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Author: Friedrich Engels
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781500211264
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 746
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Friedrich Engels (November 28, 1820 - August 5, 1895) was a German industrialist, social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of Marxist theory, working in close collaboration alongside Karl Marx. In 1845, he published The Condition of the Working Class in England, based on personal observations and research. In 1848, he produced with Marx The Communist Manifesto and later he supported Marx financially to do research and write Das Kapital. After Marx's death Engels edited the second and third volumes. Additionally, Engels organized Marx's notes on the "Theories of Surplus Value" and this was later published as the "fourth volume" of Capital.Engels is commonly known as a "ruthless party tactician", "brutal ideologue", and "master tactician" when it came to purging rivals in political organizations. However, another strand of Engels's personality was one of a "gregarious", "big-hearted", and "jovial man of outsize appetites", who was referred to by his son-in-law as "the great beheader of champagne bottles." Anti-Dühring, Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science is a detailed critique of the philosophical positions of Eugen Dühring, a German philosopher and critic of Marxism. In the course of replying to Dühring, Engels reviews recent advances in science and mathematics and seeks to demonstrate the way in which the concepts of dialectics apply to natural phenomena. Many of these ideas were later developed in the unfinished work, Dialectics of Nature. The last section of Anti-Dühring was later edited and published under the separate title, Socialism: Utopian and Scientific.
Author: Friedrich Engels
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781500211264
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 746
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Book Description
Friedrich Engels (November 28, 1820 - August 5, 1895) was a German industrialist, social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of Marxist theory, working in close collaboration alongside Karl Marx. In 1845, he published The Condition of the Working Class in England, based on personal observations and research. In 1848, he produced with Marx The Communist Manifesto and later he supported Marx financially to do research and write Das Kapital. After Marx's death Engels edited the second and third volumes. Additionally, Engels organized Marx's notes on the "Theories of Surplus Value" and this was later published as the "fourth volume" of Capital.Engels is commonly known as a "ruthless party tactician", "brutal ideologue", and "master tactician" when it came to purging rivals in political organizations. However, another strand of Engels's personality was one of a "gregarious", "big-hearted", and "jovial man of outsize appetites", who was referred to by his son-in-law as "the great beheader of champagne bottles." Anti-Dühring, Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science is a detailed critique of the philosophical positions of Eugen Dühring, a German philosopher and critic of Marxism. In the course of replying to Dühring, Engels reviews recent advances in science and mathematics and seeks to demonstrate the way in which the concepts of dialectics apply to natural phenomena. Many of these ideas were later developed in the unfinished work, Dialectics of Nature. The last section of Anti-Dühring was later edited and published under the separate title, Socialism: Utopian and Scientific.
Author: Friedrich Engels
Publisher: Delphi Classics
ISBN: 1801701296
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 2437
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Book Description
The German socialist Friedrich Engels first developed an interest in the philosophy of G. W. F. Hegel, prior to forming a permanent partnership with Karl Marx to promote the socialist movement. After persuading the second Communist Congress to adopt their views, the two friends drafted the ‘Communist Manifesto’ of 1848. After Marx’s death in 1883, Engels was the foremost authority on Marx and Marxism. He produced wide-ranging works of his own, including philosophical writings on materialism, idealism and dialectics. His important work helped supply Marxism with an ontological and metaphysical foundation. This eBook presents Engels’ collected works, with numerous illustrations, rare texts, informative introductions and the usual Delphi bonus material. (Version 1) * Beautifully illustrated with images relating to Engels’ life and works * Concise introductions to the major texts * All of the major treatises, with individual contents tables * Features rare works appearing for the first time in digital publishing * Images of how the books were first published, giving your eReader a taste of the original texts * Easily locate the texts you want to read * Features Karl Kautsky’s early biography – discover Engels’ incredible life * Ordering of texts into chronological order and genres CONTENTS: The Works The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845) The Holy Family (1845) The German Ideology (1845) The Anniversary of the Polish Revolution of 1830 (1847) Preface to ‘On the Question of Free Trade’ (1848) The Communist Manifesto (1848) Address of the Central Committee to the Communist League (1850) England’s 17th Century Revolution (1850) The Peasants’ War in Germany (1850) Revolution and Counter-Revolution (1852) The Heroes of the Exile! (1852) The Real Issue in Turkey (1853) On Afghanistan (1857) Mountain Warfare in the Past and Present (1857) Po and Rhine (1859) The Prussian Military Question and the German Workers’ Party (1865) What Have the Working Classes to Do with Poland? (1866) Synopsis of Marx’s ‘Das Kapital’ (1868) Fictitious Splits in the International (1872) La Liberté Speech (1872) On Authority (1872) The Housing Question (1872) The Bakuninists at Work (1873) On Social Relations in Russia (1874) The Program of the Blanquist Fugitives from the Paris Commune (1874) For Poland (1875) Life of Wilhelm Wolff (1876) The Part Played by Labour in the Transition from Ape to Man (1876) Karl Marx (1877) Anti-Dühring (1877) Socialism: Utopian and Scientific (1880) Bruno Bauer and Early Christianity (1882) Engels’ Speech at the Grave of Karl Marx (1883) Dialectics of Nature (1883) The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (1885) On The History of the Communist League (1885) Feuerbach (1886) The Mark (1892) The Peasant Question in France and Germany (1894) The Biography Frederick Engels: His Life, His Work and His Writings (1899) by Karl Kautsky
Author: Karl Marx
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 866
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Book Description
Vols. 35-37 contain volumes I, II, and III of Das Kapital. Vols. 36-37, 48-50 prepared jointly by Lawrence & Wishart Ltd., London, International Publishers, and Progress Publishing Group Corp., Moscow, in collaboration with the Russian Independent Institute of Social and National Problems. Vols. 38-41 published: Moscow : Progress Publishers. Includes bibliographies and indexes.
Author: 프리드리히 엥겔스(Friedrich Engels)
Publisher: 테마여행신문 TTN Theme Travel News Korea
ISBN:
Category : Fiction
Languages : ko
Pages : 948
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Book Description
▶ 프리드리히 엥겔스의 과학적 사회주의의 랜드마크: “반뒤링론” 1877(Landmarks of Scientific Socialism: “Anti-Duehring” by Friedrich Engels)은 프리드리히 엥겔스(Friedrich Engels, 1820~1895)가 베를린 대학교 강사 카를 뒤링(Karl Eugen Dühring, 1833~1921)의 사회주의 이론을 조목조목 반박하며 마르크스주의(Marxism)에 기반을 둔 변증법적 유물론(dialectical materialism)을 소개한 작품입니다. 제목 그대로 반(反, Anti) + 뒤링론(Duehring)인 셈이죠. 총 3부(PART III) 9장(Chapter IX)으로 구성되어 있습니다. 루트비히 포이어바흐: 사회주의 철학의 뿌리 1886(Feuerbach: The Roots of The Socialist Philosophy by Friedrich Engels)와 마찬가지로 오스틴 루이스(Austin Lewis, 1865~1944)가 영문으로 번역하였습니다. 테마여행신문 TTN Korea 영어고전(English Classics)과 함께 어제도, 오늘도, 내일도 멋진 문학여행을! B ▶ CHAPTER I. TRANSLATOR'S INTRODUCTION. He criticises the work of Duehring from this standpoint. He labors not so much to show that Duehring is mistaken in certain conclusions as to prove that the whole method of his argument is wrong. His diatribes, though the subject matter of his argument requires him to attack the Berlin tutor, are directed chiefly against all absolute theories. "Eternal truth," in the realm of science, equally with that of philosophy, he scouts as absurd. To interpret the history of the time in terms of the spirit of the time, to discover the actual beneath the crust of the conventional, to analyse the content of the formulæ which the majority are always ready to take on trust, and to face the fact with a mind clear of preconceived notions is what Engels set out to do. ▷ 제1장. 번역가의 소개. 그는 이러한 관점에서 뒤링의 작업을 비판합니다. 그는 뒤링이 특정 결론에서 오류가 있음을 보여주기보다는 그의 주장의 전체 방법이 잘못되었음을 증명하기 위해 노력했습니다. 그의 주장의 주제가 베를린 가정교사를 공격하도록 요구하지만 그의 비난은 주로 모든 절대 이론에 대한 것입니다. 그는 철학의 영역과 마찬가지로 과학의 영역에서 "영원한 진리"를 터무니없다고 지적합니다. 시대정신(the spirit of the time)에 입각하여 시대의 역사를 해석하고, 인습의 껍질 아래에 있는 실제를 발견하고, 대다수가 항상 신뢰할 준비가 되어 있는 공식의 내용을 분석하고, 사실을 직시하는 것 선입견이 없는 마음으로 엥겔스가 하려고 했던 것입니다. ▶ II. In the first place, I fancy, that it is owing to the fact that this book, as indeed, all my writings at that time, was prohibited in Germany soon after the publication of the anti-Socialist laws. Whosoever was not fettered by the inherited officialdom of the countries of the Holy Alliance should have clearly seen the effect of this measure—the double and treble sale of the prohibited books, and the advertisement of the impotence of the gentlemen in Berlin, who issued injunctions and could not make them effective. ▷ II. 우선 이 책이 그 당시 나의 모든 저술과 마찬가지로 반사회주의법이 발표된 직후 독일에서 금지되었기 때문이라고 생각합니다. 신성 동맹 국가의 물려받은 공직에 속박되지 않은 사람은 누구든지 이 조치의 효과, 즉 금지된 책의 이중 삼중 판매와 금지 명령을 내린 베를린 신사들의 무력 광고를 분명히 보았어야 했습니다. 그것들을 효과적으로 만들 수 없었습니다. ▶ PART I. CHAPTER IV. PHILOSOPHY. Apriorism. Philosophy is, according to Herr Duehring, the development of the highest forms of consciousness of the world and life, and embraces, in a wider sense, the principles of all knowledge and volition. Wherever a series of perceptions, or motives or a group of forms of life becomes a matter of consideration in the human mind the principles which underly these forms, of necessity, become an object of philosophy. These principles are single, or, up to the present, have been considered as single ingredients out of which are composed the complexities of knowledge and volition. Like the chemical composition of material bodies, the entire universe may be also resolved into fundamental forms and elements. ▷ 제1부. 제4장. 철학. 선험주의. 반뒤링론(Herr Duehring)에 따르면 철학은 세계와 삶의 가장 높은 형태의 의식을 발전시키는 것이며, 넓은 의미에서 모든 지식과 의지의 원리를 포괄합니다. 일련의 인식이나 동기 또는 일련의 삶의 형태가 인간의 마음에서 고려 대상이 되는 곳마다 이러한 형태의 근간을 이루는 원리는 필연적으로 철학의 대상이 됩니다. 이러한 원칙은 단일하거나 현재까지 지식과 의지의 복잡성을 구성하는 단일 성분으로 간주되었습니다. 물질체의 화학적 구성과 마찬가지로 전체 우주도 근본적인 형태와 요소로 분해될 수 있습니다. ▶ CHAPTER VI. MORALS AND LAW. Eternal Truths. We refrain from offering examples of the hodge podge of stupidity and sham solemnity with which Herr Duehring regales his readers for fifty full pages as fundamental knowledge on the elements of consciousness. We merely quote the following: "He who merely conceives of thought through the medium of speech has never understood what is signified by abstract and true thought." Hence, animals are the most abstract and true thinkers, for their thought is never obscured by the importunate interference of speech. With regard to Herr Duehring's thought in particular, it may be perceived that they are but little suited to speech and that the German language in particular is quite inadequate to express them. ▷ 제6장. 도덕과 법. 영원한 진리. 우리는 뒤링 씨가 독자들에게 의식의 요소에 대한 기본 지식으로 50페이지에 달하는 분량을 재촉하는 어리석음과 가짜 엄숙함의 예를 제시하는 것을 자제합니다. 우리는 단지 다음을 인용할 뿐입니다. 그러므로 동물은 가장 추상적이고 참된 생각을 하는 사람입니다. 왜냐하면 그들의 생각은 끈질긴 말의 간섭으로 결코 흐려지지 않기 때문입니다. 특히 뒤링 씨의 사상에 관해서는, 그것들이 말에 거의 적합하지 않고 특히 독일어가 그것들을 표현하기에 상당히 부적절하다고 인식될 수 있습니다. -목차(Index)- ▶ 프롤로그(Prologue). 테마여행신문 TTN Korea 영어고전(English Classics) 999선을 읽어야 하는 7가지 이유 ▶ 13가지 키워드로 읽는 칼 마르크스(Karl Marx, 1818~1883)와 프리드리히 엥겔스(Friedrich Engels, 1820~1895) 01. 마르크스주의(Marxism)의 원류, 카를 하인리히 마르크스(Karl Heinrich Marx, 1818~1883) 02. Marx는 마르크스일까, 맑스일까? 03. 마르크스의 영혼의 동반자, 프리드리히 엥겔스(Friedrich Engels, 1820~1895) 04. 인류 역사상 가장 유명한 공저작(共著作), 칼 마르크스와 엥겔스의 공산당 선언(The Communist Manifesto, 1848) 05. 루이 나폴레옹의 브뤼메르 18일(The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, 1852) 06. 독일의 혁명과 반혁명(Revolution and Counter-Revolution; Or, Germany in 1848, 1852) 07. 18세기의 비밀 외교사(Secret Diplomatic History of The Eighteenth Century, 1856) 08. 정치경제학 비판을 위하여(A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, 1859) 09. 자본론(資本論, Capital, 1867) 10. 애니메이션 원피스(ONE PIECE, ワンピース, 1977~) & 영풍자(领风者, The Leader, 2019) 11. 칼 마르크스(Karl Marx)를 만나는 36곳 12. 오디오북(Audio Books)으로 듣는 칼 마르크스(Karl Marx)와 프리드리히 엥겔스(Friedrich Engels) 13. 칼 마르크스(Karl Marx)와 프리드리히 엥겔스(Friedrich Engels) 어록(Quotes)(166) ▶ 프리드리히 엥겔스의 과학적 사회주의의 랜드마크: “반뒤링론” 1877(Landmarks of Scientific Socialism: “Anti-Duehring” by Friedrich Engels) ▶ LANDMARKS OF SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM ▷ Chapter I. Translator's Introduction ▷ Chapter II. Prefaces II-Part I II-Part II II-Part III ▷ Chapter III. Introduction III-I. In General III-II. What Herr Duehring Has to Say ▷ PART I. Chapter IV IV-Apriorism IV-The Scheme of the Universe ▷ Chapter V. Natural Philosophy V-Time and Space V-Cosmogony, Physics, and Chemistry V-The Organic World V-The Organic World(conclusion) ▷ Chapter VI. Moral and Law VI-Eternal Truths VI-Equality VI-Freedom and Necessity ▷ Chapter VII. The Dialectic VII-Quantity VII-Negation of the Negation VII-Conclusion ▷ PART II. Chapter VIII. Political Economy VIII-I. Objects and Methods VIII-II. The Force Theory VIII-III. Force Theory(continued) VIII-IV. Force Theory(conclusion) VIII-V. Theory of Value VIII-VI. Simple and Compound Labor VIII-VII. Capital and Surplus Value VIII-VIII. Capital and Surplus Value(conclusion) VIII-IX. Natural Economic Laws—Ground Rent VIII-X. With Respect to the "Critical History" ▷ PART III. Chapter IX. Socialism IX-Production IX-Distribution IX-The State, The Family, and Education ▷ Appendix ▶ 부록(Appendix). 세계의 고전을 여행하는 히치하이커를 위한 안내서(The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Worlds’s Classics) A01. 하버드 서점(Harvard Book Store) 직원 추천 도서 100선(Staff’s Favorite 100 Books) & 판매도서 100위(top 100 Books) A02. 서울대(Seoul University) 권장도서 100 A03. 연세대(Yonsei University) 필독도서 고전 200선 A04. 고려대(Korea University) 세종캠퍼스 권장도서 100선 A05. 서울대·연세대·고려대(SKY University) 공통 권장도서 60권 A06. 성균관대(Sungkyunkwan University) 오거서(五車書) 성균 고전 100선 A07. 경희대(Kyung Hee University) 후마니타스 칼리지(Humanitas College) 교양필독서 100선 A08. 포스텍(포항공대, POSTECH) 권장도서 100선 A09. 카이스트(KAIST) 독서마일리지제 추천도서 100권 A10. 문학상(Literary Awards) 수상작 및 추천도서(44) A11. 영어고전(English Classics) 오디오북을 무료로 듣는 5가지 방법(How to listen to FREE audio Books legally?) A12. 영화·드라마로 만나는 영어고전(Movies and TV Shows Based on English Classic Books) ▶ 테마여행신문 TTN Korea 영어고전(English Classics) 999선 ▶ 테마여행신문 TTN Korea 도서목록(1,772) ▶ 테마여행신문 TTN Korea 영어고전(English Classics) 999선 테마여행신문 TTN Korea 영어고전(English Classics) 999선은 수백 년의 세월에도 변치 않는 명저 중 대중성을 겸비한 베스트셀러를 엄선해 선정하였습니다. 조명화 편집장의 ‘키워드로 읽는 작가 & 작품’ 해설과 세계 최대의 무료 도메인 오디오북(free public domain audioBooks) 플랫폼 리브리복스(LibrIVox) 오디오북 링크를 첨부하였습니다. 수백 년의 세월에도 변치 않는 명저의 감동을 다시 한 번 확인해 보시기 바랍니다. 테마여행신문 TTN Korea 영어고전(English Classics) 999선과 함께 어제도, 오늘도, 내일도 멋진 문학여행을! ▶ 칼 마르크스 & 프리드리히 엥겔스 컬렉션(Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels Collection, 11부작) 영어고전096 칼 마르크스와 엥겔스의 공산당 선언 1848 English Classics096 The Communist Manifesto by Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx 영어고전944 칼 마르크스와 엥겔스의 공산주의 선언 1848 English Classics944 Manifesto of the Communist Party by Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx 영어고전945 칼 마르크스와 엥겔스의 독일의 혁명과 반혁명 1852 English Classics945 Revolution and Counter-Revolution; Or, Germany in 1848 by Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx 영어고전946 칼 마르크스의 루이 보나파르트의 브뤼메르 18일 1852 English Classics946 The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte by Karl Marx 영어고전947 칼 마르크스의 18세기 비밀 외교사 1857 English Classics947 Secret Diplomatic History of The Eighteenth Century by Karl Marx 영어고전948 칼 마르크스의 정치경제학 비판을 위하여 1859 English Classics948 A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy by Karl Marx 영어고전949 프리드리히 엥겔스의 1844년 영국 노동계급의 상황 1845 English Classics949 The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844 by Friedrich Engels 영어고전950 프리드리히 엥겔스의 공상적 사회주의와 과학적 사회주의 1880 English Classics950 Socialism, Utopian and Scientific by Friedrich Engels 영어고전951 프리드리히 엥겔스의 가족, 사유재산, 국가의 기원 1884 English Classics951 The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State by Friedrich Engels 영어고전952 프리드리히 엥겔스의 루트비히 포이어바흐: 사회주의 철학의 뿌리 1886 English Classics952 Feuerbach: The Roots of The Socialist Philosophy by Friedrich Engels 영어고전953 프리드리히 엥겔스의 과학적 사회주의의 랜드마크: “반뒤링론” 1877 English Classics953 Landmarks of Scientific Socialism: “Anti-Duehring” by Friedrich Engels ▶ 테마여행신문 TTN Theme Travel News Korea는 2012년부터 현재까지 1,000종 이상의 콘텐츠를 기획 및 출간한 여행 전문 디지털 콘텐츠 퍼블리셔(Digital Contents Publisher)입니다. 다양한 분야의 전문작가와 함께 신개념 여행 가이드북 원코스(1 Course), 포토에세이 원더풀(Onederful), 여행에세이 별 헤는 밤(Counting the Stars at Night) 등 전 세계를 아우르는 분야별 여행 콘텐츠를 지속적으로 발행하고 있습니다. 테마여행신문 TTN Korea(방송대 기네스상 2017 ‘최다 출간 및 최다 자격증’ 수상)와 함께 어제도, 오늘도, 내일도 멋진 여행을! ▶ Theme Travel News TTN Korea(테마여행신문 TTN Korea) is the digital content publisher that published more than 1,000 types of content since 2012. 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Author: Friedrich Engels
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781610010030
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 250
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Book Description
A selection of writings from Friedrich Engels. Socialism, Utopian and Scientific; The Principles of Communism; The Part Played by Labour in the Transition From Ape to Man; Ludwig Feuerbach and the end of Classical German Philosophy; and The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State.
Author: Friedrich Engels
Publisher: Cby Press
ISBN: 9789360005795
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The "Complete Works of Friedrich Engels (Grapevine edition)" is an extensive compilation of the writings of Friedrich Engels, the esteemed collaborator of Karl Marx. This comprehensive collection encompasses Engels' contributions to political theory, philosophy, economics, and social critique, providing readers with a profound insight into his intellectual legacy. Spanning a wide range of topics, from historical materialism and class struggle to political activism and social analysis, these works offer valuable insights into the development of socialist thought and its impact on the course of history. This anthology serves as an invaluable resource for scholars, students, and anyone interested in understanding Engels' enduring influence on contemporary discussions of politics, economics, and social justice.
Author: Karl Marx
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Author: Karl Kautsky
Publisher: Forgotten Books
ISBN: 9780266407140
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 42
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Book Description
Excerpt from Frederick Engels: His Life, His Work and His Writings It is well for the most part to say of this division of labor that while the Marxian studies are comprised in one principal work Capital - the results of Engels' investigations are scattered in numerous small pamphlets. So it happens that while complaints are made about the unintelligibleness of Marx, and most people have read more about Capital than they have of Capital itself, Engels stands as a master of popular exposition; his writings are read by all thinking proletarians, and the majority of those who have accepted socialism have obtained their knowledge and understanding of the marx-engels theory from these writings. A slight observation on this point. Most of our friends, as soon as they recognize that socialism is not a matt pathy but of science, at once throw themselves energy upon Capital, break out their teeth on the theory of value, and then drop everything. The result would be entirely different if they first took up Engels' pamphlets, and only after they had thoroughly studied these betook them selves to Capital.' About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Author: Karl Marx
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Author: Frederick Engels
Publisher: BookRix
ISBN: 3730964852
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 478
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Book Description
The Condition of the Working Class in England is one of the best-known works of Friedrich Engels. Originally written in German as Die Lage der arbeitenden Klasse in England, it is a study of the working class in Victorian England. It was also Engels' first book, written during his stay in Manchester from 1842 to 1844. Manchester was then at the very heart of the Industrial Revolution, and Engels compiled his study from his own observations and detailed contemporary reports. Engels argues that the Industrial Revolution made workers worse off. He shows, for example, that in large industrial cities mortality from disease, as well as death-rates for workers were higher than in the countryside. In cities like Manchester and Liverpool mortality from smallpox, measles, scarlet fever and whooping cough was four times as high as in the surrounding countryside, and mortality from convulsions was ten times as high as in the countryside. The overall death-rate in Manchester and Liverpool was significantly higher than the national average (one in 32.72 and one in 31.90 and even one in 29.90, compared with one in 45 or one in 46). An interesting example shows the increase in the overall death-rates in the industrial town of Carlisle where before the introduction of mills (1779–1787), 4,408 out of 10,000 children died before reaching the age of five, and after their introduction the figure rose to 4,738. Before the introduction of mills, 1,006 out of 10,000 adults died before reaching 39 years old, and after their introduction the death rate rose to 1,261 out of 10,000.
