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Author: Mishal Habis Al Harbi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Streamline-based models have shown great potential in reconciling high resolution geologic models to production data. In this work we extend the streamline-based production data integration technique to naturally fractured reservoirs. We use a dual-porosity streamline model for fracture flow simulation by treating the fracture and matrix as separate continua that are connected through a transfer function. Next, we analyticallycompute the sensitivities that define the relationship between the reservoir properties and the production response in fractured reservoirs. Finally, production data integration is carried out via the Generalized Travel Time inversion (GTT). We also apply the streamline-derived sensitivities in conjunction with a dual porosity finite difference simulator to combine the efficiency of the streamline approach with the versatility of the finite difference approach. This significantly broadens the applicability of the streamline- based approach in terms of incorporating compressibility effects and complex physics. The number of reservoir parameters to be estimated is commonly orders of magnitude larger than the observation data, leading to non-uniqueness and uncertainty in reservoir parameter estimate. Such uncertainty is passed to reservoir response forecast which needs to be quantified in economic and operational risk analysis. In this work we sample parameter uncertainty using a new two-stage Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) that is very fast and overcomes much of its current limitations. The computational efficiency comes through a substantial increase in the acceptance rate during MCMC by using a fast linearized approximation to the flow simulation and the likelihood function, the critical link between the reservoir model and production data. The Gradual Deformation Method (GDM) provides a useful framework to preserve geologic structure. Current dynamic data integration methods using GDM are inefficient due to the use of numerical sensitivity calculations which limits the method to deforming two or three models at a time. In this work, we derived streamline-based analytical sensitivities for the GDM that can be obtained from a single simulation run for any number of basis models. The new Generalized Travel Time GDM (GTT-GDM) is highly efficient and achieved a performance close to regular GTT inversion while preserving the geologic structure.
Author: Mishal Habis Al Harbi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Streamline-based models have shown great potential in reconciling high resolution geologic models to production data. In this work we extend the streamline-based production data integration technique to naturally fractured reservoirs. We use a dual-porosity streamline model for fracture flow simulation by treating the fracture and matrix as separate continua that are connected through a transfer function. Next, we analyticallycompute the sensitivities that define the relationship between the reservoir properties and the production response in fractured reservoirs. Finally, production data integration is carried out via the Generalized Travel Time inversion (GTT). We also apply the streamline-derived sensitivities in conjunction with a dual porosity finite difference simulator to combine the efficiency of the streamline approach with the versatility of the finite difference approach. This significantly broadens the applicability of the streamline- based approach in terms of incorporating compressibility effects and complex physics. The number of reservoir parameters to be estimated is commonly orders of magnitude larger than the observation data, leading to non-uniqueness and uncertainty in reservoir parameter estimate. Such uncertainty is passed to reservoir response forecast which needs to be quantified in economic and operational risk analysis. In this work we sample parameter uncertainty using a new two-stage Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) that is very fast and overcomes much of its current limitations. The computational efficiency comes through a substantial increase in the acceptance rate during MCMC by using a fast linearized approximation to the flow simulation and the likelihood function, the critical link between the reservoir model and production data. The Gradual Deformation Method (GDM) provides a useful framework to preserve geologic structure. Current dynamic data integration methods using GDM are inefficient due to the use of numerical sensitivity calculations which limits the method to deforming two or three models at a time. In this work, we derived streamline-based analytical sensitivities for the GDM that can be obtained from a single simulation run for any number of basis models. The new Generalized Travel Time GDM (GTT-GDM) is highly efficient and achieved a performance close to regular GTT inversion while preserving the geologic structure.
Author: Akhil Datta-Gupta
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
We explore the use of efficient streamline-based simulation approaches for modeling and analysis partitioning interwell tracer tests in heterogeneous and fractured hydrocarbon reservoirs. We compare the streamline-based history matching techniques developed during the first two years of the project with the industry standard assisted history matching. We enhance the widely used assisted history matching in two important aspects that can significantly improve its efficiency and effectiveness. First, we utilize streamline-derived analytic sensitivities to relate the changes in reservoir properties to the production response. These sensitivities can be computed analytically and contain much more information than that used in the assisted history matching. Second, we utilize the sensitivities in an optimization procedure to determine the spatial distribution and magnitude of the changes in reservoir parameters needed to improve the history-match. By intervening at each iteration during the optimization process, we can retain control over the history matching process as in assisted history matching. This allows us to accept, reject, or modify changes during the automatic history matching process. We demonstrate the power of our method using two field examples with model sizes ranging from 10{sup 5} to 10{sup 6} grid blocks and with over one hundred wells. We have also extended the streamline-based production data integration technique to naturally fractured reservoirs using the dual porosity approach. The principal features of our method are the extension of streamline-derived analytic sensitivities to account for matrix-fracture interactions and the use of our previously proposed generalized travel time inversion for history matching. Our proposed workflow has been demonstrated by using both a dual porosity streamline simulator and a commercial finite difference simulator. Our approach is computationally efficient and well suited for large scale field applications in naturally fractured reservoirs with changing field conditions. This considerably broadens the applicability of the streamline-based analysis of tracer data and field production history for characterization of heterogeneous and fractured reservoirs.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Petroleum engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 568
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Book Description
Author: Ronald Nelson
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080507298
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 353
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Book Description
Geologists, engineers, and petrophysicists concerned with hydrocarbon production from naturally fractured reservoirs will find this book a valuable tool for obtaining pertinent rock data to evaluate reserves and optimize well location and performance. Nelson emphasizes geological, petrophysical, and rock mechanics to complement other studies of the subject that use well logging and classical engineering approaches. This well organized, updated edition contains a wealth of field and laboratory data, case histories, and practical advice. - A great how-to-guide for anyone working with fractured or highly anisotropic reservoirs - Provides real-life illustrations through case histories and field and laboratory data
Author: Zhenzihao Zhang
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Significant amounts of oil and gas are trapped in naturally fractured reservoirs, a phenomenon which has attracted growing attention as the shale boom has evolved. The dual-porosity concept has been commonly used in modeling these naturally fractured reservoirs. In this model, the fluid flows through the fracture system in the reservoir, while matrix blocks are segregated by the fractures and act as the fluids sources for them. This model was originally developed for liquid in naturally fractured systems and therefore inadequate for capturing pressure-dependent effects in gas systems. This study presents a rigorous derivation of a gas interporosity flow equation that accounts for the effects of pressure-sensitive properties. A numerical simulator using the gas interporosity flow equation is built and demonstrates a significant difference in system response from that of a simulator implementing a liquid-form interporosity flow equation. For this reason, rigorous modeling of interporosity flow is considered essential to decline curve analysis for naturally fractured gas reservoirs. State-of-the-art approaches to decline curve analysis have typically used pseudo-functions, yet these approaches remain limited in utility as demonstrated in many previous comparisons between analytical results and production data that revealed discrepancy. In this study, we show the gas interporosity flow equation eliminates the discrepancy at the decline stage and enables rigorous decline curve analysis for production at constant bottomhole pressure. We investigate the applicability of a density-based approach for decline curve analysis for production at constant bottomhole pressure in dual-porosity gas systems. This approach relates gas production profiles to their liquid counterparts by decoupling pressure-dependent effects from pressure depletion. This study further demonstrates the process of rigorous derivation for density-based decline curve analysis in dual-porosity gas systems. The interporosity flow equation for gas is used, and a deliverability equation for dual-porosity systems is rigorously derived in the process.In light of density-based approach for production at constant bottomhole pressure in dual-porosity gas systems, a density-based, rescaled exponential model for variable pressure drawdown/variable rate production was developed for dual-porosity gas systems. We also explore straight-line analysis for convenient prediction of OGIP and production rate at variable pressure drawdown/rate production. This density-based model was tested in a variety of scenarios to showcase its validity. Furthermore, based on Warren and Root's model, a density-based exponential model for variable pressure drawdown/rate in dual-porosity liquid systems is proposed and verified. Then, a straight-line analysis is proposed to enable explicit OOIP prediction and convenient future production calculation. Aside from these, we develop a double-exponential decline model under constant BHP for liquid which is not only applicable to both decline stages but also convenient to implement.
Author: Roberto Aguilera
Publisher: PennWell Books
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 730
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Book Description
This book deals exclusively with naturally fractured reservoirs and includes many subjects usually treated in separate volumes. A highly practical edition, Naturally Fractured Reservoirs is written for students, reservoir geologists, log analysts and petroleum engineers.
Author: Sutthaporn Tripoppoom
Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing
ISBN: 0128222433
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 290
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Book Description
As unconventional reservoir activity grows in demand, reservoir engineers relying on history matching are challenged with this time-consuming task in order to characterize hydraulic fracture and reservoir properties, which are expensive and difficult to obtain. Assisted History Matching for Unconventional Reservoirs delivers a critical tool for today's engineers proposing an Assisted History Matching (AHM) workflow. The AHM workflow has benefits of quantifying uncertainty without bias or being trapped in any local minima and this reference helps the engineer integrate an efficient and non-intrusive model for fractures that work with any commercial simulator. Additional benefits include various applications of field case studies such as the Marcellus shale play and visuals on the advantages and disadvantages of alternative models. Rounding out with additional references for deeper learning, Assisted History Matching for Unconventional Reservoirs gives reservoir engineers a holistic view on how to model today's fractures and unconventional reservoirs. - Provides understanding on simulations for hydraulic fractures, natural fractures, and shale reservoirs using embedded discrete fracture model (EDFM) - Reviews automatic and assisted history matching algorithms including visuals on advantages and limitations of each model - Captures data on uncertainties of fractures and reservoir properties for better probabilistic production forecasting and well placement
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 16
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Book Description
Author: Zhong He
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Integration of dynamic data is critical for reliable reservoir description and has been an outstanding challenge for the petroleum industry. This work develops practical dynamic data integration techniques using streamline approaches to condition static geological models to various kinds of dynamic data, including two-phase production history, interference pressure observations and primary production data. The proposed techniques are computationally efficient and robust, and thus well-suited for large-scale field applications. We can account for realistic field conditions, such as gravity, and changing field conditions, arising from infill drilling, pattern conversion, and recompletion, etc., during the integration of two-phase production data. Our approach is fast and exhibits rapid convergence even when the initial model is far from the solution. The power and practical applicability of the proposed techniques are demonstrated with a variety of field examples. Tointegrate two-phase production data, a travel-time inversion analogous to seismic inversion is adopted. We extend the method via a 'generalized travel-time' inversion to ensure matching of the entire production response rather than just a single time point while retaining most of the quasi-linear property of travel-time inversion. To integrate the interference pressure data, we propose an alternating procedure of travel-time inversion and peak amplitude inversion or pressure inversion to improve the overall matching of the pressure response. A key component of the proposed techniques is the efficient computation of the sensitivities of dynamic responses with respect to reservoir parameters. These sensitivities are calculated analytically using a single forward simulation. Thus, our methods can be orders of magnitude faster than finite-difference based numerical approaches that require multiple forward simulations. Streamline approach has also been extended to identify reservoir compartmentalization and flow barriers using primary production data in conjunction with decline type-curve analysis. The streamline 'diffusive' time of flight provides an effective way to calculate the drainage volume in 3D heterogeneous reservoirs. The flow barriers and reservoir compartmentalization are inferred based on the matching of drainage volumes from streamline-based calculation and decline type-curve analysis. The proposed approach is well-suited for application in the early stages of field development with limited well data and has been illustrated using a field example from the Gulf of Mexico.
Author: Ahmed Al Huthali
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The current streamline formulation is limited to single-porosity systems and is then not suitable for application to naturally fractured reservoirs. Describing the fluid transport in naturally fractured reservoirs has been recognized as a main challenge for simulation engineers due to the complicated physics involved. In this work, we generalized the streamline-based simulation to describe the fluid transport in naturally fractured reservoirs. We implemented three types of transfer function: the conventional transfer function (CTF), the diffusion transfer function (DTF), and the empirical transfer function (ETF). We showed that these transfer functions can be implemented easily in the current single-porosity streamline codes. These transfer functions have been added as a source term to the transport equation that describes the saturation evolution along the streamlines. We solved this equation numerically for all types of transfer functions. The numerical solution of the continuity equation with DTF and ETF requires discretizing a convolution term. We derived an analytical solution to the saturation equation with ETF in terms of streamline TOF to validate the numerical solution. We obtain an excellent match between the numerical and the analytical solution. The final stage of our study was to validate our work by comparing our dual-porosity streamline simulator (DPSS) to the commercial dual-porosity simulator, ECLIPSE. The dual-porosity ECLIPSE uses the CTF to describe the interaction between the matrix-blocks and the fracture system. The dual-porosity streamline simulator with CTF showed an excellent match with the dual-porosity ECLIPSE. On the other hand, dual-porosity streamline simulation with DTF and ETF showed a lower recovery than the recovery obtained from the dual-porosity ECLIPSE and the DPSS with CTF. This difference in oil recovery is not due to our formulation, but is related to the theoretical basis on which CTF, DTF, and ETF were derived in the literature. It was beyond the scope of this study to investigate the relative accuracy of each transfer function. We demonstrate that the DPSS is computationally efficient and ideal for large-scale field application. Also, we showed that the DPSS minimizes numerical smearing and grid orientation effects compared to the dual-porosity ECLIPSE.
