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Author: Jane Smart
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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ABSTRACT: Clear speech is a form of communication that talkers naturally use when speaking in difficult listening conditions or with a person who has a hearing loss. Clear speech, on average, provides listeners with hearing impairments an intelligibility benefit of 17 percentage points (Picheny, Durlach, & Braida, 1985) over conversational speech. In addition, it provides increased intelligibility in various listening conditions (Krause & Braida, 2003, among others), with different stimuli (Bradlow & Bent, 2002; Gagne, Rochette, & Charest, 2002; Helfer, 1997, among others) and across listener populations (Bradlow, Kraus, & Hayes, 2003, among others). Recently, researchers have attempted to compare their findings with clear and conversational speech, at slow and normal rates, with results from other investigators' studies in an effort to determine the relative benefits of clear speech across populations and environments. However, relative intelligibility benefits are difficult to determine unless baseline performance levels can be equated, suggesting that listener psychometric functions with clear speech are needed. The purpose of this study was to determine how speech intelligibility, as measured by percentage key words correct in nonsense sentences by young adults, varies with changes in speaking condition, talker and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Forty young, normal hearing adults were presented with grammatically correct nonsense sentences at five SNRs. Each listener heard a total of 800 sentences in four speaking conditions: clear and conversational styles, at slow and normal rates (i.e., clear/slow, clear/normal, conversational/slow, and conversational/normal). Overall results indicate clear/slow and conversational/slow were the most intelligible conditions, followed by clear/normal and then conversational/normal conditions. Moreover, the average intelligibility benefit for clear/slow, clear/normal and conversational/slow conditions (relative to conversational/normal) was maintained across an SNR range of -4 to 0 dB in the middle, or linear, portion of the psychometric function. However, when results are examined by talker, differences are observed in the benefit provided by each condition and in how the benefit varies across noise levels. In order to counteract talker variability, research with a larger number of talkers is recommended for future studies.
Author: Jane Smart
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
ABSTRACT: Clear speech is a form of communication that talkers naturally use when speaking in difficult listening conditions or with a person who has a hearing loss. Clear speech, on average, provides listeners with hearing impairments an intelligibility benefit of 17 percentage points (Picheny, Durlach, & Braida, 1985) over conversational speech. In addition, it provides increased intelligibility in various listening conditions (Krause & Braida, 2003, among others), with different stimuli (Bradlow & Bent, 2002; Gagne, Rochette, & Charest, 2002; Helfer, 1997, among others) and across listener populations (Bradlow, Kraus, & Hayes, 2003, among others). Recently, researchers have attempted to compare their findings with clear and conversational speech, at slow and normal rates, with results from other investigators' studies in an effort to determine the relative benefits of clear speech across populations and environments. However, relative intelligibility benefits are difficult to determine unless baseline performance levels can be equated, suggesting that listener psychometric functions with clear speech are needed. The purpose of this study was to determine how speech intelligibility, as measured by percentage key words correct in nonsense sentences by young adults, varies with changes in speaking condition, talker and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Forty young, normal hearing adults were presented with grammatically correct nonsense sentences at five SNRs. Each listener heard a total of 800 sentences in four speaking conditions: clear and conversational styles, at slow and normal rates (i.e., clear/slow, clear/normal, conversational/slow, and conversational/normal). Overall results indicate clear/slow and conversational/slow were the most intelligible conditions, followed by clear/normal and then conversational/normal conditions. Moreover, the average intelligibility benefit for clear/slow, clear/normal and conversational/slow conditions (relative to conversational/normal) was maintained across an SNR range of -4 to 0 dB in the middle, or linear, portion of the psychometric function. However, when results are examined by talker, differences are observed in the benefit provided by each condition and in how the benefit varies across noise levels. In order to counteract talker variability, research with a larger number of talkers is recommended for future studies.
Author: Mary Rudner
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889198618
Category : Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry
Languages : en
Pages : 274
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Book Description
Communication is vital for social participation. However, communication often takes place under suboptimal conditions. This makes communication harder and less reliable, leading at worst to social isolation. In order to promote participation, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms underlying communication in different situations. Human communication is often speech based, either oral or written, but may also involve gesture, either accompanying speech or in the form of sign language. For communication to be achieved, a signal generated by one person has to be perceived by another person, attended to, comprehended and responded to. This process may be hindered by adverse conditions including factors that may be internal to the sender (e.g. incomplete or idiosyncratic language production), occur during transmission (e.g. background noise or signal processing) or be internal to the receiver (e.g. poor grasp of the language or sensory impairment). The extent to which these factors interact to generate adverse conditions may differ across the lifespan. Recent work has shown that successful speech communication under adverse conditions is associated with good cognitive capacity including efficient working memory and executive abilities such as updating and inhibition. Further, frontoparietal networks associated with working memory and executive function have been shown to be activated to a greater degree when it is harder to achieve speech comprehension. To date, less work has focused on sign language communication under adverse conditions or the role of gestures accompanying speech communication under adverse conditions. It has been proposed that the role of working memory in communication under such conditions is to keep fragments of an incomplete signal in mind, updating them as appropriate and inhibiting irrelevant information, until an adequate match can be achieved with lexical and semantic representations held in long term memory. Recent models of working memory highlight an episodic buffer whose role is the multimodal integration of information from the senses and long term memory. It is likely that the episodic buffer plays a key role in communication under adverse conditions. The aim of this research topic is to draw together multiple perspectives on communication under adverse conditions including empirical and theoretical approaches. This will facilitate a scientific exchange among individual scientists and groups studying different aspects of communication under adverse conditions and/or the role of cognition in communication. As such, this topic belongs firmly within the field of Cognitive Hearing Science. Exchange of ideas among scientists with different perspectives on these issues will allow researchers to identify and highlight the way in which different internal and external factors interact to make communication in different modalities more or less successful across the lifespan. Such exchange is the forerunner of broader dissemination of results which ultimately, may make it possible to take measures to reduce adverse conditions, thus facilitating communication. Such measures might be implemented in relation to the built environment, the design of hearing aids and public awareness.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309092965
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 321
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Book Description
Millions of Americans experience some degree of hearing loss. The Social Security Administration (SSA) operates programs that provide cash disability benefits to people with permanent impairments like hearing loss, if they can show that their impairments meet stringent SSA criteria and their earnings are below an SSA threshold. The National Research Council convened an expert committee at the request of the SSA to study the issues related to disability determination for people with hearing loss. This volume is the product of that study. Hearing Loss: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits reviews current knowledge about hearing loss and its measurement and treatment, and provides an evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the current processes and criteria. It recommends changes to strengthen the disability determination process and ensure its reliability and fairness. The book addresses criteria for selection of pure tone and speech tests, guidelines for test administration, testing of hearing in noise, special issues related to testing children, and the difficulty of predicting work capacity from clinical hearing test results. It should be useful to audiologists, otolaryngologists, disability advocates, and others who are concerned with people who have hearing loss.
Author: Steven Greenberg
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 0387215751
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 487
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Book Description
Although speech is the primary behavioral medium by which humans communicate, its auditory basis is poorly understood, having profound implications on efforts to ameliorate the behavioral consequences of hearing impairment and on the development of robust algorithms for computer speech recognition. In this volume, the authors provide an up-to-date synthesis of recent research in the area of speech processing in the auditory system, bringing together a diverse range of scientists to present the subject from an interdisciplinary perspective. Of particular concern is the ability to understand speech in uncertain, potentially adverse acoustic environments, currently the bane of both hearing aid and speech recognition technology. There is increasing evidence that the perceptual stability characteristic of speech understanding is due, at least in part, to elegant transformations of the acoustic signal performed by auditory mechanisms. As a comprehensive review of speech's auditory basis, this book will interest physiologists, anatomists, psychologists, phoneticians, computer scientists, biomedical and electrical engineers, and clinicians.
Author: Norman P. Erber
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 212
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Author: John C. Middlebrooks
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9783319847115
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 291
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The Auditory System at the Cocktail Party is a rather whimsical title that points to the very serious challenge faced by listeners in most everyday environments: how to hear out sounds of interest amid a cacophony of competing sounds. The volume presents the mechanisms for bottom-up object formation and top-down object selection that the auditory system employs to meet that challenge. Ear and Brain Mechanisms for Parsing the Auditory Scene by John C. Middlebrooks and Jonathan Z. Simon Auditory Object Formation and Selection by Barbara Shinn-Cunningham, Virginia Best, and Adrian K. C. Lee Energetic Masking and Masking Release by John F. Culling and Michael A. Stone Informational Masking in Speech Recognition by Gerald Kidd, Jr. and H. Steven Colburn Modeling the Cocktail Party Problem by Mounya Elhilali Spatial Stream Segregation by John C. Middlebrooks Human Auditory Neuroscience and the Cocktail Party Problem by Jonathan Z. Simon Infants and Children at the Cocktail Party by Lynne Werner Older Adults at the Cocktail Party by M. Kathleen Pichora-Fuller, Claude Alain, and Bruce A. Schneider Hearing with Cochlear Implants and Hearing Aids in Complex Auditory Scenes by Ruth Y. Litovsky, Matthew J. Goupell, Sara M. Misurelli, and Alan Kan About the Editors: John C. Middlebrooks is a Professor in the Department of Otolaryngology at the University of California, Irvine, with affiliate appointments in the Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, the Department of Cognitive Sciences, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering. Jonathan Z. Simon is a Professor at the University of Maryland, College Park, with joint appointments in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, the Department of Biology, and the Institute for Systems Research. Arthur N. Popper is Professor Emeritus and Research Professor in the Department of Biology at the University of Maryland, College Park. Richard R. Fay is Distinguished Research Professor of Psychology at Loyola University, Chicago. About the Series: The Springer Handbook of Auditory Research presents a series of synthetic reviews of fundamental topics dealing with auditory systems. Each volume is independent and authoritative; taken as a set, this series is the definitive resource in the field.
Author: Peter Langland-Hassan
Publisher:
ISBN: 0198796641
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 349
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Book Description
Inner Speech focuses on a familiar and yet mysterious element of our daily lives. In light of renewed interest in the general connections between thought, language, and consciousness, this anthology develops a number of important new theories about internal voices and raises questions about their nature and cognitive functions.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Medicine
Languages : en
Pages : 1872
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Author:
Publisher:
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Category : Physics
Languages : en
Pages : 1134
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Language and languages
Languages : en
Pages : 594
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