Seguimiento a muy largo plazo de la efectividad de la terapia cognitivo-conductual centrada en el trauma en víctimas del terrorismo en España PDF Download
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Author: Beatriz Cobos Redondo
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Languages : es
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En lo que llevamos de siglo, sin tener en cuenta los datos del pasado año 2019 que aún se están cuantificando, son más de 85.000 los atentados terroristas cometidos, los cuales han segado más de 220.000 vidas [National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism y Responses to Terrorism START, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017,2018]. Un acto de este tipo, cometido para generar terror, conlleva consecuencias psicológicas en las personas que lo sufren, en los equipos de rescate y posiblemente en la población general, objetivo final del acto terrorista. Se ha comprobado que la prevalencia del TEPT entre las víctimas del terrorismo se encuentra entre el 18 y el 40% (DiMaggio y Galea, 2006; García-Vera y Sanz, 2015), la de los trastornos depresivos entre un 20 y un 30% (Salguero et al., 2011) y la de los trastornos de ansiedad diferentes del TEPT, entre un 6,1% del trastorno de angustia, hasta un 19,8% en el caso de la agorafobia (García-Vera y Sanz, 2010)...
Author: Beatriz Cobos Redondo
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ISBN:
Category :
Languages : es
Pages :
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Book Description
En lo que llevamos de siglo, sin tener en cuenta los datos del pasado año 2019 que aún se están cuantificando, son más de 85.000 los atentados terroristas cometidos, los cuales han segado más de 220.000 vidas [National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism y Responses to Terrorism START, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017,2018]. Un acto de este tipo, cometido para generar terror, conlleva consecuencias psicológicas en las personas que lo sufren, en los equipos de rescate y posiblemente en la población general, objetivo final del acto terrorista. Se ha comprobado que la prevalencia del TEPT entre las víctimas del terrorismo se encuentra entre el 18 y el 40% (DiMaggio y Galea, 2006; García-Vera y Sanz, 2015), la de los trastornos depresivos entre un 20 y un 30% (Salguero et al., 2011) y la de los trastornos de ansiedad diferentes del TEPT, entre un 6,1% del trastorno de angustia, hasta un 19,8% en el caso de la agorafobia (García-Vera y Sanz, 2010)...
Author: Natalia Moreno Pérez
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Languages : es
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El terrorismo es un grave problema mundial que cada año afecta a un número muy elevado de personas. Solamente en el año 2014 se produjeron en el mundo 13.463 atentados terroristas que provocaron 32.727 muertos, 34.791 heridos y 9.428 secuestrados (National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism [START], 2015). En España el número de personas fallecidas por atentados terroristas en los últimos 45 años es de 1.220, a las que habría que sumar los miles de heridos y de familiares y allegados de personas fallecidas y heridas. Aunque la mayoría de las víctimas no desarrollarán trastornos mentales a causa de los atentados terroristas y conseguirán recuperarse sin secuelas psicopatológicas significativas, un porcentaje importante sufrirán un trastorno por estrés postraumático (TEPT), depresivo o de ansiedad (García-Vera y Sanz, 2010, 2015). Entre las víctimas directas, la prevalencia del TEPT se ha estimado entre un 10% y un 30% (DiMaggio y Galea, 2006; García-Vera y Sanz, 2015), la del trastorno depresivo mayor entre un 13,3% y un 47,7% y la de los trastornos de ansiedad entre un 6,1% y un 19,8% (García-Vera y Sanz, 2010; Salguero, Fernández-Berrocal, Iruarrizaga, Cano-Vindel, y Galea, 2011). Además, en muchos casos, tales trastornos no parecen remitir con el tiempo y parecen crónicos (García-Vera y Sanz, 2010; Morina, Wicherts, Lobbrecht y Priebe, 2014)...
Author: Clara Gesteira Santos
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Languages : es
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OBJETIVO Se analiza la eficacia de la terapia cognitivo-conductual centrada en el trauma en víctimas de atentados terroristas con trastorno por estrés postraumático (TEPT) o trastornos de ansiedad o depresivos a muy largo plazo (> 5 años después del atentado). Se pretende, así, engrosar el limitado conocimiento científico sobre la eficacia de los tratamientos en esta población concreta. MÉTODO Un grupo de 120 víctimas directas e indirectas de atentados terroristas cometidos en España una media de 18,43 años atrás, que presentaban aislada o concurrentemente trastorno por estrés postraumático (TEPT; 49,2%), trastorno depresivo mayor (TDM; 40,8%) y otros trastornos de ansiedad (75,8%), fueron aleatorizados en 16 sesiones de Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual (TCC) centrada en el trauma (grupo experimental) o 16 semanas de espera (grupo control). La TCC centrada en el trauma estaba basada en el protocolo de exposición prolongada de Foa y Rothbaum (1998) pero se le añadieron técnicas específicas para el manejo de los trastornos del estado de ánimo y trastornos de ansiedad, se hizo un mayor énfasis en la psicoeducación sobre las reacciones post traumáticas y en la reestructuración cognitiva y se añadieron estrategias de motivación, regulación emocional y terapia narrativa. De las 60 personas que fueron asignadas al grupo experimental, 25 (41,6%) rechazaron la terapia y 10 (28,6%) la abandonaron una vez iniciada. RESULTADOS Las personas del grupo experimental que completaron el tratamiento (n = 25) tenían puntuaciones medias en sintomatología postraumática (PCL), depresiva (BDIL-II) y de ansiedad (BAI) significativamente inferiores a las obtenidas en el pretratamiento. Ninguna de ellas presentó en el postratamiento TEPT ni TDM y se redujo significativamente el porcentaje de otros trastornos de ansiedad. Estos resultados fueron significativamente mejores que los del grupo de control. Se obtuvieron tamaños del efecto pre/post grandes (d PCL = 1,39; d BDI-II = 1,19; d BAI = 1,20) y grandes y medios entre grupos (d PCL = 0,84; d BDI-II = 0,69; d BAI = 0,88). Un 78,3%, 91,7% y 91,7% obtuvieron una puntuación media inferior a la puntuación C para la PCL, el BDI-II y el BAI, y un 56,5%, 45,8% y 54,2% mejoraron según el índice de cambio fiable. Los beneficios se mantuvieron a los 6 meses de seguimiento y el análisis de intención de tratar (n = 35) y el análisis de todas las personas que habían completado el tratamiento (incluyendo al grupo control; n = 40) confirmaron la significación de los datos. La terapia tenía efectos mejores sobre la comorbilidad triple (TEPT, trastornos depresivos y ansiosos), pero no se encontró un efecto positivo de la adición de psicofármacos, en todo caso, peores resultados (por ejemplo, en la puntuación del BAI y la muestra de intención de tratar). CONCLUSIONES Los resultados de este estudio, comparables a los de otros estudios específicos previos, sugieren que la TCC centrada en el trauma y adaptada a víctimas del terrorismo que sufren TEPT o trastornos de ansiedad o depresivos muchos años después de los atentados terroristas, es eficaz. Aunque se recomienda mejorar las técnicas de motivación, hacer nuevos estudios con tamaños muestrales más amplios, donde se realicen análisis de componentes, análisis de la fiabilidad y adherencia al protocolo y atendiendo a diferentes grupos de víctimas y factores de riesgo, los resultados de esta tesis doctoral sustentan firmemente la idea de que la terapia cognitivo-conductual centrada en el trauma debe ser el tratamiento de elección para víctimas del terrorismo con TEPT, TDM u otros trastornos de ansiedad, incluso cuando éstos se presentan de manera comórbida y crónica.
Author: Cecilia A. Essau
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1135447039
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 308
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How do biological and environmental factors influence the development of childhood and adolescent disorders? There has been a substantial increase of interest in research into child and adolescent psychopathology. In this book, Cecilia Essau brings together contributions from the UK, the US and Canada to provide a comprehensive summary of the information available on the subject. Beginning with an introduction to general issues related to child and adolescent psychopathology, including theoretical models of normal and abnormal development, each chapter goes on to address the issues associated with specific disorders, such as: oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder eating disorders substance use disorders somatoform disorders. The contributors present a thorough overview of each disorder, including discussion of definition and classification, epidemiology, risk factors, comorbidity, course, outcome and prevention. Child & Adolescent Psychopathology will be welcomed by all mental health professionals seeking a reliable source of scientifically and clinically relevant information on the nature and treatment of child and adolescent disorders.
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Category : Crime analysis
Languages : en
Pages : 548
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Author: Deborah Cox
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 0415896126
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 314
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This exciting new book addresses how governments are now seeking to drive innovation through new forms of R&D policies, through public procurement, skills development, entrepreneurship and innovation culture to name but a few of the approaches. The volume debates and presents scattered and anonymous material in a coherent way, with a particular focus is on 'hot topics' in the field of innovation studies that have been previously under-researched. The book is divided into four key themes: government as a key actor in the innovation process, entrepreneurs as innovators, skills and competences required to maintain and improve innovation performance in Europe and finally, the wider context in which innovation policy develops.
Author: Francis T. Cullen
Publisher: Createspace Independent Pub
ISBN: 9781478262503
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 68
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A theme that has persisted throughout the history of American corrections is that efforts should be made to reform offenders. In particular, at the beginning of the 1900s, the rehabilitative ideal was enthusiastically trumpeted and helped to direct the renovation of the correctional system (e.g., implementation of indeterminate sentencing, parole, probation, a separate juvenile justice system). For the next seven decades, offender treatment reigned as the dominant correctional philosophy. Then, in the early 1970s, rehabilitation suffered a precipitous reversal of fortune. The larger disruptions in American society in this era prompted a general critique of the “state run” criminal justice system. Rehabilitation was blamed by liberals for allowing the state to act coercively against offenders, and was blamed by conservatives for allowing the state to act leniently toward offenders. In this context, the death knell of rehabilitation was seemingly sounded by Robert Martinson's (1974b) influential “nothing works” essay, which reported that few treatment programs reduced recidivism. This review of evaluation studies gave legitimacy to the antitreatment sentiments of the day; it ostensibly “proved” what everyone “already knew”: Rehabilitation did not work. In the subsequent quarter century, a growing revisionist movement has questioned Martinson's portrayal of the empirical status of the effectiveness of treatment interventions. Through painstaking literature reviews, these revisionist scholars have shown that many correctional treatment programs are effective in decreasing recidivism. More recently, they have undertaken more sophisticated quantitative syntheses of an increasing body of evaluation studies through a technique called “meta-analysis.” These meta-analyses reveal that across evaluation studies, the recidivism rate is, on average, 10 percentage points lower for the treatment group than for the control group. However, this research has also suggested that some correctional interventions have no effect on offender criminality (e.g., punishment-oriented programs), while others achieve substantial reductions in recidivism (i.e., approximately 25 percent). This variation in program success has led to a search for those “principles” that distinguish effective treatment interventions from ineffective ones. There is theoretical and empirical support for the conclusion that the rehabilitation programs that achieve the greatest reductions in recidivism use cognitive-behavioral treatments, target known predictors of crime for change, and intervene mainly with high-risk offenders. “Multisystemic treatment” is a concrete example of an effective program that largely conforms to these principles. In the time ahead, it would appear prudent that correctional policy and practice be “evidence based.” Knowledgeable about the extant research, policymakers would embrace the view that rehabilitation programs, informed by the principles of effective intervention, can “work” to reduce recidivism and thus can help foster public safety. By reaffirming rehabilitation, they would also be pursuing a policy that is consistent with public opinion research showing that Americans continue to believe that offender treatment should be an integral goal of the correctional system.
Author: Bharati, Pratyush
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1615206280
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 410
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Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a critical role in rejuvenating and sustaining the modern economy, generating substantial employment and serving as important innovation engines for the global economy. Global Perspectives on Small and Medium Enterprises and Strategic Information Systems: International Approaches aims to spread research conducted on SMEs internationally and place it at the disposal of academics, practitioners, consultants, the vendor community, and policymakers. The goal of this book is to highlight the challenges faced by SMEs and how they are coping with the adverse environment through skillful use of IT and technologies such as Web 2.0, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), e-commerce, open source software, Business Process Digitization (BPD), and other emerging technologies.
Author: Jodi Lane
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781611630664
Category : Crime
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Fear of Crime in the United States: Causes, Consequences, and Contradictions examines the nature and extent of crime-related fear. The authors describe and evaluate key research findings in the specific areas of methodology; gender, age, race and ethnicity, and socioeconomic status; contextual predictors; and the consequences of fear of crime. They discuss the improvement of fear of crime measures over time; the consistent finding that women are more afraid of crime; the impact of age, race and ethnicity, and socioeconomic status on fear; and the importance of environmental factors (such as witnessing crime and perceptions of diversity, disorder, and decline) and indirect victimization (through acquaintances and the media) on fear. The book also describes the physical, psychological, behavioral, and social effects of fear of crime. In the end, the authors tie the findings together to suggest important policy and research implications from the wealth of available research. There is no other book of which I am aware that so masterfully reviews empirical studies on fear of crime during the past half century to show how the research has changed and will continue to evolve. As long as there is crime, there will be perceptions of risk and fear of victimization; and Lane et al. help one to sift through the research with conceptual precision to formulate the most scientifically valid conclusions about the phenomena. The book is a hedgehog view of the research but points the way to needed research on topics such as fear of terrorism and how social context shapes perceptions of crime. The book is must-reading for those involved in research on victimization or fear of crime. - Kenneth F. Ferraro, Distinguished Professor of Sociology and Director of the Center on Aging and the Life Course, Purdue University This book consolidates the literature on fear of crime in a way that is unprecedented and that lends much-needed coherence to the area. It is
Author: Michael Dietrich
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN: 1781002401
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 607
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This unique Handbook explores both the economics of the firm and the theory of the firm, two areas which are traditionally treated separately in the literature. On the one hand, the former refers to the structure, organization and boundaries of the firm, while the latter is devoted to the analysis of behaviours and strategies in particular market contexts. the novel concept underpinning this authoritative volume is that these two areas closely interact, and that a framework must be articulated in order to illustrate how linkages can be created. This interpretative framework is comprehensively developed in the editors' introduction, and the expert contributors – more than fifty academics of renowned authority – further elaborate on the linkages in the seven comprehensive sections that follow, encompassing: background; equilibrium and new institutional theories; the multinational firm; dynamic approaches to the firm; modern issues; firms' strategies; and economic policy and the firm. Bridging economics and theory of the firm, and providing both technical and institutional perspectives on real corporations, this path-breaking Handbook will prove an invaluable resource for academics, researchers and students in the fields of economics, heterodox economics, business and management, and industrial organization.
