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Author: Ayman Khalifa Ghaly Gendy
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
It is often argued that time-triggered (TT) architectures are the most suitable basis for safety-related applications as their use tends to result in highly-predictable system behaviour. This predictability is increased when TT architectures are coupled with the use of co-operative (or "non pre-emptive") task sets. Despite many attractive properties, such "time-triggered co-operative" (TTC) and related "time-triggered hybrid" (TTH) architectures rarely receive much attention in the research literature. One important reason for this is that these designs are seen to be "fragile": that is, small changes to the task set may require revisions to the whole schedule. Such revisions are seen as challenging and time consuming. To tackle this problem two novel algorithms (TTSA1 and TTSA2), which help to automate the process of scheduler selection and configuration, are introduced. While searching for a workable schedule, both the algorithms try to ensure that all task constraints are met, a co-operative scheduler is used whenever possible and the power consumption is kept as low as possible. The effectiveness of these algorithms is tested by means of empirical trials. Both TTSA1 and TTSA2, like most of scheduling algorithms introduced in the literature, rely on knowledge of task worst-case execution time (WCET). Unfortunately, determining the WCET of tasks is rarely straightforward. Even in situations where accurate WCET estimates are available at design time, variations in task execution time, between its best-case execution time (BCET) and its WCET, may still affect the system predictability and/or violate task constraints. In an effort to address this problem, a set of code-balancing techniques is introduced. Using an empirical study it is demonstrated that these techniques help in reducing the variations in task execution time, and hence increase the system predictability. These goals are achieved with a reduced power-consumption overhead, compared to alternative solutions.
Author: Ayman Khalifa Ghaly Gendy
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
It is often argued that time-triggered (TT) architectures are the most suitable basis for safety-related applications as their use tends to result in highly-predictable system behaviour. This predictability is increased when TT architectures are coupled with the use of co-operative (or "non pre-emptive") task sets. Despite many attractive properties, such "time-triggered co-operative" (TTC) and related "time-triggered hybrid" (TTH) architectures rarely receive much attention in the research literature. One important reason for this is that these designs are seen to be "fragile": that is, small changes to the task set may require revisions to the whole schedule. Such revisions are seen as challenging and time consuming. To tackle this problem two novel algorithms (TTSA1 and TTSA2), which help to automate the process of scheduler selection and configuration, are introduced. While searching for a workable schedule, both the algorithms try to ensure that all task constraints are met, a co-operative scheduler is used whenever possible and the power consumption is kept as low as possible. The effectiveness of these algorithms is tested by means of empirical trials. Both TTSA1 and TTSA2, like most of scheduling algorithms introduced in the literature, rely on knowledge of task worst-case execution time (WCET). Unfortunately, determining the WCET of tasks is rarely straightforward. Even in situations where accurate WCET estimates are available at design time, variations in task execution time, between its best-case execution time (BCET) and its WCET, may still affect the system predictability and/or violate task constraints. In an effort to address this problem, a set of code-balancing techniques is introduced. Using an empirical study it is demonstrated that these techniques help in reducing the variations in task execution time, and hence increase the system predictability. These goals are achieved with a reduced power-consumption overhead, compared to alternative solutions.
Author: Mouaaz Nahas
Publisher: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
ISBN: 9783659380471
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 580
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Book Description
The work described in this book attempts to address the gap between scheduling theory and its practical implementation in real-time, resource-constrained embedded systems. Therefore, a simple technique, called Scheduler Test Case (STC), is proposed to explore the behaviour of a particular real-time scheduler implementation under different operating conditions. The focus of this work is on single-processor embedded systems employing Time-Triggered Co-operative (TTC) algorithm as a good match for many safety-critical applications. STC is a testing method which facilitates an empirical "black-box" comparison between the behaviour of representative implementations of the TTC algorithm. The STC technique is also used to evaluate the behaviour of multi-processor embedded designs employing Shared-Clock (S-C) scheduling architectures and TTC algorithm on the Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol. Here, the STC technique explores the impact of the S-C scheduler implementation on the overall timing and communication behaviour of the system. The book concludes by listing the key advantages of the developed STC technique and suggests some ideas for future work.
Author: Mouaaz Nahas
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Author: Sven Reimann
Publisher:
ISBN: 9783832539801
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Modern control systems are usually realized as embedded systems. This typically leads to resource-constrained control systems due to constraints on computing speed, memory size or communication bandwidth. In this thesis, scheduling and control strategies as well as event-triggered control strategies are addressed for handling the limited computation and communication resources. All proposed strategies are designed in a way, such that they can be realized based on output information. Part I focuses on scheduling and control design methods for distributing efficiently the limited computation and communication resources. First, an integrated control and scheduling design is proposed for controlling several plants over one share communication network, which assumes full state measurement. By including a switched observer the control and scheduling can be realized based on output information. Second, a strategy for scheduling a set of PI control tasks with limited computation resources is developed. The focus lies on the scheduling of PI control tasks with low computational overhead. Both presented strategies are online scheduling algorithms, where the scheduling decision is made based on output-feedback information of the plants. This allows a reactiveness to disturbances and reference changes and, hence, an improved control performance compared with offline scheduling algorithms. In Part II, a novel event-triggered PI control concept is developed for setpoint tracking problems. The focus lies on reducing the resource utilization, especially the communication over the feedback link, while maintaining a certain level of performance. An event-triggered PI control strategy is proposed, where both the event-triggering condition and the PI controller are realized periodically, such an implementation can be easily realized in a standard time-sliced embedded software architecture. Further, a control synthesis is presented, which allows to design the control parameters taking the event-triggered implementation into account. All proposed strategies in Part I and Part II are evaluated by simulations and experimental studies in comparison with related approaches from literature, to demonstrate the effectiveness.
Author: Christos Koulamas
Publisher: MDPI
ISBN: 3038975095
Category : Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 189
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Book Description
This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "Real-Time Embedded Systems" that was published in Electronics
Author: Kiyofumi Tanaka
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 9535101676
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 444
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Book Description
Nowadays, embedded systems - the computer systems that are embedded in various kinds of devices and play an important role of specific control functions, have permitted various aspects of industry. Therefore, we can hardly discuss our life and society from now onwards without referring to embedded systems. For wide-ranging embedded systems to continue their growth, a number of high-quality fundamental and applied researches are indispensable. This book contains 19 excellent chapters and addresses a wide spectrum of research topics on embedded systems, including basic researches, theoretical studies, and practical work. Embedded systems can be made only after fusing miscellaneous technologies together. Various technologies condensed in this book will be helpful to researchers and engineers around the world.
Author: Bruno Bouyssounouse
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3540319735
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 507
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Book Description
Embedded systems now include a very large proportion of the advanced products designed in the world, spanning transport (avionics, space, automotive, trains), electrical and electronic appliances (cameras, toys, televisions, home appliances, audio systems, and cellular phones), process control (energy production and distribution, factory automation and optimization), telecommunications (satellites, mobile phones and telecom networks), and security (e-commerce, smart cards), etc. The extensive and increasing use of embedded systems and their integration in everyday products marks a significant evolution in information science and technology. We expect that within a short timeframe embedded systems will be a part of nearly all equipment designed or manufactured in Europe, the USA, and Asia. There is now a strategic shift in emphasis for embedded systems designers: from simply achieving feasibility, to achieving optimality. Optimal design of embedded systems means targeting a given market segment at the lowest cost and delivery time possible. Optimality implies seamless integration with the physical and electronic environment while respecting real-world constraints such as hard deadlines, reliability, availability, robustness, power consumption, and cost. In our view, optimality can only be achieved through the emergence of embedded systems as a discipline in its own right.
Author: Michael Douglas Harrison
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3540876979
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 467
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Book Description
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security, SAFECOMP 2008, held in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, in September 2008. The 32 revised full papers presented together with 3 keynote papers and a panel session were carefully reviewed and selected from 115 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on software dependability, resilience, fault tolerance, security, safety cases, formal methods, dependability modelling, as well as security and dependability.
Author: Christian Artigues
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118623703
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 235
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Book Description
This title presents a large variety of models and algorithms dedicated to the resource-constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP), which aims at scheduling at minimal duration a set of activities subject to precedence constraints and limited resource availabilities. In the first part, the standard variant of RCPSP is presented and analyzed as a combinatorial optimization problem. Constraint programming and integer linear programming formulations are given. Relaxations based on these formulations and also on related scheduling problems are presented. Exact methods and heuristics are surveyed. Computational experiments, aiming at providing an empirical insight on the difficulty of the problem, are provided. The second part of the book focuses on several other variants of the RCPSP and on their solution methods. Each variant takes account of real-life characteristics which are not considered in the standard version, such as possible interruptions of activities, production and consumption of resources, cost-based approaches and uncertainty considerations. The last part presents industrial case studies where the RCPSP plays a central part. Applications are presented in various domains such as assembly shop and rolling ingots production scheduling, project management in information technology companies and instruction scheduling for VLIW processor architectures.
Author: Richard Zurawski
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1439807639
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 667
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Book Description
Considered a standard industry resource, the Embedded Systems Handbook provided researchers and technicians with the authoritative information needed to launch a wealth of diverse applications, including those in automotive electronics, industrial automated systems, and building automation and control. Now a new resource is required to report on current developments and provide a technical reference for those looking to move the field forward yet again. Divided into two volumes to accommodate this growth, the Embedded Systems Handbook, Second Edition presents a comprehensive view on this area of computer engineering with a currently appropriate emphasis on developments in networking and applications. Those experts directly involved in the creation and evolution of the ideas and technologies presented offer tutorials, research surveys, and technology overviews that explore cutting-edge developments and deployments and identify potential trends. This first self-contained volume of the handbook, Embedded Systems Design and Verification, is divided into three sections. It begins with a brief introduction to embedded systems design and verification. It then provides a comprehensive overview of embedded processors and various aspects of system-on-chip and FPGA, as well as solutions to design challenges. The final section explores power-aware embedded computing, design issues specific to secure embedded systems, and web services for embedded devices. Those interested in taking their work with embedded systems to the network level should complete their study with the second volume: Network Embedded Systems.
