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Author: Danush Vasan Viswanathan
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780494159934
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 280
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Book Description
Feeding by herbivorous arthropods often induces phenotypic responses in their host plants. Such responses are increasingly found to be herbivore-specific, as both their strength and type can vary with herbivore identity. To date, most research has focused on discerning the causes, whether functional or evolutionary, of this specificity. However, recent studies have suggested that it can also have strong ecological effects on the distribution and occurrence of herbivores. Using Solanum dulcamara (bittersweet nightshade), I established a consistent ecological pattern within its herbivore community that is driven by specificity in plant responses: early-season differences in the identity of colonizing herbivores induce divergent plant phenotypes, producing heterogeneity in resource quality and a predictable distribution of late-season herbivores. These priority effects (i.e., differences in later herbivore occurrence caused by the identity of initial herbivores) seem to have their temporal basis in a physiological tradeoff within the plant, as it is unable to sequentially respond to different herbivore species. The responses associated with a particular herbivore occur only when it is the first species to feed on the plant. If its feeding follows that of a different herbivore, these responses are no longer induced. Chemical antagonism between different signaling pathways in the plant may underlie these results, in which case we may be able to predict the occurrence of priority effects based on knowledge of the response pathways induced by different herbivores. However, the spatial scale of these interactions can also influence their strength. I found that the presence of multiple plant phenotypes has a greater effect on herbivore occurrence within stands of S. dulcamara than it does between them. Fragmentation of S. dulcamara populations reduces the likelihood of herbivores moving between plants, thereby reducing the degree to which they can discriminate between different plant phenotypes. Overall, therefore, a combined knowledge of the chemical basis and ecological context of plant-herbivore interactions may be essential when examining the dynamics of herbivore communities.
Author: Danush Vasan Viswanathan
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780494159934
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 280
Get Book Here
Book Description
Feeding by herbivorous arthropods often induces phenotypic responses in their host plants. Such responses are increasingly found to be herbivore-specific, as both their strength and type can vary with herbivore identity. To date, most research has focused on discerning the causes, whether functional or evolutionary, of this specificity. However, recent studies have suggested that it can also have strong ecological effects on the distribution and occurrence of herbivores. Using Solanum dulcamara (bittersweet nightshade), I established a consistent ecological pattern within its herbivore community that is driven by specificity in plant responses: early-season differences in the identity of colonizing herbivores induce divergent plant phenotypes, producing heterogeneity in resource quality and a predictable distribution of late-season herbivores. These priority effects (i.e., differences in later herbivore occurrence caused by the identity of initial herbivores) seem to have their temporal basis in a physiological tradeoff within the plant, as it is unable to sequentially respond to different herbivore species. The responses associated with a particular herbivore occur only when it is the first species to feed on the plant. If its feeding follows that of a different herbivore, these responses are no longer induced. Chemical antagonism between different signaling pathways in the plant may underlie these results, in which case we may be able to predict the occurrence of priority effects based on knowledge of the response pathways induced by different herbivores. However, the spatial scale of these interactions can also influence their strength. I found that the presence of multiple plant phenotypes has a greater effect on herbivore occurrence within stands of S. dulcamara than it does between them. Fragmentation of S. dulcamara populations reduces the likelihood of herbivores moving between plants, thereby reducing the degree to which they can discriminate between different plant phenotypes. Overall, therefore, a combined knowledge of the chemical basis and ecological context of plant-herbivore interactions may be essential when examining the dynamics of herbivore communities.
Author: Richard Karban
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
ISBN: 0226424979
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 332
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Book Description
Plants face a daunting array of creatures that eat them, bore into them, and otherwise use virtually every plant part for food, shelter, or both. But although plants cannot flee from their attackers, they are far from defenseless. In addition to adaptations like thorns, which may be produced in response to attack, plants actively alter their chemistry and physiology in response to damage. For instance, young potato plant leaves being eaten by potato beetles respond by producing chemicals that inhibit beetle digestive enzymes. Over the past fifteen years, research on these induced responses to herbivory has flourished, and here Richard Karban and Ian T. Baldwin present the first comprehensive evaluation and synthesis of this rapidly developing field. They provide state-of-the-discipline reviews and highlight areas where new research will be most productive. Their comprehensive overview will be welcomed by a wide variety of theoretical and applied researchers in ecology, evolutionary biology, plant biology, entomology, and agriculture.
Author: Andreas Schaller
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1402081820
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 450
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Book Description
This timely book provides an overview of the anatomical, chemical, and developmental features contributing to plant defense, with an emphasis on plant responses that are induced by wounding or herbivore attack. The book first introduces general concepts of direct and indirect defenses, followed by a focused review of the different resistance traits. Finally, signal perception and transduction mechanism for the activation of plant defense responses are discussed.
Author: W.W. Weisser
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 354074004X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 419
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Book Description
Insects are a dominant component of biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems and play a key role in mediating the relationship between plants and ecosystem processes. This volume examines their effects on ecosystem functioning, focusing mainly, but not exclusively, on herbivorous insects. Renowned authors with extensive experience in the field of plant-insect interactions, contribute to the volume using examples from their own work.
Author: Kimberly Ann Morrell
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 144
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Book Description
Plants interact with numerous organisms in their communities, including neighboring plants. In large part, these interactions are mediated by blends of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that plants emit into their headspaces, which may inform other organisms by reflecting plants' physiologies and the biotic and abiotic stresses they are experiencing. However, while the ubiquity of VOC-mediated plant-plant interactions is well established, their mechanisms, ecological outcomes and evolutionary trajectories remain largely uncharacterized. Collectively, these experiments seek to close some of these knowledge gaps, using tall goldenrod (Solidago altissima) and its diverse herbivore community as a model system. Chapter 1 reviews the literature on plants' responses to herbivores and VOCs from neighboring plants - highlighting numerous parallels between the molecular mechanisms and ecological outcomes underlying induced responses to herbivores and VOC-mediated plant-plant interactions. We emphasize the need to conduct mechanistic and ecological studies that directly compare plants' responses to VOCs vis-à-vis herbivory. Chapter 2 examines the effects of VOC-mediated plant-plant interactions on herbivore performance and behavior. It reveals that these interactions may result in VOC-exposed and herbivore-damaged plants becoming of equally bad food quality for subsequent herbivores - reducing feeding and increasing between-host movement - in spite of the fact that induced leaf chemistry of damaged and exposed plants is not identical. Chapter 3 explores whether VOC-mediated plant-plant interactions have specific effects on different herbivores. We demonstrate that herbivore-induced VOCs elicit specific chemical changes in exposed plants, and that these chemical changes have specific effects - making VOC-exposed plants more or less resistant to subsequent herbivores. Chapter 4 explores whether VOC emission and perception vary across plant genotypes. We find that genotypes vary in their abilities to emit and perceive VOCs, and that receivers may induce resistance or susceptibility to subsequent herbivores, or not respond, depending on the genotypes of VOC-emitting plants. Collectively, these experiments reveal that the identity of a plant's neighbors affects available information and its resistance state in its community. The observed specificity and genotypic variation in VOC-mediated plant-plant interactions suggests that it is worth exploring the costs and benefits of these interactions in the context of the genetic structure of plant populations, and the diversity/composition of the herbivore community.
Author: Kjell Danell
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1139455842
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 489
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Book Description
Most large herbivores require some type of management within their habitats. Some populations of large herbivores are at the brink of extinction, some are under discussion for reintroduction, whilst others already occur in dense populations causing conflicts with other land use. Large herbivores are the major drivers for forming the shape and function of terrestrial ecosystems. This 2006 book addresses the scientifically based action plans to manage both the large herbivore populations and their habitats worldwide. It covers the processes by which large herbivores not only affect their environment (e.g. grazing) but are affected by it (e.g. nutrient cycling) and the management strategies required. Also discussed are new modeling techniques, which help assess integration processes in a landscape context, as well as assessing the consequences of new developments in the processes of conservation. This book will be essential reading for all involved in the management of both large herbivores and natural resources.
Author: Timothy D. Schowalter
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080508812
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 575
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Book Description
Dr. Timothy Schowalter has succeeded in creating a unique, updated treatment of insect ecology. This revised and expanded text looks at how insects adapt to environmental conditions while maintaining the ability to substantially alter their environment. It covers a range of topics- from individual insects that respond to local changes in the environment and affect resource distribution, to entire insect communities that have the capacity to modify ecosystem conditions.Insect Ecology, Second Edition, synthesizes the latest research in the field and has been produced in full color throughout. It is ideal for students in both entomology and ecology-focused programs. NEW TO THIS EDITION:* New topics such as elemental defense by plants, chaotic models, molecular methods to measure disperson, food web relationships, and more* Expanded sections on plant defenses, insect learning, evolutionary tradeoffs, conservation biology and more* Includes more than 350 new references* More than 40 new full-color figures
Author:
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0080925456
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : zh-CN
Pages : 506
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Book Description
This volume presents the latest research on herbivores, aquatic and terrestrial mammals and insects. The Second Edition, written almost entirely by new authors, effectively complements the initial work. It includes advances in molecular biology and microbiology, ecology, and evolutionary theory that have been achieved since the first edition was published in 1979. The book also incorporates relatively new methodologies in the area of molecular biology, like protein purification and gene cloning. Volume II, Ecological and Evolutionary Processes, also opens up entirely new subjects: The discussions of interactions have expanded to include phenomena at higher trophic levels, such as predation and microbial processing and other environmental influences. Both this and Volume I, The Chemical Participants, will be of interest to chemists, biochemists, plant and insect ecologists, evolutionary biologists, physiologists, entomologists, and agroecologists interested in both crop and animal science. Presents coevolution of herbivores and host plants Examines resource availability and its effects on secondary metabolism and herbivores Studies physiology and biochemistry of adaptation to hosts Includes tri-trophic interactions involving predators and microbes
Author: Robert Denno
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0323142877
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 735
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Book Description
Variable Plants and Herbivores in Natural and Managed Systems examines individual, population, species, and community responses of herbivores to plant variation, with emphasis on insects, fungi, bacteria, and viruses. It is divided into five parts encompassing 18 chapters that discuss variability as a mechanism of defense used by plants against their parasites and the effects of variability on herbivores at several different levels of complexity. After a brief discussion on plant-herbivore interactions, the first part of this book considers sources of within-plant variation and effects on the distribution and abundance of herbivores. Part II examines interplant variation, the co-evolutionary problems it poses for herbivores, and the ecological and evolutionary responses of these animals. It discusses the effects of host-plant variability on the fitness of sedentary herbivorous insects. Part III discusses the role of host variability in the evolution of feeding specialization, genetic differentiation, and race formation. The importance of host variation to the organization of herbivore communities and the manipulation of host-plant variability for the management of herbivore pest populations are presented in the remaining parts. This book will be helpful to agriculturists, silviculturists, biologists, and researchers who wish to expand their knowledge in dynamics of plant-herbivore relationships.
Author: Amanda Lynn Buchanan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Biology
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
ABSTRACT: Plants are fed upon by a range of insect foragers, including herbivores and pollinators. Because herbivores damage plant parts and pollinators transfer pollen among plants, plants generally benefit by avoiding herbivores and attracting pollinators. Through interactions with their host plants, herbivores and pollinators can influence the expression and evolution of plant traits. While there is a substantial body of research on plant-herbivore and plant-pollinator interactions, and increasing appreciation for the joint effects of herbivores and pollinators on plants, there are still aspects of plant-pollinator-herbivore interactions that warrant attention, including the persistence of effects beyond the year in which the interaction occurred, the effects of variability in herbivory and pollination on the evolution of plant traits, and the effects of herbivores and pollinators on asexual reproduction in plants. Ecological interactions between foragers (pollinators and herbivores) and host plants make possible a network of feedbacks in which foragers both influence and respond to plant traits. These feedbacks can link the plant traits to which foragers respond, and thus may help explain observed variation in plant traits. Interactions among plants, herbivores, and pollinators have been well documented, but addressing interactions among all three across years in a single system is rare. Across year effects are particularly important because single-year studies might misinterpret plant responses to their environment. In chapter two I describe two experiments using the perennial plant Chamerion angustifolium that address plant-forager interactions. In one I manipulated herbivory and pollen receipt to quantify forager effects on plant traits and in another I manipulated plant size and flowering phenotype to quantify forager response. I found pathways of interaction between plants and insects both within and across years, suggesting the potential for feedback between foragers and plant traits. Results suggest that while pollinators prefer plants with more flowers, and pollen receipt results in smaller plants, herbivores cause size overcompensation and flower reduction. Together these effects of both herbivores and pollinators may help maintain intermediate values of size and flowering traits. Environmental conditions can have a profound influence on plant fitness, and can vary substantially in time. When environmental variability is unpredictable, that is, when plants have no cues as to upcoming environmental conditions, they should evolve a bet-hedging strategy to deal with environmental variability. In chapter three, I constructed a simulation model to address the evolution of the timing and pattern of resource allocation (allocation schedules) in annual and perennial plants under stochastic variability in herbivory and pollination. Both herbivory and pollination can be highly variable in space and time, but we don't fully understand how this variability influences the evolution of plant traits. I found that annual plants flower later in the growing season and perennial plants have early and prolonged flowering under high environmental variability. I found that across-year variability selected for late flowering in annuals and for early and prolonged flowering in perennials, suggesting that populations of annuals and perennials should evolve different types of allocation schedules under variable herbivory and pollination. The biotic environment plays an important role in whether a species will be able to invade a new habitat. Herbivores and pollinators may influence the spread of plant species by influencing allocation to reproduction. Many plants reproduce both sexually and asexually, and the mode of reproduction a plant expresses can influence colonization of and establishment in new habitats. In chapter four, , I describe a series of studies using Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) to examine the effects of pollination and simulated (manual) larval and adult herbivore damage on plant growth, sexual and asexual reproduction, and herbivore resistance. Herbivores and pollinators are known to influence a wide variety of plant traits, but despite the importance of mode of reproduction for plant population dynamics, we know little about how clonal plants respond reproductively to herbivory or pollination. I conducted surveys of natural populations to assess differences in allocation pattern, herbivore damage, and herbivore resistance, and used a common garden experiment to determine if differences in allocation pattern or resistance are due to environment or among-population genotypic differences. I found that the damage mimicking larval feeding generally shifted plant responses toward asexual reproduction, while adult-type damage and pollination had no effect, demonstrating that plant foragers and forager identity can have important, but as yet incompletely understood, effects on asexual plant reproduction. Although there is a large body of research on plant-herbivore and plant-pollinator interactions, there remain complexities in these interactions that warrant further research. Results from my dissertation demonstrate that (1) multi-year studies on perennial plants are necessary to understand the effects of foragers on perennial plants, (2) forager variability might have important effects on the evolution of plant traits, and (3) foragers can have important effects on plant asexual reproduction.
