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Author: Christine Harper
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Biomechanics and mechanobiology have long been recognized as essential for the growth and function of biological systems, and recent work has demonstrated the importance of mechanical forces for key physiological mechanisms in bacteria. Although the bacterial cell envelope is the primary load-bearing structure of bacteria, the influence of mechanical stress on the bacterial cell envelope and its components is largely understudied. In this thesis I examine the role of mechanical stress on two systems in the bacterial cell envelope: multicomponent efflux complex MacAB-TolC which contributes to antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli and two-component signaling system VxrAB which controls gene expression for cell wall synthesis in Vibrio cholerae.Multicomponent efflux complexes form a channel through the bacterial cell envelope in order to pump toxins and antibiotics out of the cell. We have previously shown that mechanical stress compromises the assembly and functionality of efflux complex CusCBA; however, it is unknown if other efflux complexes are similarly vulnerable to mechanical stress and the role cell envelope stiffness plays. We expand upon previous work by investigating the influence of mechanical stress on efflux complex MacAB-TolC with and without alterations to cell envelope stiffness. We submitted individual live bacterial cells to controlled mechanical loading using a custom microfluidic device and used single-molecule tracking to observe efflux pump behavior. We found that octahedral shear stress in the cell envelope promotes efflux complex disassembly, suggesting impaired antibiotic resistance capability. Cell envelope stiffness plays a significant role in mediating the effect of mechanical manipulation through the magnitude of octahedral shear stress as well as changes in cell surface area. Our findings demonstrate the importance of mechanical stress in the cell envelope as well as cell envelope stiffness for trans-envelope protein function. Although the bacterial cell envelope is the load-bearing component of the cell, it is unknown if cell envelope homeostasis is responsive to mechanical stress. VxrAB is a two component signaling system with a sensor embedded in the cell envelope and a response receptor that controls gene expression of cell wall synthesis. We submitted cells to mechanical loading using our microfluidic device, hydrostatic pressure, and compression and measured the activity of the VxrAB signaling system in response. We found that cells experiencing greater magnitudes of mechanical load exhibited greater VxrAB signaling. Our results suggest the importance of mechanical signals in cell envelope homeostasis through VxrAB mediated cell wall synthesis. Together, this work suggests the importance of mechanical stress for the function of proteins in the bacterial cell envelope. This work establishes a foundation for future bacterial mechanobiology research and has the potential to advance synthetic biology as well as inform future antibiotic treatment strategies.
Author: Christine Harper
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Biomechanics and mechanobiology have long been recognized as essential for the growth and function of biological systems, and recent work has demonstrated the importance of mechanical forces for key physiological mechanisms in bacteria. Although the bacterial cell envelope is the primary load-bearing structure of bacteria, the influence of mechanical stress on the bacterial cell envelope and its components is largely understudied. In this thesis I examine the role of mechanical stress on two systems in the bacterial cell envelope: multicomponent efflux complex MacAB-TolC which contributes to antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli and two-component signaling system VxrAB which controls gene expression for cell wall synthesis in Vibrio cholerae.Multicomponent efflux complexes form a channel through the bacterial cell envelope in order to pump toxins and antibiotics out of the cell. We have previously shown that mechanical stress compromises the assembly and functionality of efflux complex CusCBA; however, it is unknown if other efflux complexes are similarly vulnerable to mechanical stress and the role cell envelope stiffness plays. We expand upon previous work by investigating the influence of mechanical stress on efflux complex MacAB-TolC with and without alterations to cell envelope stiffness. We submitted individual live bacterial cells to controlled mechanical loading using a custom microfluidic device and used single-molecule tracking to observe efflux pump behavior. We found that octahedral shear stress in the cell envelope promotes efflux complex disassembly, suggesting impaired antibiotic resistance capability. Cell envelope stiffness plays a significant role in mediating the effect of mechanical manipulation through the magnitude of octahedral shear stress as well as changes in cell surface area. Our findings demonstrate the importance of mechanical stress in the cell envelope as well as cell envelope stiffness for trans-envelope protein function. Although the bacterial cell envelope is the load-bearing component of the cell, it is unknown if cell envelope homeostasis is responsive to mechanical stress. VxrAB is a two component signaling system with a sensor embedded in the cell envelope and a response receptor that controls gene expression of cell wall synthesis. We submitted cells to mechanical loading using our microfluidic device, hydrostatic pressure, and compression and measured the activity of the VxrAB signaling system in response. We found that cells experiencing greater magnitudes of mechanical load exhibited greater VxrAB signaling. Our results suggest the importance of mechanical signals in cell envelope homeostasis through VxrAB mediated cell wall synthesis. Together, this work suggests the importance of mechanical stress for the function of proteins in the bacterial cell envelope. This work establishes a foundation for future bacterial mechanobiology research and has the potential to advance synthetic biology as well as inform future antibiotic treatment strategies.
Author: Friedrich Pauwels
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642671381
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 527
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Book Description
The contents of this book are based almost exclusively on purely anatomical researches. These were stimulated by questions posed in clinical practice. The results are directed to practicing surgeons. Their chronological sequence leads to a step by step development of theoretical bases and to a progressive rejection of old conceptions. Especially in the field of orthopaedic surgery, a responsible attitude is possible neither without solid anatomical knowledge, nor without an idea of functional relationships. W. Roux had already demonstrated this and he wanted his works of functional anatomy to be considered from this point of view. He above all preoccupied himself with a uniform theory of functional adaptation. Thus it is understandable that the theories ofRoux formed the basis from which to start. Our own researches seemed at first to corroborate the ideas of Roux, at least in part. This is still evident in the monograph concerning fractures of the femoral neck. Later it appeared that ST. KROMPECHER had made a step forwards in the matter of chondrogenesis when he abandoned the shear theory postulated by Roux and held that compression was the only effective stimulus for the forma tion of cartilage. The research concerning the healing of fractures relies partly on the theory of KROMPECHER which was new at that time. But ultimately more and more discoveries could no longer be explained by this conception which was only slightly different from the older theories (1. WOLF, W. Roux, W.
Author: J.-M. Ghuysen
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080860877
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 607
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Book Description
Studies of the bacterial cell wall emerged as a new field of research in the early 1950s, and has flourished in a multitude of directions. This excellent book provides an integrated collection of contributions forming a fundamental reference for researchers and of general use to teachers, advanced students in the life sciences, and all scientists in bacterial cell wall research. Chapters include topics such as: Peptidoglycan, an essential constituent of bacterial endospores; Teichoic and teichuronic acids, lipoteichoic acids, lipoglycans, neural complex polysaccharides and several specialized proteins are frequently unique wall-associated components of Gram-positive bacteria; Bacterial cells evolving signal transduction pathways; Underlying mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antibiotics.
Author: Howard C. Berg
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 0387216383
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 136
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Book Description
Escherichia coli, commonly referred to as E. coli, has been the organism of choice for molecular genetics for decades. Its machinery and mobile behavior is one of the most fascinating topics for cell scientists. Scientists and engineers, not trained in microbiology, and who would like to learn more about living machines, can see it as a unique example. This cross-disciplinary monograph covers more than thirty years of research and is accessible to graduate students and scientists alike.
Author: Vaidehi Bhupendrakumar Patel
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 312
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Book Description
Author: Peter Albersheim
Publisher: Garland Science
ISBN: 1136843582
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 430
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Book Description
Plant cell walls are complex, dynamic cellular structures essential for plant growth, development, physiology and adaptation. Plant Cell Walls provides an in depth and diverse view of the microanatomy, biosynthesis and molecular physiology of these cellular structures, both in the life of the plant and in their use for bioproducts and biofuels. Plant Cell Walls is a textbook for upper-level undergraduates and graduate students, as well as a professional-level reference book. Over 400 drawings, micrographs, and photographs provide visual insight into the latest research, as well as the uses of plant cell walls in everyday life, and their applications in biotechnology. Illustrated panels concisely review research methods and tools; a list of key terms is given at the end of each chapter; and extensive references organized by concept headings provide readers with guidance for entry into plant cell wall literature. Cell wall material is of considerable importance to the biofuel, food, timber, and pulp and paper industries as well as being a major focus of research in plant growth and sustainability that are of central interest in present day agriculture and biotechnology. The production and use of plants for biofuel and bioproducts in a time of need for responsible global carbon use requires a deep understanding of the fundamental biology of plants and their cell walls. Such an understanding will lead to improved plant processes and materials, and help provide a sustainable resource for meeting the future bioenergy and bioproduct needs of humankind.
Author: Guntram Seltmann
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3662048787
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 290
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Book Description
The bacterial cell wall represents a very complex structure disconnecting the interior of single-cell organisms from the environment, thus protecting, but also enabling, them to interact with the surrounding milieu and to exchange both substances and information. Knowledge of the biochemistry of the cell wall (components) and the genetic background helps to understand their significance with regard to microbiology and immunology of bacteria. This book represents the second edition of a publication which was presented nearly 20 years ago in the German language (Die bakterielle Zellwand). Since that time our knowledge in this field has been significantly enlarged. Therefore, the manuscript had to be completely revised and updated. To maintain both the size and the introductory character of the book at least to a great extent, the authors had to restrict the presented material to that which appears basic and most important. This requirement must inevitably bring about many subjective factors. As pointed out in the first edition, the term cell wall was not taken too strictly. Since the constituents located outside the cytoplasmic membrane are frequently difficult to divide in structure, localisation, and/or function into true cell wall components and supplementary substances, they are all at least briefly mentioned.
Author: Matt Arthur Baker
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889745880
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 122
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Book Description
Author: Michael L. Vasil
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology Press
ISBN: 1555816762
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 1189
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Book Description
A comprehensive compendium of scholarly contributions relating to bacterial virulence gene regulation. • Provides insights into global control and the switch between distinct infectious states (e.g., acute vs. chronic). • Considers key issues about the mechanisms of gene regulation relating to: surface factors, exported toxins and export mechanisms. • Reflects on how the regulation of intracellular lifestyles and the response to stress can ultimately have an impact on the outcome of an infection. • Highlights and examines some emerging regulatory mechanisms of special significance. • Serves as an ideal compendium of valuable topics for students, researchers and faculty with interests in how the mechanisms of gene regulation ultimately affect the outcome of an array of bacterial infectious diseases.
Author: Michael C. Flickinger
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 111861898X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 884
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Book Description
DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY An affordable, easily accessible desk reference on biomanufacturing, focused on downstream recovery and purification Advances in the fundamental knowledge surrounding biotechnology, novel materials, and advanced engineering approaches continue to be translated into bioprocesses that bring new products to market at a significantly faster pace than most other industries. Industrial scale biotechnology and new manufacturing methods are revolutionizing medicine, environmental monitoring and remediation, consumer products, food production, agriculture, and forestry, and continue to be a major area of research. The downstream stage in industrial biotechnology refers to recovery, isolation, and purification of the microbial products from cell debris, processing medium and contaminating biomolecules from the upstream process into a finished product such as biopharmaceuticals and vaccines. Downstream process design has the greatest impact on overall biomanufacturing cost because not only does the biochemistry of different products ( e.g., peptides, proteins, hormones, antibiotics, and complex antigens) dictate different methods for the isolation and purification of these products, but contaminating byproducts can also reduce overall process yield, and may have serious consequences on clinical safety and efficacy. Therefore downstream separation scientists and engineers are continually seeking to eliminate, or combine, unit operations to minimize the number of process steps in order to maximize product recovery at a specified concentration and purity. Based on Wiley’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Biotechnology: Bioprocess, Bioseparation, and Cell Technology, this volume features fifty articles that provide information on down- stream recovery of cells and protein capture; process development and facility design; equipment; PAT in downstream processes; downstream cGMP operations; and regulatory compliance. It covers: Cell wall disruption and lysis Cell recovery by centrifugation and filtration Large-scale protein chromatography Scale down of biopharmaceutical purification operations Lipopolysaccharide removal Porous media in biotechnology Equipment used in industrial protein purification Affinity chromatography Antibody purification, monoclonal and polyclonal Protein aggregation, precipitation and crystallization Freeze-drying of biopharmaceuticals Biopharmaceutical facility design and validation Pharmaceutical bioburden testing Regulatory requirements Ideal for graduate and advanced undergraduate courses on biomanufacturing, biochemical engineering, biopharmaceutical facility design, biochemistry, industrial microbiology, gene expression technology, and cell culture technology, Downstream Industrial Biotechnology is also a highly recommended resource for industry professionals and libraries.
