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Author: Christina Benita Wilke
Publisher: Peter Lang
ISBN: 9783631588512
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 216
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Book Description
The German pension system was the first formal pension system in the world, designed by Bismarck nearly 120 years ago. It has been very successful in providing high and reliable pension levels at reasonable contribution rates. While the generosity of the German pension system is considered a great social achievement, negative incentive effects of past reforms in the 1970s and 1980s and population aging are threatening the very core of the system. This has led to fundamental pension reforms since 1992. Based on a detailed simulation model of the German pension system, this book provides a thorough assessment of the system and its reforms. It shows that the latest reforms have put the system back onto a stable path and moved it from the old monolithic towards a multi-pillar system.
Author: Christina Benita Wilke
Publisher: Peter Lang
ISBN: 9783631588512
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 216
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Book Description
The German pension system was the first formal pension system in the world, designed by Bismarck nearly 120 years ago. It has been very successful in providing high and reliable pension levels at reasonable contribution rates. While the generosity of the German pension system is considered a great social achievement, negative incentive effects of past reforms in the 1970s and 1980s and population aging are threatening the very core of the system. This has led to fundamental pension reforms since 1992. Based on a detailed simulation model of the German pension system, this book provides a thorough assessment of the system and its reforms. It shows that the latest reforms have put the system back onto a stable path and moved it from the old monolithic towards a multi-pillar system.
Author: Lewicki, Maria Patricia
Publisher: KIT Scientific Publishing
ISBN: 3731501716
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 159
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Book Description
The aging society and threatening old-age poverty are two major political topics in Germany for the next decades. Many modern employment biographies consist of atypical employment and discontinuities; both negatively impact the pension entitlements of the individuals. This work develops an inninnovative approach that offers flexibility to absorb demographic changes as well as labor market developments, without threatening the financial stability of the public pension scheme.
Author: Alfred C. Mierzejewski
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN: 1498521177
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 445
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Book Description
A History of the German Public Pension System: Continuity amid Change provides the first comprehensive institutional history of the German public pension system from its origins in the late nineteenth century to the major reform period in the early twenty-first century. Relying on a wide range sources, including many used for the first time, this study provides a balanced account of how the pension system has coped with major challenges, such as Germany’s defeat in two world wars, inflation, the Great Depression, the demographic transition, political risk, reunification, and changing gender roles. It shows that while the pension system has changed to meet all of these challenges, it has retained basic characteristics—particularly the tie between work, contributions, and benefits—that fundamentally define its character and have enabled it to survive economic and political turmoil for over a century. This book also demonstrates that the most serious challenge faced by the pension system has consistently been political intervention by leaders hoping to use it for purposes unrelated to its mission of providing the insured with secure and adequate retirement income.
Author: L. Leisering
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 0230343503
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 330
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Book Description
Explores the role of governments in creating and regulating private pensions in the UK and Germany since the 1980s. Private pensions have given rise to a new regulatory state in this area. The contributing authors compare pension regulation and utility regulation, while others analyse the regulatory role of the EU.
Author: Birgit Mattil
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9783790816754
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 300
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Book Description
Recently, policy debate and comparative research on old-age pensions have focused on the financial sustainability of pension systems in the face of demographic change. This study, however, also takes into account distributional effects involved in pension system structures. Theoretical, institutional and empirical analyses are combined to form a comprehensive framework for evaluating financial sustainability and distributional effects of the pension systems implemented in Germany and the United Kingdom. Along with projections of demographic trends and future public pension expenditure, the empirical results on old-age incomes and their distribution allow for identifying a number of reform options for each pension system to improve their financial or distributional results.
Author: Eugen Stumpf
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
ISBN: 3656049467
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 53
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Book Description
Research Paper (undergraduate) from the year 2011 in the subject Politics - Political Systems - Germany, grade: 1,0, University of applied sciences, Düsseldorf, course: Economics - MBA, Master of Business Administration, language: English, abstract: This paper surveys the situation of the German pension system after a sequence of reforms which started as a fully funded system implemented by Bismarck during the 1880s, with a mandatory retirement age of 70 years when male life expectancy at birth was less than 45 years. Today, life expectancy for men is more than 80 years. After a long and arduous debate in the German Bundestag, agreements on a comprehensive pension reform resulted in the pension reform of 1957, which mainly established changes such as the normal retirement age at 65, the retirement at the age of 60 for elderly unemployed, the retirement for women at the age of 60 and, at last, the introduction of dynamic benefits indexed to gross wages which had an immediate impact on the economic wellness of current retirees. Thereafter, the 1972 reform made the German pension system one of the most generous of the world, as it mainly opened the public pension insurance system to all workers with generous terms for back-payment of contributions and eased the terms and conditions for early retirement by the implementation of the so-called 'flexible retirement', as discussed in chapter 1 of this paper. The following pension reforms discussed in this paper are the "Riester reform" of 2001 with the following main objectives: the sustainability of contribution rates in order to secure the long-term stability of pension levels and the spread of supplementary private pension savings, and continuing with the efforts of the Rürup commission which culminated in the "Rürup reform" of 2004 which the objective to stabilize contribution rates while at the same time ensuring appropriate future pension levels. Based on the above, it can be concluded that on the whole the sequence o
Author: Maria Patricia Lewicki
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781013278501
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 158
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Book Description
The aging society and threatening old-age poverty are two major political topics in Germany for the next decades. Many modern employment biographies consist of atypical employment and discontinuities; both negatively impact the pension entitlements of the individuals. This work develops an inninnovative approach that offers flexibility to absorb demographic changes as well as labor market developments, without threatening the financial stability of the public pension scheme. This work was published by Saint Philip Street Press pursuant to a Creative Commons license permitting commercial use. All rights not granted by the work's license are retained by the author or authors.
Author: Monika Queisser
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
October 1996 Germany's pension system has a multi-pillar structure and relies increasingly on privately funded plans. Its public pillar is not as generous or redistributive as is often claimed. Germany's pension system was originally designed as a scaled premium system. It formally became a pay-as-you-go system in 1957. Participation in the system is mandatory for all dependent employees and only some groups of self-employed. The system is greatly fragmented in terms of institutions, coverage, contributions, and benefit levels. In recent years, a big discrepancy has emerged between the system dependency ratio (the relationship between pensions and contributors) and the demographic old-age dependency ratio. This has been caused by the use of early retirement and disability pensions as a means of tackling high unemployment, especially in Germany's five new states. Except for the high incidence of early retirement and disability pensions - and hence the low average retirement age - the system does not suffer from the problems that have afflicted pension systems in Southern and Eastern Europe and Latin America. Evasion seems not to be a major problem. The expected demographic aging poses a major challenge. There is little if any room for increasing the contribution rate, so benefits will have to be cut, most likely through an increase in the normal retirement age and through tighter rules for disability pensions and early retirement. The pension contribution rate is currently 19.2 percent of wages, shared equally by employers and employees. The government covers about 23 percent of total spending - for benefits not directly related to contributions. The break-even contribution rate of the system would be closer to 25 percent. Germany's system is not overly generous, compared with other OECD countries. The average replacement rate (calculated as average insured and windows' pension divided by average income) was only 36.3 percent in 1993. This is about the same level as in the U.S. social security system. The difference in contribution rates is explained by Germany's much higher system dependency ratio. Intragenerational redistribution in the pension system is quite limited. Unlike such other countries as Switzerland and the United States, Germany does not have a tilted benefit formula to redistribute income from higher to lower income groups. Means-tested social assistance is used to support the old poor. This paper - a product of the Financial Sector Development Department - is part of a larger effort in the department to study pension systems and contractual savings.
Author: Franz Bertsch
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Pensions
Languages : en
Pages : 24
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Book Description
Author: Axel Börsch-Supan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Retirement
Languages : en
Pages : 72
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Book Description
This paper describes the German public old age social security program (, Gesetzliche Rentenversicherung') and its incentive effects on retirement decisions. The paper presents the key features of the system and expresses retirement incentives in the form of accrual rates of social security wealth and implicit tax rates on earnings. It summarizes labor market behavior of older persons in Germany during the last 35 years and surveys the empirical literature on the effects of the social security system on retirement in Germany. The paper shows that even after the 1992 reform the German system is actuarially unfair. This generates a substantial redistribution from late to early retirees and creates incentives to early retirement. Indeed, average retirement age is very low in West Germany (about age 59) and even lower in East Germany. This tendency towards early retirement is particularly hurting in times of population aging when the German social security contribution rate is expected to increase dramatically and will substantially exceed the rates in other industrialized countries.
