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Author: Dylan Schoemaker
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Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Maize (Zea mays L.) is a globally important crop species sold as a hybrid and is a model system for both genetics and plant breeding research. The maize breeding process involves identification of new inbred lines, followed by the identification and production of commercial hybrids from crosses of inbreds. Genomic selection and evaluation of hybrid phenotypes are important components of this process. In this dissertation, I use a large multi-environment trial dataset to explore the impact of resource allocation when developing genomic prediction models. Resource-efficient training sets can be developed using three to five environments and a single tester to predict both plant height and grain yield. A second study in my dissertation focused on prediction of hybrid combinations and the importance of general and specific combining ability in identifying new hybrids. The results demonstrated that hybrids with the greatest grain yield result from parents with a high general combining ability, but hybrids with the greatest performance may not have the largest specific combining ability deviation. Therefore, modeling only additive genetic relationships can lead to an accurate genomic prediction model during early-stage testing in a hybrid maize breeding program. The third study in my dissertation was a genetic analysis of pericarp pigmentation in progenies of commercial dent germplasm. Allelic variation at the well-studied pericarp color1 (P1) locus was significantly associated with pericarp pigmentation. The results from these projects provide novel insight into the design of hybrid breeding programs and the allocation of resources when implementing genomic selection. The research also provides candidate genes for geneticists or maize breeders to aid in the development of inbred lines with novel pericarp hues and elite agronomic characteristics.
Author: Dylan Schoemaker
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a globally important crop species sold as a hybrid and is a model system for both genetics and plant breeding research. The maize breeding process involves identification of new inbred lines, followed by the identification and production of commercial hybrids from crosses of inbreds. Genomic selection and evaluation of hybrid phenotypes are important components of this process. In this dissertation, I use a large multi-environment trial dataset to explore the impact of resource allocation when developing genomic prediction models. Resource-efficient training sets can be developed using three to five environments and a single tester to predict both plant height and grain yield. A second study in my dissertation focused on prediction of hybrid combinations and the importance of general and specific combining ability in identifying new hybrids. The results demonstrated that hybrids with the greatest grain yield result from parents with a high general combining ability, but hybrids with the greatest performance may not have the largest specific combining ability deviation. Therefore, modeling only additive genetic relationships can lead to an accurate genomic prediction model during early-stage testing in a hybrid maize breeding program. The third study in my dissertation was a genetic analysis of pericarp pigmentation in progenies of commercial dent germplasm. Allelic variation at the well-studied pericarp color1 (P1) locus was significantly associated with pericarp pigmentation. The results from these projects provide novel insight into the design of hybrid breeding programs and the allocation of resources when implementing genomic selection. The research also provides candidate genes for geneticists or maize breeders to aid in the development of inbred lines with novel pericarp hues and elite agronomic characteristics.
Author: Ramakrishna Wusirika
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1482228122
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 313
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Book Description
Sequencing of the maize genome has opened up new opportunities in maize breeding, genetics and genomics research. This book highlights modern trends in development of hybrids, analysis of genetic diversity, molecular breeding, comparative and functional genomics, epigenomicsand proteomics in maize. The use of maize in biofuels, phytoremediation and pharmaceuticals is also highlighted. Current research trends, future research directions and challenges are discussed by a panel of experts from all over the world.
Author: Martin Carlos Costa
Publisher:
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Developing cultivars with high yield potential and stability across environments is essential to sustain the increasing global population in the context of climate change. Maize (Zea mays L.) is the major crop grown in the United States. Maize breeding processes involve genomic selection and the evaluation of experimental hybrid phenotypes using small plots to estimate genotypic performance. In this dissertation, I work with an extensive multi-environmental trial dataset with the goals to (1) characterize the relative value of the three donor inbreds as sources of useful alleles representing elite, non-elite, and un-selected donor types, (2) understand genomic prediction models that effectively identify new hybrids. Results showed that the parent with additional breeding cycles (elite) produced hybrids with lower genotype by environment interaction (GxE) variance. The reduced GxE variance of the population with the longest history of selection for favorable alleles led to greater prediction accuracy), contributing to greater yield stability. My second study in the dissertation assesses the impact of plant stand (number of plants per plot) and plant spacing variability in contributing non-heritable variation in breeding trials. We evaluated the grain yield performance of five hybrids exhibiting varied ear-flex traits across five manually adjusted plant spacing setups. Results demonstrated that in 36% of the occasions, we found differences that were not a reflection of genotypic effects but rather variations in spacing conditions (significant differences). However, incorporating the plot length, stand count, and plant spacing data into the model corrected for the non-systematic variability in the breeding trial.
Author: Jeffrey Bennetzen
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319974270
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 390
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Book Description
This book discusses advances in our understanding of the structure and function of the maize genome since publication of the original B73 reference genome in 2009, and the progress in translating this knowledge into basic biology and trait improvement. Maize is an extremely important crop, providing a large proportion of the world’s human caloric intake and animal feed, and serving as a model species for basic and applied research. The exceptionally high level of genetic diversity within maize presents opportunities and challenges in all aspects of maize genetics, from sequencing and genotyping to linking genotypes to phenotypes. Topics covered in this timely book range from (i) genome sequencing and genotyping techniques, (ii) genome features such as centromeres and epigenetic regulation, (iii) tools and resources available for trait genomics, to (iv) applications of allele mining and genomics-assisted breeding. This book is a valuable resource for researchers and students interested in maize genetics and genomics.
Author: Arnel R. Hallauer
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1441907661
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 669
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Book Description
Maize is used in an endless list of products that are directly or indirectly related to human nutrition and food security. Maize is grown in producer farms, farmers depend on genetically improved cultivars, and maize breeders develop improved maize cultivars for farmers. Nikolai I. Vavilov defined plant breeding as plant evolution directed by man. Among crops, maize is one of the most successful examples for breeder-directed evolution. Maize is a cross-pollinated species with unique and separate male and female organs allowing techniques from both self and cross-pollinated crops to be utilized. As a consequence, a diverse set of breeding methods can be utilized for the development of various maize cultivar types for all economic conditions (e.g., improved populations, inbred lines, and their hybrids for different types of markets). Maize breeding is the science of maize cultivar development. Public investment in maize breeding from 1865 to 1996 was $3 billion (Crosbie et al., 2004) and the return on investment was $260 billion as a consequence of applied maize breeding, even without full understanding of the genetic basis of heterosis. The principles of quantitative genetics have been successfully applied by maize breeders worldwide to adapt and improve germplasm sources of cultivars for very simple traits (e.g. maize flowering) and very complex ones (e.g., grain yield). For instance, genomic efforts have isolated early-maturing genes and QTL for potential MAS but very simple and low cost phenotypic efforts have caused significant and fast genetic progress across genotypes moving elite tropical and late temperate maize northward with minimal investment. Quantitative genetics has allowed the integration of pre-breeding with cultivar development by characterizing populations genetically, adapting them to places never thought of (e.g., tropical to short-seasons), improving them by all sorts of intra- and inter-population recurrent selection methods, extracting lines with more probability of success, and exploiting inbreeding and heterosis. Quantitative genetics in maize breeding has improved the odds of developing outstanding maize cultivars from genetically broad based improved populations such as B73. The inbred-hybrid concept in maize was a public sector invention 100 years ago and it is still considered one of the greatest achievements in plant breeding. Maize hybrids grown by farmers today are still produced following this methodology and there is still no limit to genetic improvement when most genes are targeted in the breeding process. Heterotic effects are unique for each hybrid and exotic genetic materials (e.g., tropical, early maturing) carry useful alleles for complex traits not present in the B73 genome just sequenced while increasing the genetic diversity of U.S. hybrids. Breeding programs based on classical quantitative genetics and selection methods will be the basis for proving theoretical approaches on breeding plans based on molecular markers. Mating designs still offer large sample sizes when compared to QTL approaches and there is still a need to successful integration of these methods. There is a need to increase the genetic diversity of maize hybrids available in the market (e.g., there is a need to increase the number of early maturing testers in the northern U.S.). Public programs can still develop new and genetically diverse products not available in industry. However, public U.S. maize breeding programs have either been discontinued or are eroding because of decreasing state and federal funding toward basic science. Future significant genetic gains in maize are dependent on the incorporation of useful and unique genetic diversity not available in industry (e.g., NDSU EarlyGEM lines). The integration of pre-breeding methods with cultivar development should enhance future breeding efforts to maintain active public breeding programs not only adapting and improving genetically broad-based germplasm but also developing unique products and training the next generation of maize breeders producing research dissertations directly linked to breeding programs. This is especially important in areas where commercial hybrids are not locally bred. More than ever public and private institutions are encouraged to cooperate in order to share breeding rights, research goals, winter nurseries, managed stress environments, and latest technology for the benefit of producing the best possible hybrids for farmers with the least cost. We have the opportunity to link both classical and modern technology for the benefit of breeding in close cooperation with industry without the need for investing in academic labs and time (e.g., industry labs take a week vs months/years in academic labs for the same work). This volume, as part of the Handbook of Plant Breeding series, aims to increase awareness of the relative value and impact of maize breeding for food, feed, and fuel security. Without breeding programs continuously developing improved germplasm, no technology can develop improved cultivars. Quantitative Genetics in Maize Breeding presents principles and data that can be applied to maximize genetic improvement of germplasm and develop superior genotypes in different crops. The topics included should be of interest of graduate students and breeders conducting research not only on breeding and selection methods but also developing pure lines and hybrid cultivars in crop species. This volume is a unique and permanent contribution to breeders, geneticists, students, policy makers, and land-grant institutions still promoting quality research in applied plant breeding as opposed to promoting grant monies and indirect costs at any short-term cost. The book is dedicated to those who envision the development of the next generation of cultivars with less need of water and inputs, with better nutrition; and with higher percentages of exotic germplasm as well as those that pursue independent research goals before searching for funding. Scientists are encouraged to use all possible breeding methodologies available (e.g., transgenics, classical breeding, MAS, and all possible combinations could be used with specific sound long and short-term goals on mind) once germplasm is chosen making wise decisions with proven and scientifically sound technologies for assisting current breeding efforts depending on the particular trait under selection. Arnel R. Hallauer is C. F. Curtiss Distinguished Professor in Agriculture (Emeritus) at Iowa State University (ISU). Dr. Hallauer has led maize-breeding research for mid-season maturity at ISU since 1958. His work has had a worldwide impact on plant-breeding programs, industry, and students and was named a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Hallauer is a native of Kansas, USA. José B. Miranda Filho is full-professor in the Department of Genetics, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz - University of São Paulo located at Piracicaba, Brazil. His research interests have emphasized development of quantitative genetic theory and its application to maize breeding. Miranda Filho is native of Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil. M.J. Carena is professor of plant sciences at North Dakota State University (NDSU). Dr. Carena has led maize-breeding research for short-season maturity at NDSU since 1999. This program is currently one the of the few public U.S. programs left integrating pre-breeding with cultivar development and training in applied maize breeding. He teaches Quantitative Genetics and Crop Breeding Techniques at NDSU. Carena is a native of Buenos Aires, Argentina. http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/plantsci/faculty/Carena.htm
Author: Kathryn Michel
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Maize (Zea mays L.) yield is a highly quantitative trait controlled by many loci of small effect, the environment, and genotype by environment interactions, which make it a difficult trait to study at the gene level. However, yield may be broken into components such as ear and kernel size and shape, which are more heritable than yield measured in small plots. Multiparent advanced generation intercross (MAGIC) populations and diversity panels are two types of populations that are useful for identifying quantitative trait loci (QTL) that influence phenotypes. This dissertation contains three research projects designed to investigate the control of quantitative traits impacting maize yield. First, we present the genomes of five founders of a Stiff Stalk MAGIC population. Between the reference inbred B73 and the other five inbreds, we found substantial genetic and genomic variation in addition to conservation of haplotypes from the base population from which the inbreds were selected. Second, we describe the Wisconsin-Stiff Stalk-MAGIC population, its associated resources, and demonstrate QTL mapping and genomic prediction for flowering time and plant height. Flowering time and plant height are important characteristics in hybrid maize breeding, so we measured them in both the per se population and two test-crossed hybrid populations. We found that QTL detection depended on the tester used, which was consistent with lower genomic predictive ability when training models with per se data to predict hybrid phenotypes. Third, we used a high throughput image analysis pipeline to measure yield components on four MAGIC populations and a diversity panel. We performed genetic mapping to identify candidate genes underlying ear and kernel size and shape. We found substantial overlap of our results across traits within and between populations and overlap with known metaQTL identified through previous studies. The results from these projects provide new insight into the genetic control of traits including flowering time, plant height, and the size and shape of ears and kernels, all of which impact overall maize yield.
Author: Jeff L. Bennetzen
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 0387778632
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 785
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Book Description
Maize is one of the world’s highest value crops, with a multibillion dollar annual contribution to agriculture. The great adaptability and high yields available for maize as a food, feed and forage crop have led to its current production on over 140 million hectares worldwide, with acreage continuing to grow at the expense of other crops. In terms of tons of cereal grain produced worldwide, maize has been number one for many years. Moreover, maize is expanding its contribution to non-food uses, including as a major source of ethanol as a fuel additive or fuel alternative in the US. In addition, maize has been at the center of the transgenic plant controversy, serving as the first food crop with released transgenic varieties. By 2008, maize will have its genome sequence released, providing the sequence of the first average-size plant genome (the four plant genomes that are now sequenced come from unusually tiny genomes) and of the most complex genome sequenced from any organism. Among plant science researchers, maize has the second largest and most productive research community, trailing only the Arabidopsis community in scale and significance. At the applied research and commercial improvement levels, maize has no peers in agriculture, and consists of thousands of contributors worthwhile. A comprehensive book on the biology of maize has not been published. The "Handbook of Maize: the Genetics and Genomics" center on the past, present and future of maize as a model for plant science research and crop improvement. The books include brief, focused chapters from the foremost maize experts and feature a succinct collection of informative images representing the maize germplasm collection.
Author: Jason Andrew Peiffer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 144
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Book Description
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a complex crop. Governed by the universal processes of evolution that dictate the differential reproduction of all life, maize germplasm has been gradually adapted to better suit societal needs through domestication and breeding. However, these modifications were largely accomplished with little knowledge of the genetic architecture or molecular mechanics of its traits. Investigating the reaches of the rhizosphere to the top of the tassel, the following studies analyze the natural variation of complex maize traits to better understand both their means and degree of inheritance. First, the heritability and environmental specificity of maize-microbe interactions were estimated by pyrosequence profiling 16s rRNA gene amplicons from rhizosphere bacterial populations of diverse inbreds grown in multiple maize field environments. We found substantial variation in bacterial diversity was attributable to environment. Nonetheless, a small but significant proportion of variation was heritable. While kinship inferred from a simple additive model assuming contributions from all polymorphisms did not explain this heritable variation, its discovery is a step toward identifying those genes responsible for novel plantmicrobe interactions in natural environments. Second, maize stalk strength variation was analyzed to delineate the accuracy of genomic prediction in a low heritability trait. While few robust loci were associated with stalk strength, a significant proportion of heritable variation was captured by kinship among the inbreds. This revealed the efficacy of genomic prediction and suggested the potential to accurately predict other low heritability phenotypes such as yield. These and similar efforts to facilitate the selection of genotyped seed with desirable qualities before planting will enhance breeding efficiency. Finally, variation in the most classic and heritable of complex traits, maize height was partitioned to reveal its genetic architecture and pleiotropy with other traits such as flowering time and node counts. As anticipated height was highly polygenic and well captured by kinship; however, an interesting finding was the lacking concordance between mapped loci and those established through previous cloning efforts. Equally intriguing was the paucity of pleiotropic loci identified for height and flowering time. These findings reveal the potential for independent evolvability of these traits during maize breeding.
Author: Jeff L. Bennetzen
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9780387778624
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 800
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Book Description
Maize is one of the world’s highest value crops, with a multibillion dollar annual contribution to agriculture. The great adaptability and high yields available for maize as a food, feed and forage crop have led to its current production on over 140 million hectares worldwide, with acreage continuing to grow at the expense of other crops. In terms of tons of cereal grain produced worldwide, maize has been number one for many years. Moreover, maize is expanding its contribution to non-food uses, including as a major source of ethanol as a fuel additive or fuel alternative in the US. In addition, maize has been at the center of the transgenic plant controversy, serving as the first food crop with released transgenic varieties. By 2008, maize will have its genome sequence released, providing the sequence of the first average-size plant genome (the four plant genomes that are now sequenced come from unusually tiny genomes) and of the most complex genome sequenced from any organism. Among plant science researchers, maize has the second largest and most productive research community, trailing only the Arabidopsis community in scale and significance. At the applied research and commercial improvement levels, maize has no peers in agriculture, and consists of thousands of contributors worthwhile. A comprehensive book on the biology of maize has not been published. The "Handbook of Maize: the Genetics and Genomics" center on the past, present and future of maize as a model for plant science research and crop improvement. The books include brief, focused chapters from the foremost maize experts and feature a succinct collection of informative images representing the maize germplasm collection.
Author: Arnel R. Hallauer
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1420038567
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 492
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Book Description
Completely revised and updated, the Second Edition of Specialty Corns includes everything in the first edition and more. Considered the standard in this field, significant changes have been made to keep all the information current and bring the references up-to-date. Two new chapters have been added to keep up with the latest trends: Blue Corn and
