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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 29
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Book Description
This report summarizes our development of spectroscopic chemical analysis techniques and spectral modeling for trace-gas measurements of highly-regulated low-concentration species present in flue gas emissions from utility coal boilers such as HCl under conditions of high humidity. Detailed spectral modeling of the spectroscopy of HCl and other important combustion and atmospheric species such as H 2 O, CO 2 , N 2 O, NO 2 , SO 2 , and CH 4 demonstrates that IR-laser spectroscopy is a sensitive multi-component analysis strategy. Experimental measurements from techniques based on IR laser spectroscopy are presented that demonstrate sub-ppm sensitivity levels to these species. Photoacoustic infrared spectroscopy is used to detect and quantify HCl at ppm levels with extremely high signal-to-noise even under conditions of high relative humidity. Additionally, cavity ring-down IR spectroscopy is used to achieve an extremely high sensitivity to combustion trace gases in this spectral region; ppm level CH 4 is one demonstrated example. The importance of spectral resolution in the sensitivity of a trace-gas measurement is examined by spectral modeling in the mid- and near-IR, and efforts to improve measurement resolution through novel instrument development are described. While previous project reports focused on benefits and complexities of the dual-etalon cavity ring-down infrared spectrometer, here details on steps taken to implement this unique and potentially revolutionary instrument are described. This report also illustrates and critiques the general strategy of IR- laser photodetection of trace gases leading to the conclusion that mid-IR laser spectroscopy techniques provide a promising basis for further instrument development and implementation that will enable cost-effective sensitive detection of multiple key contaminant species simultaneously.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 29
Get Book Here
Book Description
This report summarizes our development of spectroscopic chemical analysis techniques and spectral modeling for trace-gas measurements of highly-regulated low-concentration species present in flue gas emissions from utility coal boilers such as HCl under conditions of high humidity. Detailed spectral modeling of the spectroscopy of HCl and other important combustion and atmospheric species such as H 2 O, CO 2 , N 2 O, NO 2 , SO 2 , and CH 4 demonstrates that IR-laser spectroscopy is a sensitive multi-component analysis strategy. Experimental measurements from techniques based on IR laser spectroscopy are presented that demonstrate sub-ppm sensitivity levels to these species. Photoacoustic infrared spectroscopy is used to detect and quantify HCl at ppm levels with extremely high signal-to-noise even under conditions of high relative humidity. Additionally, cavity ring-down IR spectroscopy is used to achieve an extremely high sensitivity to combustion trace gases in this spectral region; ppm level CH 4 is one demonstrated example. The importance of spectral resolution in the sensitivity of a trace-gas measurement is examined by spectral modeling in the mid- and near-IR, and efforts to improve measurement resolution through novel instrument development are described. While previous project reports focused on benefits and complexities of the dual-etalon cavity ring-down infrared spectrometer, here details on steps taken to implement this unique and potentially revolutionary instrument are described. This report also illustrates and critiques the general strategy of IR- laser photodetection of trace gases leading to the conclusion that mid-IR laser spectroscopy techniques provide a promising basis for further instrument development and implementation that will enable cost-effective sensitive detection of multiple key contaminant species simultaneously.
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309470501
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 251
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Book Description
Understanding, quantifying, and tracking atmospheric methane and emissions is essential for addressing concerns and informing decisions that affect the climate, economy, and human health and safety. Atmospheric methane is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) that contributes to global warming. While carbon dioxide is by far the dominant cause of the rise in global average temperatures, methane also plays a significant role because it absorbs more energy per unit mass than carbon dioxide does, giving it a disproportionately large effect on global radiative forcing. In addition to contributing to climate change, methane also affects human health as a precursor to ozone pollution in the lower atmosphere. Improving Characterization of Anthropogenic Methane Emissions in the United States summarizes the current state of understanding of methane emissions sources and the measurement approaches and evaluates opportunities for methodological and inventory development improvements. This report will inform future research agendas of various U.S. agencies, including NOAA, the EPA, the DOE, NASA, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the National Science Foundation (NSF).
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Air
Languages : en
Pages : 172
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Book Description
Author: Weidong Chen
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128156899
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 634
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Book Description
Advances in Spectroscopic Monitoring of the Atmosphere provides a comprehensive overview of cutting-edge technologies and monitoring applications. Concepts are illustrated by numerous examples with information on spectroscopic techniques and applications widely distributed throughout the text. This information is important for researchers to gain an overview of recent developments in the field and make informed selections among the most suitable techniques. This volume also provides information that will allow researchers to explore implementing and developing new diagnostic tools or new approaches for trace gas and aerosol sensing themselves. Advances in Spectroscopic Monitoring of the Atmosphere covers advanced and newly emerging spectroscopic techniques for optical metrology of gases and particles in the atmosphere. This book will be a valuable reference for atmospheric scientists, including those whose focus is applying the methods to atmospheric studies, and those who develop instrumentation. It will also serve as a useful introduction to researchers entering the field and provide relevant examples to researchers and students developing and applying optical sensors for a variety of other scientific, technical, and industrial uses. Overview of new applications including remote sensing by UAV, laser heterodyne radiometry, dual comb spectroscopy, and more Features in-situ observations and measurements for real-world data Includes content on leading edge optical sensors
Author: James A. Jahnke
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 9780471292272
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 420
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Book Description
Continuous Emission Monitoring, Second Edition is the most comprehensive source of information on the latest technical and regulatory issues that are affecting the design, application, and certification of CEM systems. It provides a thorough discussion of CEM systems, how they work, their advantages and drawbacks, and the regulatory requirements that govern their operation. Equally suitable for an environmental engineer in a plant or control agency, a CEM user, or an inspector/auditor, this book makes it possible to assess the operating characteristics of commercial systems and to evaluate them for a specific application. Thoroughly referenced, with numerous illustrations, it features: * A comprehensive review of regulations, with clear information on changes * New measurement techniques, designs for "smart" analyzers, and advanced monitoring approaches * New chapters on flow rate and continuous particulate monitors * Techniques for recordkeeping, generating reports, and using data acquisition and handling systems * Quality assurance/quality control programs CEMs are becoming a fact of life in regulatory programs throughout the United States, Canada, Europe, and Asia. Environmental professionals as well as vendors and manufacturers will turn to Continuous Emission Monitoring for clear, up-to-date information on the technical and regulatory issues shaping this dynamic field.
Author: Theo G.M. Van De Ven
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 9535111833
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 380
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Book Description
Cellulose is destined to play a major role in the emerging bioeconomy. Awareness of the environment and a depletion of fossil fuels are some of the driving forces for looking at forest biomaterials for an alternative source of energy, chemicals and materials. The importance of cellulose is widely recognized world-wide and as such the field of cellulose science is expanding exponentially. Cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer on earth, has unique properties which makes it an ideal starting point for transforming it into useful materials. To achieve this, a solid knowledge of cellulose is essential. As such this book on cellulose, the first in a series of three, is very timely. It deals with fundamental aspect of cellulose, giving the reader a good appreciation of the richness of cellulose properties. Book Cellulose - Fundamental Aspects is a good introduction to books Cellulose - Medical, Pharmaceutical and Electronic Applications and Cellulose - Biomass Conversion , in which applications of cellulose and its conversion to other materials are treated.
Author: Leo Posthuma
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1420032313
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 617
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Book Description
In spite of the growing importance of Species Sensitivity Distribution models (SSDs) in ecological risk assessments, the conceptual basis, strengths, and weaknesses of using them have not been comprehensively reviewed. This book fills that need. Written by a panel of international experts, Species Sensitivity Distributions in Ecotoxicology reviews
Author: Nazli Yesiller
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Chlorofluorocarbons
Languages : en
Pages : 340
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 3
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Book Description
A critical need exists for the development of methods to monitor toxic metal concentrations in remediation system off gases in real-time at parts-per-billion levels or lower. Although several technology development projects are being pursued to meet the requirements of a multi-element metals continuous emission monitor (CEM), no current technique has met all the requirements of sensitivity and data quality. The use of cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRS) as an ultra-sensitive analytical technique is a natural extension of previous atomic absorption spectroscopy methods. However, while CRS has rapidly gained popularity among the molecular spectroscopy community, the work reported here concerns the first efforts to apply this technique to analytical atomic spectroscopy. The objective of this project is to combine CRS with the well-established tools for sample atomization, the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and graphite furnace (GF), to provide a viable technique for on-line, trace level continuous emission monitoring of species such as toxic metals and radionuclides with detection limits comparable to ICP-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). This report summarizes the authors progress in the first year of a 3-year project to develop cavity ringdown spectroscopy as a sensitive, continuous emission monitor for metals. Progress has been slightly delayed by problems associated with freeing up the matching funds necessary to purchase a new narrow-linewidth dye laser and the typical problems encountered when departments move into a new building. However, these problems have been largely solved. Their new laser system has recently arrived and additional matching funds have been obtained for the purchase of a graphite furnace. This instrument is on order and will arrive in the near future. The postdoctoral and graduate positions have been filled.
Author: Karishma S. Kaushik
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3031153499
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 325
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Book Description
In an age of antibiotic resistant infections, the study of biofilms is increasingly important. Microbes more than often exist in complex multi-species or polymicrobial communities, making infections difficult to detect, diagnose and treat. Given the increased focus on studying biofilms in research and laboratory settings, particularly under conditions that closely mimic the clinical state, it is important to get an overview of the recent methods, model systems and tools being developed and employed in this context. This book offers readers the opportunity to learn more about current methods being used in the investigation of multi-species biofilms, both in vivo and in vitro. For this, the book highlights new technologies built and designed for the study of multiple species within biofilm communities, including those that can be leveraged for the evaluation of antimicrobial treatment approaches. The application of these state-of-the-art techniques to further our understanding of multi-species biofilms will be discussed and the reader will learn how the clinical microenvironment and the development of biofilm communities are considered when developing such tools. With cutting-edge contributions from experts in the respective domains, this book will benefit translational and basic research scientists, as well as clinicians, and is an informative resource for educators and their students.
