Author: Serguei Netessine
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 0387980261
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 488
Book Description
This important book is by top scholars in supply chain management, revenue management, and e-commerce, all of which are grounded in information technologies and consumer demand research. The book looks at new selling techniques designed to reach the consumer.
Consumer-Driven Demand and Operations Management Models
Author: Serguei Netessine
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 0387980261
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 488
Book Description
This important book is by top scholars in supply chain management, revenue management, and e-commerce, all of which are grounded in information technologies and consumer demand research. The book looks at new selling techniques designed to reach the consumer.
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 0387980261
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 488
Book Description
This important book is by top scholars in supply chain management, revenue management, and e-commerce, all of which are grounded in information technologies and consumer demand research. The book looks at new selling techniques designed to reach the consumer.
Social Judgment
Author: Muzafer Sherif
Publisher: Praeger Pub Text
ISBN: 9780313224386
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 218
Book Description
The results of collaborative research on attitudes and attitude change in terms of basic findings and principles from laboratory studies of judgment in general and of assimilation-contrast effects in particular.
Publisher: Praeger Pub Text
ISBN: 9780313224386
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 218
Book Description
The results of collaborative research on attitudes and attitude change in terms of basic findings and principles from laboratory studies of judgment in general and of assimilation-contrast effects in particular.
The Expert Guide to Retail Pricing
Author: Kiran Gange
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 100091111X
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 207
Book Description
Going under the hood of retail strategy, this book provides in-depth coverage of how retailers can leverage the latest in data analytics and technology to improve profitability and customer value through pricing. Retail pricing is not about dollars, pounds or euros, but the value a customer associates with a product, which can and does change over time. To maximize revenues and profits, pricing must be dynamic, strategic, and in today’s hyper-connected and -competitive world, scientific. Using technology to gather customer insights and create data-driven pricing approaches can also enhance the customer experience, improve vendor management, help monitor competitors, and ensure market efficiency – including the much-needed reduction of waste in the food sector. This book uses case studies from around the globe to illustrate the evolution of retailing and offers takeaways with each chapter to enable retailers to manage the future of pricing. Retail and pricing managers, retail sector consultants, and students of sales and marketing will welcome this book’s innovative solutions to one of bricks-and-mortar retailing’s most critical challenges.
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 100091111X
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 207
Book Description
Going under the hood of retail strategy, this book provides in-depth coverage of how retailers can leverage the latest in data analytics and technology to improve profitability and customer value through pricing. Retail pricing is not about dollars, pounds or euros, but the value a customer associates with a product, which can and does change over time. To maximize revenues and profits, pricing must be dynamic, strategic, and in today’s hyper-connected and -competitive world, scientific. Using technology to gather customer insights and create data-driven pricing approaches can also enhance the customer experience, improve vendor management, help monitor competitors, and ensure market efficiency – including the much-needed reduction of waste in the food sector. This book uses case studies from around the globe to illustrate the evolution of retailing and offers takeaways with each chapter to enable retailers to manage the future of pricing. Retail and pricing managers, retail sector consultants, and students of sales and marketing will welcome this book’s innovative solutions to one of bricks-and-mortar retailing’s most critical challenges.
The Retail Revival
Author: Doug Stephens
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118489675
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 275
Book Description
Traditional retail is becoming increasingly volatile and challenged as a business model. Brick-and-mortar has shifted to online, while online is shifting into pop-up storefronts. Virtual stores in subway platforms and airports are offering new levels of convenience for harried commuters. High Street and Main Street are becoming the stuff of nostalgia. The Big Box is losing ground to new models that attract consumers through their most-trusted assistant—the smartphone. What’s next? What’s the future for you—a retailer—who is witnessing a tsunami of change and not knowing if this means grasping ahold of new opportunity or being swept away? The Retail Revival answers these questions by looking into the not-so-distant retail past and by looking forward into a future that will continue to redefine retail and its enormous effect on society and our economies. Massive demographic and economic shifts, as well as historic levels of technological and media disruption, are turning this once predictable industry—where “average” was king—into a sea of turbulent change, leaving consumer behavior permanently altered. Doug Stephens, internationally renowned consumer futurist, examines the key seismic shifts in the market that have even companies like Walmart and Procter & Gamble scrambling to cope, and explores the current and future trends that will completely change the way we shop. The Retail Revival provides no-nonsense clarity on the realities of a completely new retail marketplace— realities that are driving many industry executives to despair. But the future need not be dark. Stephens offers hope and guidance for any businesses eager to capitalize on these historic shifts and thrive. Entertaining and thought-provoking, The Retail Revival makes sense of a brave new era of consumer behavior in which everything we thought we knew about retail is being completely reimagined. Praise for The Retail Revival “It doesn’t matter what type of retail you do—if you sell something, somewhere, you need to read Doug Stephens’ The Retail Revival. Packed with powerful insights on the changing retail environment and what good retailers should be thinking about now, The Retail Revival is easy to read, well-organized and provides essential food for thought.” — Gregg Saretsky, President and CEO, WestJet “This book captures in sharp detail the deep and unprecedented changes driving new consumer behaviors and values. More importantly, it offers clear guidance to brands and retailers seeking to adapt and evolve to meet entirely new market imperatives for success.” —John Gerzema, Author of Spend Shift and The Athena Doctrine “The Retail Revival is a critical read for all marketing professionals who are trying to figure out what’s next in retail… Doug Stephens does a great job of explaining why retail has evolved the way it has, and the book serves as an important, trusted guide to where it’s headed next. ” —Joe Lampertius SVP, Shopper Marketing, Momentum Worldwide and Owner, La Spezia Flavor Market “Doug Stephens has proven his right to the moniker ‘Retail Prophet.’ With careful analysis and ample examples, the author makes a compelling case for retailers to adapt, change and consequently revive their connection with consumers. Stephens presents actionable recommendations with optimism and enthusiasm—just the spoonful of sugar we need to face the necessary changes ahead.” —Kit Yarrow, Ph.D., Consumer Psychologist; Professor, Golden Gate University; Co-Author, Gen BuY: How Tweens, Teens and Twenty-Somethings are Revolutionizing Retail “Doug Stephens doesn’t just tell you why retail is in the doldrums, he tells you why retail is a major signpost for the larger troubles of our culture and provides a compelling, inspiring vision for a future of retail—and business, and society.” —Eric Garland, author of Future Inc.: How Businesses Can Anticipate and Profit from What’s Next
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118489675
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 275
Book Description
Traditional retail is becoming increasingly volatile and challenged as a business model. Brick-and-mortar has shifted to online, while online is shifting into pop-up storefronts. Virtual stores in subway platforms and airports are offering new levels of convenience for harried commuters. High Street and Main Street are becoming the stuff of nostalgia. The Big Box is losing ground to new models that attract consumers through their most-trusted assistant—the smartphone. What’s next? What’s the future for you—a retailer—who is witnessing a tsunami of change and not knowing if this means grasping ahold of new opportunity or being swept away? The Retail Revival answers these questions by looking into the not-so-distant retail past and by looking forward into a future that will continue to redefine retail and its enormous effect on society and our economies. Massive demographic and economic shifts, as well as historic levels of technological and media disruption, are turning this once predictable industry—where “average” was king—into a sea of turbulent change, leaving consumer behavior permanently altered. Doug Stephens, internationally renowned consumer futurist, examines the key seismic shifts in the market that have even companies like Walmart and Procter & Gamble scrambling to cope, and explores the current and future trends that will completely change the way we shop. The Retail Revival provides no-nonsense clarity on the realities of a completely new retail marketplace— realities that are driving many industry executives to despair. But the future need not be dark. Stephens offers hope and guidance for any businesses eager to capitalize on these historic shifts and thrive. Entertaining and thought-provoking, The Retail Revival makes sense of a brave new era of consumer behavior in which everything we thought we knew about retail is being completely reimagined. Praise for The Retail Revival “It doesn’t matter what type of retail you do—if you sell something, somewhere, you need to read Doug Stephens’ The Retail Revival. Packed with powerful insights on the changing retail environment and what good retailers should be thinking about now, The Retail Revival is easy to read, well-organized and provides essential food for thought.” — Gregg Saretsky, President and CEO, WestJet “This book captures in sharp detail the deep and unprecedented changes driving new consumer behaviors and values. More importantly, it offers clear guidance to brands and retailers seeking to adapt and evolve to meet entirely new market imperatives for success.” —John Gerzema, Author of Spend Shift and The Athena Doctrine “The Retail Revival is a critical read for all marketing professionals who are trying to figure out what’s next in retail… Doug Stephens does a great job of explaining why retail has evolved the way it has, and the book serves as an important, trusted guide to where it’s headed next. ” —Joe Lampertius SVP, Shopper Marketing, Momentum Worldwide and Owner, La Spezia Flavor Market “Doug Stephens has proven his right to the moniker ‘Retail Prophet.’ With careful analysis and ample examples, the author makes a compelling case for retailers to adapt, change and consequently revive their connection with consumers. Stephens presents actionable recommendations with optimism and enthusiasm—just the spoonful of sugar we need to face the necessary changes ahead.” —Kit Yarrow, Ph.D., Consumer Psychologist; Professor, Golden Gate University; Co-Author, Gen BuY: How Tweens, Teens and Twenty-Somethings are Revolutionizing Retail “Doug Stephens doesn’t just tell you why retail is in the doldrums, he tells you why retail is a major signpost for the larger troubles of our culture and provides a compelling, inspiring vision for a future of retail—and business, and society.” —Eric Garland, author of Future Inc.: How Businesses Can Anticipate and Profit from What’s Next
The 1% Windfall
Author: Rafi Mohammed
Publisher: Harper Collins
ISBN: 0061985279
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 262
Book Description
Leading pricing expert Rafi Mohammed shows businesses how to reap a financial windfall and foster growth using the underutilized and often overlooked strategy of setting prices. The 1% Windfall reveals how modest incremental changes to an everyday business practice—pricing—can yield significant rewards. Illustrating the power of pricing, a study of the Global 1200 found that if companies raised prices by just 1%, their average operating profits would increase by 11%. Using a 1% increase in price, some companies would see even more growth in percentage of profit: Sears, 155%; McKesson, 100%; Tyson, 81%; Land O'Lakes, 58%; and Whirlpool, 35%. The good news is that better pricing is more than simply raising prices. Instead, the key is to offer customers a variety of pricing options. This strategy is win-win: profits to companies and choices for consumers. But how do executives and managers set the right price? Underpinned by sound empirical research and real-life anecdotes, The 1% Windfall addresses this fundamental question. This book offers guidelines that any company—whether a multinational conglomerate, a small business, or even a nonprofit—can follow to create a comprehensive pricing strategy for any product or service. In addition, these versatile techniques and tools provide solutions to avert a slump in a recession, offset the impact of inflation, or battle a new competitor. The result is a mind-opening, clear blueprint for com-panies to price for profit and growth.
Publisher: Harper Collins
ISBN: 0061985279
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 262
Book Description
Leading pricing expert Rafi Mohammed shows businesses how to reap a financial windfall and foster growth using the underutilized and often overlooked strategy of setting prices. The 1% Windfall reveals how modest incremental changes to an everyday business practice—pricing—can yield significant rewards. Illustrating the power of pricing, a study of the Global 1200 found that if companies raised prices by just 1%, their average operating profits would increase by 11%. Using a 1% increase in price, some companies would see even more growth in percentage of profit: Sears, 155%; McKesson, 100%; Tyson, 81%; Land O'Lakes, 58%; and Whirlpool, 35%. The good news is that better pricing is more than simply raising prices. Instead, the key is to offer customers a variety of pricing options. This strategy is win-win: profits to companies and choices for consumers. But how do executives and managers set the right price? Underpinned by sound empirical research and real-life anecdotes, The 1% Windfall addresses this fundamental question. This book offers guidelines that any company—whether a multinational conglomerate, a small business, or even a nonprofit—can follow to create a comprehensive pricing strategy for any product or service. In addition, these versatile techniques and tools provide solutions to avert a slump in a recession, offset the impact of inflation, or battle a new competitor. The result is a mind-opening, clear blueprint for com-panies to price for profit and growth.
Priced to Influence, Sell & Satisfy: Lessons from Behavioral Economics for Pricing Success
Author: Utpal Dholakia
Publisher: Utpal Dholakia
ISBN: 0999186736
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 229
Book Description
Pricing holds the key to business success. The greatest challenge in pricing is the human factor. To price effectively, customer psychology usually trumps rational microeconomic thinking. * How did Subway turn one accidentally discovered price promotion into a multi-billion dollar success story? * How much knowledge of prices do customers really have? * Why do most people spend two months’ salary to buy an engagement ring? * Does Pay What You Want pricing really work? * How can you get your customers to trade up? * Why do Supreme t-shirts sell for $1,500 or more? * Why do so many consumers hate Uber’s surge pricing even though economists love it? In Priced to Influence, Sell & Satisfy, you will find answers to these and many more questions. The book introduces the latest thinking about Psychological Pricing, the science of designing effective pricing strategies using behavioral economics principles. You will learn how customers search for, evaluate, share, and use prices in their buying decisions, how they participate in setting prices, and what managers can do to understand and influence these processes. Psychological pricing actions are levered. Many of them require relatively small investments and produce disproportionately large returns to the business.
Publisher: Utpal Dholakia
ISBN: 0999186736
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 229
Book Description
Pricing holds the key to business success. The greatest challenge in pricing is the human factor. To price effectively, customer psychology usually trumps rational microeconomic thinking. * How did Subway turn one accidentally discovered price promotion into a multi-billion dollar success story? * How much knowledge of prices do customers really have? * Why do most people spend two months’ salary to buy an engagement ring? * Does Pay What You Want pricing really work? * How can you get your customers to trade up? * Why do Supreme t-shirts sell for $1,500 or more? * Why do so many consumers hate Uber’s surge pricing even though economists love it? In Priced to Influence, Sell & Satisfy, you will find answers to these and many more questions. The book introduces the latest thinking about Psychological Pricing, the science of designing effective pricing strategies using behavioral economics principles. You will learn how customers search for, evaluate, share, and use prices in their buying decisions, how they participate in setting prices, and what managers can do to understand and influence these processes. Psychological pricing actions are levered. Many of them require relatively small investments and produce disproportionately large returns to the business.
The Geography of Transport Systems
Author: Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1136777326
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 432
Book Description
Mobility is fundamental to economic and social activities such as commuting, manufacturing, or supplying energy. Each movement has an origin, a potential set of intermediate locations, a destination, and a nature which is linked with geographical attributes. Transport systems composed of infrastructures, modes and terminals are so embedded in the socio-economic life of individuals, institutions and corporations that they are often invisible to the consumer. This is paradoxical as the perceived invisibility of transportation is derived from its efficiency. Understanding how mobility is linked with geography is main the purpose of this book. The third edition of The Geography of Transport Systems has been revised and updated to provide an overview of the spatial aspects of transportation. This text provides greater discussion of security, energy, green logistics, as well as new and updated case studies, a revised content structure, and new figures. Each chapter covers a specific conceptual dimension including networks, modes, terminals, freight transportation, urban transportation and environmental impacts. A final chapter contains core methodologies linked with transport geography such as accessibility, spatial interactions, graph theory and Geographic Information Systems for transportation (GIS-T). This book provides a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the field, with a broad overview of its concepts, methods, and areas of application. The accompanying website for this text contains a useful additional material, including digital maps, PowerPoint slides, databases, and links to further reading and websites. The website can be accessed at: http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans This text is an essential resource for undergraduates studying transport geography, as well as those interest in economic and urban geography, transport planning and engineering.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1136777326
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 432
Book Description
Mobility is fundamental to economic and social activities such as commuting, manufacturing, or supplying energy. Each movement has an origin, a potential set of intermediate locations, a destination, and a nature which is linked with geographical attributes. Transport systems composed of infrastructures, modes and terminals are so embedded in the socio-economic life of individuals, institutions and corporations that they are often invisible to the consumer. This is paradoxical as the perceived invisibility of transportation is derived from its efficiency. Understanding how mobility is linked with geography is main the purpose of this book. The third edition of The Geography of Transport Systems has been revised and updated to provide an overview of the spatial aspects of transportation. This text provides greater discussion of security, energy, green logistics, as well as new and updated case studies, a revised content structure, and new figures. Each chapter covers a specific conceptual dimension including networks, modes, terminals, freight transportation, urban transportation and environmental impacts. A final chapter contains core methodologies linked with transport geography such as accessibility, spatial interactions, graph theory and Geographic Information Systems for transportation (GIS-T). This book provides a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the field, with a broad overview of its concepts, methods, and areas of application. The accompanying website for this text contains a useful additional material, including digital maps, PowerPoint slides, databases, and links to further reading and websites. The website can be accessed at: http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans This text is an essential resource for undergraduates studying transport geography, as well as those interest in economic and urban geography, transport planning and engineering.
Internet Retailing and Future Perspectives
Author: Eleonora Pantano
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1317378776
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 364
Book Description
Since the first edition of this landmark textbook, online shopping has grown exponentially to the point that it now threatens to eclipse the high street. With online retail offering both advantages and challenges that are distinct from traditional commerce, this textbook provides new approaches to retailing and as such helps readers to take advantage of new digital technologies. This long-awaited new edition provides a thorough and substantial update to its solid core principle of digital retailing and its relationship with conventional retail methods. These principles are explained clearly and practically to provide students, entrepreneurs and researchers with a reliable guide to the implementation and operation of a successful online retailing business. Updates to this edition include: Search engine marketing and search engine optimization. New and updated case studies, including Tesco’s virtual store, Ray-Ban’s smart mirror, IKEA’s mobile catalogue and Nordstrom’s TextStyle. Social networks and electronic word-of-mouth communication. A new chapter on ubiquitous retailing. A brand new companion website to support tutors. With accessibly written features such as key learning points, questions, think points and further reading, Internet Retailing and Future Perspectives is ideal for anyone using, studying or researching digital commerce.
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1317378776
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 364
Book Description
Since the first edition of this landmark textbook, online shopping has grown exponentially to the point that it now threatens to eclipse the high street. With online retail offering both advantages and challenges that are distinct from traditional commerce, this textbook provides new approaches to retailing and as such helps readers to take advantage of new digital technologies. This long-awaited new edition provides a thorough and substantial update to its solid core principle of digital retailing and its relationship with conventional retail methods. These principles are explained clearly and practically to provide students, entrepreneurs and researchers with a reliable guide to the implementation and operation of a successful online retailing business. Updates to this edition include: Search engine marketing and search engine optimization. New and updated case studies, including Tesco’s virtual store, Ray-Ban’s smart mirror, IKEA’s mobile catalogue and Nordstrom’s TextStyle. Social networks and electronic word-of-mouth communication. A new chapter on ubiquitous retailing. A brand new companion website to support tutors. With accessibly written features such as key learning points, questions, think points and further reading, Internet Retailing and Future Perspectives is ideal for anyone using, studying or researching digital commerce.
Pricing Of Products & Services
Author: Tridib Mazumbar
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 9811204195
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 377
Book Description
The price of a product or a service is a critical element of the marketing mix. Price influences product demand, and the firm's revenue and profits. Prices also signal product quality and value, customer self-image, and the seller's pricing practices. With appropriate balance of theory, applications, and analytics, this book provides business students and practitioners the tools to make profitable pricing decisions under a variety of real-life contexts — current and emerging.Theoretical foundations for pricing decisions come from microeconomics, psychology, and behavioral decision theories. Well-established economic principles, with available data and analytics, help firms customize prices based on customers' willingness to pay, quantity purchased, timing and urgency of purchase, and by bundling their products and services. Pricing and promotional strategies of firms are further informed by the consideration of consumer psychology as well as the decision rules that consumers employ in framing of and responding to prices.As a practical step-by-step guide for firms, the book presents a comprehensive framework for pricing decisions. The framework illustrates how firms' pricing decisions are shaped by customer valuation of the product or service, firm cost, and competition within the category. Additional considerations include: channel arrangements, legal and regulatory limits, public sentiments, and the overriding strategy for the firm. Short cases and numerical examples help illustrate how these factors can be incorporated in firm making decisions.In addition to offering the theoretical foundation and practical guidelines for pricing, there are several distinctive features of the book.Pedagogically, the book takes a quantitative approach to pricing decisions and places a special emphasis on the utilization of data and analytics. Nevertheless, sound intuition and judgments remain a prerequisite.
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 9811204195
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 377
Book Description
The price of a product or a service is a critical element of the marketing mix. Price influences product demand, and the firm's revenue and profits. Prices also signal product quality and value, customer self-image, and the seller's pricing practices. With appropriate balance of theory, applications, and analytics, this book provides business students and practitioners the tools to make profitable pricing decisions under a variety of real-life contexts — current and emerging.Theoretical foundations for pricing decisions come from microeconomics, psychology, and behavioral decision theories. Well-established economic principles, with available data and analytics, help firms customize prices based on customers' willingness to pay, quantity purchased, timing and urgency of purchase, and by bundling their products and services. Pricing and promotional strategies of firms are further informed by the consideration of consumer psychology as well as the decision rules that consumers employ in framing of and responding to prices.As a practical step-by-step guide for firms, the book presents a comprehensive framework for pricing decisions. The framework illustrates how firms' pricing decisions are shaped by customer valuation of the product or service, firm cost, and competition within the category. Additional considerations include: channel arrangements, legal and regulatory limits, public sentiments, and the overriding strategy for the firm. Short cases and numerical examples help illustrate how these factors can be incorporated in firm making decisions.In addition to offering the theoretical foundation and practical guidelines for pricing, there are several distinctive features of the book.Pedagogically, the book takes a quantitative approach to pricing decisions and places a special emphasis on the utilization of data and analytics. Nevertheless, sound intuition and judgments remain a prerequisite.
Advances in Theory and Practice in Store Brand Operations
Author: Jiazhen Huo
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9811598770
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 265
Book Description
This book is developed by focusing on the four issues: (1) product strategy of private brand; (2) pricing strategy of private brand; (3) channel strategy with private brand introduction; and (4) supply chain coordination with private brand introduction. Private brand (PB), also known as private label (PL) or store brand (SB), refers to a brand created and controlled by a retailer. In the 1960s and 1970s, private labels began to emerge in France and England. Although private label has grown rapidly worldwide, market share varies greatly from region to region. According to Nielsen's 2018 Global Private Label Report, the largest markets for private-label products are found primarily in the more mature European retail markets. In recent years, many large domestic retail enterprises have launched their own brand products. With the growth of e-commerce, some online retailers have also launched private-label goods. JD started to introduce its private brands in 2010, with annual sales of its private brand products reaching several hundred million yuan. However, at present, the market share of China's private label is only 1-3%, which still has a big gap compared with Europe and America.The main challenges to China's private label lie in private brand operations management. Among them, how to select the correct product categories, how to make pricing decision, how to restructure channels and how to coordinate supply chain after introducing private brands are four operations management problems need to be solved.
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9811598770
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 265
Book Description
This book is developed by focusing on the four issues: (1) product strategy of private brand; (2) pricing strategy of private brand; (3) channel strategy with private brand introduction; and (4) supply chain coordination with private brand introduction. Private brand (PB), also known as private label (PL) or store brand (SB), refers to a brand created and controlled by a retailer. In the 1960s and 1970s, private labels began to emerge in France and England. Although private label has grown rapidly worldwide, market share varies greatly from region to region. According to Nielsen's 2018 Global Private Label Report, the largest markets for private-label products are found primarily in the more mature European retail markets. In recent years, many large domestic retail enterprises have launched their own brand products. With the growth of e-commerce, some online retailers have also launched private-label goods. JD started to introduce its private brands in 2010, with annual sales of its private brand products reaching several hundred million yuan. However, at present, the market share of China's private label is only 1-3%, which still has a big gap compared with Europe and America.The main challenges to China's private label lie in private brand operations management. Among them, how to select the correct product categories, how to make pricing decision, how to restructure channels and how to coordinate supply chain after introducing private brands are four operations management problems need to be solved.