Species Produced in Fires Burning in Two-layered and Homogenous Vitiated Environments PDF Download
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Author: James Henry Morehart
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electronic dissertations
Languages : en
Pages : 518
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Book Description
Author: James Henry Morehart
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electronic dissertations
Languages : en
Pages : 518
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Book Description
Author: J. H. Morehart
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Flame spread
Languages : en
Pages : 259
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Book Description
The chemical species produced in a buoyant, turbulent diffusion flame exposed initially to a supply of fresh air and extending into a reduced-oxygen environment containing products of combustion are investigated. The stably stratified, vitiated region is formed by placing a hood above a burner so that it accumulates the gases of the fire plume, while the direct injection of air into the upper portion of the hood allows conditions to be studied where the stoichiometry of the collected gases is different than that of the plume flow crossing the interface between these two regions. Measurements of the composition show that the species produced in the flame depend primarily on the stoichiometry of the gases in the vitiated region, but are independent of the fuel-air ratio of the mass transported across the interface by the plume. A weak dependence of species concentrations on the temperature of the product gas layer was observed over the range 500 to 900 K. Using a detailed chemical kinetics model, the composition of the product gases is found to be stable for the temperatures measured in the experiments, but reactions do occur at temperatures above 700 K. The effects of varying the fuel's molecular structure on the product gas composition are also considered. Experiments were conducted with natural gas, ethylene, and propylene fuels. The presence of a double bond between carbon atoms appears to assist the combustion process towards further completion. As expected, the behavior of the propylene fuel (which contains both single and double carbon-carbon bonds) fell between that of the other fuels. Additionally, the minimum oxygen concentration necessary to support a diffusion flame in a homogeneous, vitiated environment is investigated. By submerging the entire flame into the interior volume of the hood, the oxygen content of the supporting atmosphere is controlled. As conditions approach the limit of flammability, radiation from soot in the reaction zone becomes imperceptible, leaving only a weakly-luminous blue flame. Even with significant reductions in both the flame height and luminosity, these fires near the limiting conditions completely consume the fuel and generate no measurable amounts of incomplete combustion products.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Dissertations, Academic
Languages : en
Pages : 612
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Author: Jenny M Jones
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 1447164377
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 118
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Book Description
This book considers the pollutants formed by the combustion of solid biomass fuels. The availability and potential use of solid biofuels is first discussed because this is the key to the development of biomass as a source of energy. This is followed by details of the methods used for characterisation of biomass and their classification. The various steps in the combustion mechanisms are given together with a compilation of the kinetic data. The chemical mechanisms for the formation of the pollutants: NOx, smoke and unburned hydrocarbons, SOx, Cl compounds, and particulate metal aerosols are given in detail. Combustion kinetics required for the application for design purposes are given. Examples are given of emission levels of a range different types of combustion equipment. Data is given of NOx, particulates and other pollutant arising from combustion of different fuels in fixed bed combustion, fluidized bed combustion and pulverised biomass combustion and co-firing. Modeling methods including computational fluid dynamics for the various pollutants are outlined. The consequential issues arising from the wide scale use of biomass and future trends are then discussed. In particular the role of carbon capture and storage in large biomass combustion plants is considered as well as the opportunity of reducing the concentration of atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide.
Author: Vytenis Babrauskas
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Combustion
Languages : en
Pages : 156
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Book Description
Author: J. O'Brien
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aquatic ecosystems
Languages : en
Pages : 104
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Book Description
Author: Sara McAllister
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1441979433
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 315
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Book Description
Fundamentals of Combustion Processes is designed as a textbook for an upper-division undergraduate and graduate level combustion course in mechanical engineering. The authors focus on the fundamental theory of combustion and provide a simplified discussion of basic combustion parameters and processes such as thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, ignition, diffusion and pre-mixed flames. The text includes exploration of applications, example exercises, suggested homework problems and videos of laboratory demonstrations
Author: A A Stec
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 184569807X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 721
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Book Description
Toxic fire effluents are responsible for the majority of fire deaths, and an increasing large majority of fire injuries, driven by the widespread and increasing use of synthetic polymers. Fire safety has focused on preventing ignition and reducing flame spread through reducing the rate of heat release, while neglecting the important issue of fire toxicity. This is the first reference work on fire toxicity and the only scientific publication on the subject in the last 15 years. Assessment of toxic effects of fires is increasingly being recognised as a key factor in the assessment of fire hazards. This book raises important issues including the types of toxic effluents that different fires produce, their physiological effects, methods for generation and assessment of fire toxicity, current and proposed regulations and approaches to modelling the toxic impact of fires. The contributors to Fire toxicity represent an international team of the leading experts in each aspect of this challenging and important field. This book provides an important reference work for professionals in the fire community, including fire fighters, fire investigators, regulators, fire safety engineers, and formulators of fire-safe materials. It will also prove invaluable to researchers in academia and industry. Investigates the controversial subject of toxic effluents as the cause of the majority of fire deaths and injuries Describes the different types of toxic effluents and the specific fires that they produce, their physiological effects and methods for generation Provides an overview of national and international fire safety regulations including current and proposed regulations such as a standardized framework for prediction of fire gas toxicity
Author: John Dewey
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN:
Category : Juvenile Nonfiction
Languages : en
Pages : 456
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Book Description
. Renewal of Life by Transmission. The most notable distinction between living and inanimate things is that the former maintain themselves by renewal. A stone when struck resists. If its resistance is greater than the force of the blow struck, it remains outwardly unchanged. Otherwise, it is shattered into smaller bits. Never does the stone attempt to react in such a way that it may maintain itself against the blow, much less so as to render the blow a contributing factor to its own continued action. While the living thing may easily be crushed by superior force, it none the less tries to turn the energies which act upon it into means of its own further existence. If it cannot do so, it does not just split into smaller pieces (at least in the higher forms of life), but loses its identity as a living thing. As long as it endures, it struggles to use surrounding energies in its own behalf. It uses light, air, moisture, and the material of soil. To say that it uses them is to say that it turns them into means of its own conservation. As long as it is growing, the energy it expends in thus turning the environment to account is more than compensated for by the return it gets: it grows. Understanding the word "control" in this sense, it may be said that a living being is one that subjugates and controls for its own continued activity the energies that would otherwise use it up. Life is a self-renewing process through action upon the environment.
Author: Geological Survey (U.S.)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 100
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Book Description
