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Author: Hassan Ayoubi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The seismic evaluation of existing unreinforced masonry (URM) structures is deemed essential due to their historical value and the vulnerability they present when subjected to earthquake shaking. Most of these buildings, constructed in the last century, do not comply with the current seismic codes and masonry standard. This study focusses on the assessment of URM walls subjected to lateral loading and more in detail to the behaviour of structural components such as the piers and spandrels. The behavior of structural elements, comprising the shear and bending failure modes, are investigated; these failure modes can be detected through the crack propagation initiated in building's masonry walls. Then, a parametric study on a series of capacity formulations of piers and spandrels is performed and each failure mode is investigated independently in the aim of assessing the accuracy in capturing their strength. Three experimental test data are used to validate the efficiency of formulations for diagonal shear and data from five testing programs are used to validate the proposed formulations used to predict the maximum shear force resulting from flexural behavior of piers. Subsequently, a deterministic model for piers is built using an open-source software to generate data required to build a linear relationship between different parameters and the performance criteria expressed in terms of strength and ductility. A case study comprising an URM facade wall of an existing 2-storey school building in Montreal is also conducted and certain strengthening interventions are presented. Further, the generated data is used to build probabilistic models that operates on Bayesian Networks. Nonlinear analysis using the target and the predictive variables are carried out. Machine learning algorithms are applied to acquire the entropy reduction factors which helps determining the most predictive variables used to assess the performance of piers.
Author: Hassan Ayoubi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The seismic evaluation of existing unreinforced masonry (URM) structures is deemed essential due to their historical value and the vulnerability they present when subjected to earthquake shaking. Most of these buildings, constructed in the last century, do not comply with the current seismic codes and masonry standard. This study focusses on the assessment of URM walls subjected to lateral loading and more in detail to the behaviour of structural components such as the piers and spandrels. The behavior of structural elements, comprising the shear and bending failure modes, are investigated; these failure modes can be detected through the crack propagation initiated in building's masonry walls. Then, a parametric study on a series of capacity formulations of piers and spandrels is performed and each failure mode is investigated independently in the aim of assessing the accuracy in capturing their strength. Three experimental test data are used to validate the efficiency of formulations for diagonal shear and data from five testing programs are used to validate the proposed formulations used to predict the maximum shear force resulting from flexural behavior of piers. Subsequently, a deterministic model for piers is built using an open-source software to generate data required to build a linear relationship between different parameters and the performance criteria expressed in terms of strength and ductility. A case study comprising an URM facade wall of an existing 2-storey school building in Montreal is also conducted and certain strengthening interventions are presented. Further, the generated data is used to build probabilistic models that operates on Bayesian Networks. Nonlinear analysis using the target and the predictive variables are carried out. Machine learning algorithms are applied to acquire the entropy reduction factors which helps determining the most predictive variables used to assess the performance of piers.
Author: Miha Tomazevic
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 1783262524
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 281
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Book Description
In the last few decades, a considerable amount of experimental and analytical research on the seismic behaviour of masonry walls and buildings has been carried out. The investigations resulted in the development of methods for seismic analysis and design, as well as new technologies and construction systems. After many centuries of traditional use and decades of allowable stress design, clear concepts for limit state verification of masonry buildings under earthquake loading have recently been introduced in codes of practice.Although this book is not a review of the state-of-the-art of masonry structures in earthquake zones, an attempt has been made to balance the discussion on recent code requirements, state-of-the-art methods of earthquake-resistant design and the author's research work, in order to render the book useful for a broader application in design practice. An attempt has also been made to present, in a condensed but easy to understand way, all the information needed for earthquake-resistant design of masonry buildings constructed using traditional systems. The basic concepts of limit state verification are presented and equations for seismic resistance verification of masonry walls of all types of construction, (unreinforced, confined and reinforced) as well as masonry-infilled reinforced concrete frames, are addressed. A method for seismic resistance verification, compatible with recent code requirements, is also discussed. In all cases, experimental results are used to explain the proposed methods and equations.An important part of this book is dedicated to the discussion of the problems of repair, retrofit and rehabilitation of existing masonry buildings, including historical structures in urban centres. Methods of strengthening masonry walls as well as improving the structural integrity of existing buildings are described in detail. Wherever possible, experimental evidence regarding the effectiveness of the proposed strengthening methods is given.
Author: Hossein Derakhshan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Buildings
Languages : en
Pages : 341
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Book Description
This thesis investigates the behaviour of URM walls subjected to out-of-plane seismic forces, and the study is focused primarily on single-storey and two-storey one-way spanning walls connected to flexible diaphragms. Expressions that describe the intermediate-height cracking of out-of-plane loaded one-way spanning URM walls were formulated, and wall force-displacement behaviour and the sensitivity to various parameters were studied. Crack height was identified to be particularly sensitive to low values of masonry bond strength and/or to low values of applied overburden. Crack height was found to have significant effects on both wall instability displacement and lateral resistance. A comprehensive quasi-static testing programme was developed by subjecting full-scale two-leaf and three-leaf URM walls to out-of-plane uniform forces. The objective of the tests was to develop an idealised predictive model for the out-of-plane behaviour of URM walls, by accounting the effects of different mortar mixes, multi-leaf construction and overburden loads. An in-field out-of-plane pushover testing programme was next completed, and some of the key questions about actual wall performance were answered. Wall support types and characteristics and their effect on wall behaviour were investigated by testing multiple walls having different support configurations, which included timber diaphragms, concrete ring beam, and grouted steel anchorage bars. The effect of plaster and wall finishings was investigated, and the conditions upon which the previously developed idealised predictive model had acceptable results were determined. A simplified reduced-degree-of-freedom numerical model was developed to study the dynamic behaviour of URM walls, with critical requirements of the model being an ability to account for the effects of flexible supports and an ability to predict the behaviour of two-storey walls. An existing assessment procedure for seismic assessment of out-of-plane loaded URM walls was reviewed in detail, an alternative methodology for wall assessment was introduced, and seismic assessment charts were presented for single-storey and two-storey walls.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 197
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Book Description
Unreinforced masonry bearing and shear walls common in the Tennessee Valley Authority's (TVA's) switch-house structures have been found to be vulnerable to earthquakes. One technique to reduce the seismic vulnerability of these structures is to retrofit the masonry walls using the Hexcel-Fyfe TYFO(TM) system. This system consists of a glass fiber fabric combined with special epoxies to create a high strength, lightweight structural laminate. Hexcel-Fyfe TYFO(TM) can be designed to work in conjunction with existing walls to increase both the in-plane and out-of-plane seismic strength of the unreinforced masonry walls. To ensure that this technique will perform its intended purpose, the U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories (USACERL) and TVA conducted seismic analysis and shake-table seismic testing using USACERL's Triaxial Earthquake and Shock Simulator. The results of seismic testing documented in this report show that applying the overlay material to one side of the unreinforced masonry wall will enhance its seismic resistance.
Author: Kit M. Wong
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Buildings
Languages : en
Pages : 132
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Book Description
Author: Gilbert Bélec
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Aníbal Costa
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642396860
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 350
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Book Description
This present book describes the different construction systems and structural materials and elements within the main buildings typologies, and it analyses the particularities of each of them, including, at the end, general aspects concerning laboratory and in-situ testing, numerical modeling, vulnerability assessment and construction maintenance.
Author: S Tesfamariam
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0857098985
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 920
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Book Description
Earthquakes represent a major risk to buildings, bridges and other civil infrastructure systems, causing catastrophic loss to modern society. Handbook of seismic risk analysis and management of civil infrastructure systems reviews the state of the art in the seismic risk analysis and management of civil infrastructure systems. Part one reviews research in the quantification of uncertainties in ground motion and seismic hazard assessment. Part twi discusses methodologies in seismic risk analysis and management, whilst parts three and four cover the application of seismic risk assessment to buildings, bridges, pipelines and other civil infrastructure systems. Part five also discusses methods for quantifying dependency between different infrastructure systems. The final part of the book considers ways of assessing financial and other losses from earthquake damage as well as setting insurance rates. Handbook of seismic risk analysis and management of civil infrastructure systems is an invaluable guide for professionals requiring understanding of the impact of earthquakes on buildings and lifelines, and the seismic risk assessment and management of buildings, bridges and transportation. It also provides a comprehensive overview of seismic risk analysis for researchers and engineers within these fields. This important handbook reviews the wealth of recent research in the area of seismic hazard analysis in modern earthquake design code provisions and practices Examines research into the analysis of ground motion and seismic hazard assessment, seismic risk hazard methodologies Addresses the assessment of seismic risks to buildings, bridges, water supply systems and other aspects of civil infrastructure
Author: Hamid Mahmood
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Masonry
Languages : en
Pages : 352
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Book Description
The research in this thesis was conducted with the primary aims of seismically assessing the current stock of Pakistan unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings and investigating seismic retrofit of New Zealand URM buildings using fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) materials. Seismic assessment of Pakistan URM buildings was conducted by adopting three international rapid evaluation methods for Pakistan conditions. Assessment case studies of major cities of Pakistan were performed and it was concluded that the New Zealand method is applicable with certain modifications to Pakistan URM buildings. The focus of the second part of this research was on seismic retrofit of in-plane loaded walls, that are likely to fail in a shear mode, as such failures are commonly observed in earthquakes. FRP materials have become popular in recent years, but limited test data, and design guidelines exist for their use on URM walls. The experimental part of this included seventeen monotonic diagonal compression tests, six reverse cyclic diagonal compression tests, and six horizontal shear tests on unretrofitted and FRP-retrofitted walls. The research showed that FRP is highly effective in increasing shear strength, pseudo-ductility and toughness, which are important parameters in seismic design. Horizontal shear tests on flanged walls, with realistic boundary conditions, confirmed the effectiveness of FRP for enhancement of shear strength of URM. Simple finite element (FE) models were presented in this research using a commercial FE software. The models were effective in simulating the behaviour and shear stress of wallettes retrofitted with full surface fabrics and strips that were oriented along the wallette diagonals. A guide for the design of in-plane loaded walls that are retrofitted with externally bonded FRP materials was presented. Design expressions were developed from the basic principle and were correlated to the experimental results. Design examples were also included.
Author: Michael Beer
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9783642353437
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 3953
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Book Description
The Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering is designed to be the authoritative and comprehensive reference covering all major aspects of the science of earthquake engineering, specifically focusing on the interaction between earthquakes and infrastructure. The encyclopedia comprises approximately 300 contributions. Since earthquake engineering deals with the interaction between earthquake disturbances and the built infrastructure, the emphasis is on basic design processes important to both non-specialists and engineers so that readers become suitably well informed without needing to deal with the details of specialist understanding. The encyclopedia’s content provides technically-inclined and informed readers about the ways in which earthquakes can affect our infrastructure and how engineers would go about designing against, mitigating and remediating these effects. The coverage ranges from buildings, foundations, underground construction, lifelines and bridges, roads, embankments and slopes. The encyclopedia also aims to provide cross-disciplinary and cross-domain information to domain-experts. This is the first single reference encyclopedia of this breadth and scope that brings together the science, engineering and technological aspects of earthquakes and structures.
