Author: James Popple
Publisher: Australian National Univ.
ISBN: 0731518276
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 454
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Book Description
Most legal expert systems attempt to implement complex models of legal reasoning. But the utility of a legal expert system lies not in the extent to which it simulates a lawyer’s approach to a legal problem, but in the quality of its predictions and of its arguments. A complex model of legal reasoning is not necessary: a successful legal expert system can be based upon a simplified model of legal reasoning. Some researchers have based their systems upon a jurisprudential approach to the law, yet lawyers are patently able to operate without any jurisprudential insight. A useful legal expert system should be capable of producing advice similar to that which one might get from a lawyer, so it should operate at the same pragmatic level of abstraction as does a lawyer—not at the more philosophical level of jurisprudence. A legal expert system called SHYSTER has been developed to demonstrate that a useful legal expert system can be based upon a pragmatic approach to the law. SHYSTER has a simple representation structure which simplifies the problem of knowledge acquisition. Yet this structure is complex enough for SHYSTER to produce useful advice. SHYSTER is a case-based legal expert system (although it has been designed so that it can be linked with a rule-based system to form a hybrid legal expert system). Its advice is based upon an examination of, and an argument about, the similarities and differences between cases. SHYSTER attempts to model the way in which lawyers argue with cases, but it does not attempt to model the way in which lawyers decide which cases to use in those arguments. Instead, it employs statistical techniques to quantify the similarity between cases. It decides which cases to use in argument, and what prediction it will make, on the basis of that similarity measure. SHYSTER is of a general design: it can provide advice in areas of case law that have been specified by a legal expert using a specification language. Hence, it can operate in different legal domains. Four different, and disparate, areas of law have been specified for SHYSTER, and its operation has been tested in each of those domains. Testing of SHYSTER in these four domains indicates that it is exceptionally good at predicting results, and fairly good at choosing cases with which to construct its arguments. SHYSTER demonstrates the viability of a pragmatic approach to legal expert system design.
Author: James Popple
Publisher: Dartmouth (Ashgate)
ISBN: 1855217392
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 406
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Book Description
Most legal expert systems attempt to implement complex models of legal reasoning. This book argues that a complex model is unnecessary. It advocates a simpler, pragmatic approach in which the utility of a legal expert system is evaluated by reference, not to the extent to which it simulates a lawyer's approach to a legal problem, but to the quality of its predictions and of its arguments. The author describes the development of a legal expert system, called SHYSTER, which takes a pragmatic approach to case law. He discusses the testing of SHYSTER in four different and disparate areas of case law, and draws conclusions about the advantages and limitations of this approach to legal expert system development. Chapter 1 presents a critical analysis of previous work of relevance to the development of legal expert systems. Chapter 2 explains the pragmatic approach that was adopted in the development of SHYSTER. The implementation of SHYSTER is detailed using examples in chapter 3. Chapter 4 describes the testing of SHYSTER, and conclusions are drawn from those tests in chapter 5. Examples of SHYSTER's output are provided in appendices.
Author: Thomas A O'Callaghan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Legal expert systems are the nexus of Artificial Intelligence and the law. A legal expert system is "a system capable of performing at a level expected of a lawyer" [Popple 1996, page 3]. Legal expert systems may be designed for use by legally trained people or for use by the general public ("lay-people"). Legal expert systems designed for use by legally trained people aim to provide a method of speeding-up the provision, and improving the accuracy, of legal research undertaken with the aim of advising the client. Designed for use by legally trained people, these systems may assume general legal knowledge. Consequently the questions asked by the system and the reports returned may be stated at a level appropriate for legally trained people. The primary benefit of this category of legal expert system is the reduction of internal cost of legal research. The flow-on benefits for clients reductions in the cost of legal services and consequently improved access to quality representation, and reduction of the time taken to resolve a legal question. Legal expert systems designed for use by lay-people aim to provide greater access to the law. This category of legal expert system is more difficult to create because no legal knowledge by the user can be assumed. The discovery of the facts of the case becomes problematic [Susskind 2001]. More research is required in the area of fact elicitation before such systems become viable. Once they are viable, access to the law should be dramatically improved. A consequential benefit may be a reduction in litigation, as potential litigants could settle their dispute by reference to the advice of a legal expert system. However, such a system would raise an important ethical question -- the creators of such a system may be usurping the role of the courts in that the public may come to rely on the statements by the system as "what the law is". SHYSTER-MYCIN is the legal expert system created for and discussed in this thesis. SHYSTER-MYCIN combines rule-based reasoning with case-based reasoning. The system is designed as the first category of legal expert systems described above: a legal expert system to be consulted by legally trained people. This hybrid system enables the case-based reasoner to determine open-textured concepts when required by the rule-based reasoner, MYCIN. The system operates on a reduced version of the Copyright Act 1968, including cases that define the term "authorization" (see Chapter 2). The Act is reasoned by a system of rules. Whereas cases are reasoned by analogy. This approach is supported by jurisprudential discussions on legal reasoning (see Chapter 3). The system was created in three progressive versions (Chapter 5). The focus of the creation of the system was the reporting of reasons for conclusions. The second and third versions were tested against three criteria: validity, conciseness and correctness (see Chapter 6). The system performed well (see Chapter 7) against those criteria, indicating that the approach taken is appropriate: that is, it is appropriate to use rules to reason with statutes and analogy to reason with cases.
Author: Pooja Raundale
Publisher: Mha Publisher
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Many legal expert systems are dependent on the concept of complex models. They are implemented using these complex models of legal reasoning. The legal expert systems are useful only if they are used by the users. The users of the expert systems are mainly common men, lawyers or any other person who is studying law. The usability of the Expert System predominantly depends on the quality factor of the system. A complex model of legal reasoning is not necessary; a successful legal expert system can be based upon a simplified model of legal reasoning. A useful legal expert system should be capable of producing advice similar to a lawyer, so it should operate at the same way as a lawyer works in his area. A legal expert system called NIRNAY has been developed to demonstrate that a useful legal expert system can be based upon a pragmatic approach to the law. NIRNAY is a Hybrid Intelligent System which uses two methods of reasoning to give the advice to the user of the system. NIRNAY has an Application layer above the two modules. These modules are Case Based Reasoner module and Rule Based Reasoner module. The rule base and case base are used for representation of knowledge about the domain. NIRNAY is a hybrid intelligent system in the sense that its advice is based upon the two methods of reasoning; it uses the Rule Based Reasoning and Case Based Reasoning to produce the advice. The first module i.e. RBR module checks the validity of the contract and the argument is produced by the CBR module for Breach of Building Contract, an argument, about the similarities and differences between cases. NIRNAY tries to use the way in which lawyers argue with cases. It also attempts to use the way in which lawyers decide which cases to use in the arguments. It makes use of 'similarity measure' to find the similarity between the cases. It decides which cases to use in argument, and what prediction it will make, on the basis of that similarity measure. NIRNAY is tested for both the modules and it indicates that it is exceptionally good at predicting results, and fairly good at choosing cases with which to construct its arguments. NIRNAY demonstrates the viability of a pragmatic approach to legal expert system design.
Author: Paliwala, Abdul
Publisher: Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza
ISBN: 8416272123
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 288
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Book Description
El volumen 9 de la LEFIS Series celebra el 25 aniversario de BILETA (British & Irish Law, Education and Technology Association). En él, estudiosos internacionales pioneros en Informática y Derecho procedentes de universidades australianas, británicas, estadounidenses, holandesas, noruegas y españolas analizan los éxitos y desafíos en la aplicación de las tecnologías de información al Derecho y a la práctica legal.
Author: James Popple
Publisher: Australian National Univ.
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 243
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Book Description
Provides fully commented and indexed listings of the ISO C source code for the SHYSTER legal expert system.
Author: Martina Smith
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Expert systems (Computer science)
Languages : en
Pages : 256
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Book Description
Author: Philip Leith
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1447105931
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 365
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Book Description
The Computerised Lawyer provides a comprehensive introduction to the technology and application of computers in law. Over the last 5 years it has become increasingly recognised that the skills associated with new technology are so important that proficie ncy in the field is now being viewed as an integral element in the education and skills development of all law students. New curriculums are being developed which incorporate the issues discussed in this book, and professionals will find the text useful and highly relevant. This book fulfils the need for a textbook which, whilst assuming no prior knowledge of computing, manages to cover all the key issues associated with information technology and its relevance to legal issues and practice. Philip Leith and Amanda Hoey have completely rewritten the first edition of this book to bring the reader an up-to-date text that will be important to everyone working with computers in law.
Author: John Fulcher
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9783540211532
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 352
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Book Description
This carefully edited book presents examples of the successful application of Intelligent Systems techniques to practical problems. The invited contributions, written by international experts in their respective fields, clearly demonstrate what can be achieved when AI systems are used to solve real-world problems. The book covers the field of applied intelligent systems with a broad and deep selection of topics, such as object recognition, robotics, satellite weather prediction, or economics with an industrial focus. This book will be of interest to researchers interested in applied intelligent systems/AI, as well as to engineers and programmers in industry.
Author: Richard E. Susskind
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN:
Category : Expert systems (Computer science)
Languages : en
Pages : 328
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Book Description
Expert systems are computer systems that engage in legal reasoning by assisting general legal practitioners in solving legal problems beyond their range of knowledge or expertise. This book is a comprehensive investigation of expert systems in law. Susskind uses jurisprudence throughout the book to articulate the presuppositions and limitations of building such systems, and to provide sound practical guidance for their design.
