
Author: G.H. Nancollas
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642685749
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 411
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normal and pathological mineralization in vertebrates but also with the interesting problems involved in the formation of in tracellular deposits of calcium oxalate in plants. Here cal cium carbonate and silica may also be involved in the mineral ization processes. Calcium carbonate is an important component in the formation of mollusc and avian shells. The observation that both calcite and aragonite may be formed in biogenic cal cium carbonate raises important questions as to what factors control the formation of the final mineral phase. There is little doubt that thermodynamically less stable phases may be kinetically stabilized for long periods of time by other mole cules present in vivo. In normal mineralization, calcium salts may initially be deposited both within the cells and extracel lularly. In the latter case, the role of matrix vesicles and the ways in which the matrix components might control mineral ization were especially emphasized. There is clearly a need for more structural and functional information involving cells, matrix components, and their associated crystals. The develop ment of further techniques involving mutants, chromofluors, and fixatives for preservation of tissue and the ions present in vivo was recommended. In dealing with abnormal and pathological mineralization, the Workshop concentrated on urolithiasis, gout and pseudo-gout, and the formation of dental caries. Discussions based on the influence of media of low pH on mineral surfaces highlighted some of the factors of importance in controlling crystal dis solution.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 030937331X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 229
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Book Description
In the last few decades great strides have been made in chemistry at the nanoscale, where the atomic granularity of matter and the exact positions of individual atoms are key determinants of structure and dynamics. Less attention, however, has been paid to the mesoscale-it is at this scale, in the range extending from large molecules (10 nm) through viruses to eukaryotic cells (10 microns), where interesting ensemble effects and the functionality that is critical to macroscopic phenomenon begins to manifest itself and cannot be described by laws on the scale of atoms and molecules alone. To further explore how knowledge about mesoscale phenomena can impact chemical research and development activities and vice versa, the Chemical Sciences Roundtable of the National Research Council convened a workshop on mesoscale chemistry in November 2014. With a focus on the research on chemical phenomena at the mesoscale, participants examined the opportunities that utilizing those behaviors can have for developing new catalysts, adding new functionality to materials, and increasing our understanding of biological and interfacial systems. The workshop also highlighted some of the challenges for analysis and description of mesoscale structures. This report summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.
Author: Kazuyoshi Endo
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9811310025
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 393
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Book Description
This open access book is the proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Biomineralization (BIOMIN XIV) held in 2017 at Tsukuba. Over the past 45 years, biomineralization research has unveiled details of the characteristics of the nano-structure of various biominerals; the formation mechanism of this nano-structure, including the initial stage of crystallization; and the function of organic matrices in biominerals, and this knowledge has been applied to dental, medical, pharmaceutical, materials, agricultural and environmental sciences and paleontology. As such, biomineralization is an important interdisciplinary research area, and further advances are expected in both fundamental and applied research.
Author: Sergey V. Dorozhkin
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 9814364177
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 863
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Due to a great chemical similarity with the biological calcified tissues, many calcium orthophosphates possess remarkable biocompatibility and bioactivity. Materials scientists use this property extensively to construct artificial bone grafts that are either entirely made of or only surface-coated with the biologically relevant calcium orthophospha
Author:
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Languages : en
Pages :
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Since the dawn of life on earth, organisms have directed the crystallization of inorganic ions from solution to form minerals that meet specific biological needs. The resulting materials often exhibit remarkable properties, making the processes involved in biomineralization of interest to a wide array of scientific disciplines. From a geochemical standpoint, perhaps the most important consequence is that CaCO3 biomineral formation occurs in the Oceans on such a large scale that it influences many aspects of seawater chemistry and results in sequestration of carbon in the form of carbonate sediments. In this manner, the products of biomineralization are preserved in the rock record and serve as an extensive chronicle of the interplay between biota and the earth system environment. From the point of view of materials synthesis, biological control over epitaxy is an elegant example of self-organization in complex molecular systems. Through selective introduction of peptides and proteins, living organisms deterministically modify nucleation, step kinetics, surface morphologies, and facet stabilities to produce nanophase materials, topologically complex single-crystals, and multi-layer composite. The resulting materials have biological functions as diverse as structural supports, porous filtration media, grinding and cutting tools, lenses, gravity sensors and magnetic guidance systems. As Table I shows, calcium carbonate minerals are ubiquitous amongst these biomineral structures. In addition, calcium carbonate is a well studied material that is easily crystallized and has known solution chemistry. Consequently, the calcium carbonate system provides an excellent model for investigating biomineralization processes. Surprisingly, in spite of the identification of carbonate biogenesis as a critical contributor to the carbon reservoir mediating climate change, and the enormous potential of biomimetic synthesis for production of tailored, crystalline nano- and micro-structured materials, the fundamental physical controls on carbonate biomineral formation remain poorly understood. Carbonates are formed in diverse environments almost exclusively by living organisms. These naturally occurring marine and fresh water minerals most commonly occur as the polymorphs of calcite, aragonite and vaterite which are nucleated and grown in the exoskeletons and tissues of marine and freshwater organisms ranging from simple bacteria and algae to crustaceans, molluscs, or sponges. It is known that the soluble fraction associated with mineralizing parts of organisms plays a primary role in crystal formation. In the formation of molluscan shells, this fraction is distinguished by the common presence of aspartic acid rich amino acid mixtures. It is also known that carbonates exposed to different polyamino acids exhibit different crystal habits. Belcher et al. showed that exposing growing CaCO3 crystals alternately to solutions containing polyanionic proteins associated with the aragonitic and calcitic layers of mollusc shells led to sequential switching of the crystal structure of the newly grown material between that of aragonite and calcite. Further work has demonstrated that these protein mixtures alter the morphology of the calcite growth surface and that they contain two fractions effecting growth: a step-binding fraction that inhibits step advancement on calcite surfaces, and a surface binding fraction that appears to lead to the subsequent nucleation of aragonite. Wierzbicki et al. found that polyaspartate molecules (ASP20) bind to calcite surfaces. Finally, modeling of ASP15 binding to calcite planes predicts large binding energies for well defined orientations. This and related evidence shows that systematic relationships between crystal morphology and surface interactions with the reactive groups of the organic molecules must exist. However, the interplay between surface chemistry and the physical processes of nucleation and crystal growth are poorly understood because, until recently only ex situ biochemical studies focusing on the effect of changes in solution chemistry and/or surface stereo-chemistry on macroscopic crystal morphology had been performed.
Author: Edmund Bäuerlein
Publisher: Wiley-VCH
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 456
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Book Description
This first comprehensive overview of the modern aspects of biomineralization represents life and materials science at its best: Bioinspired pathways are the hot topics in many disciplines and this holds especially true for biomineralization. Here, the editors -- well-known members of associations and prestigious institutes -- have assembled an international team of renowned authors to provide first-hand research results. This second volume deals with biometic model systems in biomineralization, including the biomineral approach to bionics, bioinspired materials synthesis and bio-supported materials chemistry, encapsulation and the imaging of internal nanostructures of biominerals. An interdisciplinary must-have account, for biochemists, bioinorganic chemists, lecturers in chemistry and biochemistry, materials scientists, biologists, and solid state physicists.
