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Author: Hui Li
Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN: 0128034963
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 389
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Book Description
About 90 percent of this excessive heat is due to buildings and pavements that absorb and store solar heat (According to the Green Buildings Council). The only reference that focuses specifically on pavements, Pavement Materials for Heat Island Mitigation: Design and Management Strategies explores different advanced paving materials, their properties, and their associated advantages and disadvantages. Relevant properties of pavement materials (e.g. albedo, permeability, thermal conductivity, heat capacity and evaporation rate) are measured in many cases using newly developed methods. Includes experimental methods for testing different types of pavements materials Identifies different cool pavement strategies with their advantages and associated disadvantages Design and construct local microclimate models to evaluate and validate different cool pavement materials in different climate regions
Author: Hui Li
Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN: 0128034963
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 389
Get Book Here
Book Description
About 90 percent of this excessive heat is due to buildings and pavements that absorb and store solar heat (According to the Green Buildings Council). The only reference that focuses specifically on pavements, Pavement Materials for Heat Island Mitigation: Design and Management Strategies explores different advanced paving materials, their properties, and their associated advantages and disadvantages. Relevant properties of pavement materials (e.g. albedo, permeability, thermal conductivity, heat capacity and evaporation rate) are measured in many cases using newly developed methods. Includes experimental methods for testing different types of pavements materials Identifies different cool pavement strategies with their advantages and associated disadvantages Design and construct local microclimate models to evaluate and validate different cool pavement materials in different climate regions
Author: Napoleon Enteria
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9813340509
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 307
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Book Description
This book discusses the concepts and technologies associated with the mitigation of urban heat islands (UHIs) that are applicable in hot and humid regions. It presents several city case studies on how UHIs can be reduced in various areas to provide readers, researchers, and policymakers with insights into the concepts and technologies that should be considered when planning and constructing urban centres and buildings. The rapid development of urban areas in hot and humid regions has led to an increase in urban temperatures, a decrease in ventilation in buildings, and a transformation of the once green outdoor environment into areas full of solar-energy-absorbing concrete and asphalt. This situation has increased the discomfort of people living in these areas regardless of whether they occupy concrete structures. This is because indoor and outdoor air quality have both suffered from urbanisation. The development of urban areas has also increased energy consumption so that the occupants of buildings can enjoy indoor thermal comfort and air quality that they need via air conditioning systems. This book offers solutions to the recent increase in the number of heat islands in hot and humid regions.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 25
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Book Description
This report summarizes paving materials suitable for urban streets, driveways, parking lots and walkways. The authors evaluate materials for their abilities to reflect sunlight, which will reduce their temperatures. This in turn reduces the excess air temperature of cities (the heat island effect). The report presents the compositions of the materials, their suitability for particular applications, and their approximate costs (in 1996). Both new and resurfacing are described. They conclude that, although light-colored materials may be more expensive than conventional black materials, a thin layer of light-colored pavement may produce energy savings and smog reductions whose long-term worth is greater than the extra cost.
Author: Lisa Mummery Gartland
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1136564209
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 216
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Book Description
Heat islands are urban and suburban areas that are significantly warmer than their surroundings. Traditional, highly absorptive construction materials and a lack of effective landscaping are their main causes. Heat island problems, in terms of increased energy consumption, reduced air quality and effects on human health and mortality, are becoming more pressing as cities continue to grow and sprawl. This comprehensive book brings together the latest information about heat islands and their mitigation. The book describes how heat islands are formed, what problems they cause, which technologies mitigate heat island effects and what policies and actions can be taken to cool communities. Internationally renowned expert Lisa Gartland offers a comprehensive source of information for turning heat islands into cool communities. The author includes sections on cool roofing and cool paving, explains their benefits in detail and provides practical guidelines for their selection and installation. The book also reviews how and why to incorporate trees and vegetation around buildings, in parking lots and on green roofs.
Author: Hui Li
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781267968821
Category : Pavements
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
This dissertation research examines the effects of different cool pavement design and management strategies on improving the thermal environment and mitigating near-surface heat island effects through field measurements, modeling and simulation. In this research, nine experimental test sections were designed, constructed and instrumented and the thermal performance of different types of pavements and management strategies (including high reflectance, high thermal resistance pavement, and permeable pavement with evaporative cooling) were empirically investigated. Different cooling effects were identified for each strategy along with their advantages and associated disadvantages. Relevant properties of pavement materials (e.g. albedo, permeability, thermal conductivity, heat capacity and evaporation rate) were measured in many cases using newly developed methods. With these fundamental materials properties, a local microclimate model was developed, validated and applied to conduct sensitivity analysis on some key parameters to evaluate the thermal impacts of different cool pavement strategies in different climate regions. In addition, the impacts of different strategies on outdoor human thermal comfort were evaluated for different climate regions (Sacramento and Los Angeles in California and Phoenix in Arizona). One type of thermal load associated with building energy use was evaluated for Davis, California. Findings indicate that using high reflectance pavement will reduce pavement surface temperature and consequently might help improve the air quality through reduction of the formation of ground-level ozone. However, increasing the pavement reflectance would affect human thermal comfort during hot periods due to an increase in the Mean Radiant Temperature contributed by the increased reflected radiation striking human bodies. Enhancing the evaporation from the pavement through use of permeable pavement and creating shading on pavement with trees or other devices (e.g. solar panels) are likely to be effective strategies to reduce pavement surface temperature and improve human thermal comfort in hot periods. However, to be effective in arid and semiarid climates such as California, the water level must be kept near the surface of the permeable pavement through infusions of waste water such as waste landscape irrigation. Some cool pavement strategies used to improve the summer thermal environments might make the cold winter slightly colder. Therefore strategies such as evaporation and shading only in summer that can help reduce the summer hot temperatures but will not heavily reduce the winter cold temperature is desirable for some regions. Based on the findings from this study, some preliminary recommendations on the application of cool pavement strategies for mitigating near-surface heat island are: (1) Pave less and plant more. For some areas such as parking lots and alleys, the sites could be partly paved, and more grass and/or trees could be planted on the sites to reduce negative impacts of pavement. (2) Pave smart if it has to be paved. Permeable pavements (integrated with irrigation systems during hot dry seasons), including pervious concrete pavement, porous asphalt pavement, and permeable interlocking concrete pavers and reinforced grass pavers, could be good alternatives for paving if applicable, to both manage the stormwater runoff and potentially help mitigate near-surface heat island effect and improve thermal environments. (3) Care should be taken with the application of high-reflectance pavements. High-reflectance pavements can be used in open areas to help mitigate the heat island effects. However, special attention should be given when applied in high-density areas or areas with frequent walking or cycling human occupancy. (4) Consider evaporation and shading. Evaporation and shading could be very effective strategies to help improve the thermal environments in hot climates. (5) The models developed in this study for local microclimate, thermal comfort and building energy use can be used, if needed, and improved for evaluating seasonal impacts of different pavement strategies in different contexts. (6) Life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) and/or benefit-cost analysis (BCA), as well environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) should be performed to quantitatively evaluate the life cycle economic and environmental impacts for different cool pavement strategies in different climates.
Author: Michele Zinzi
Publisher: MDPI
ISBN: 3038976369
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 350
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Book Description
The combination of global warming and urban sprawl is the origin of the most hazardous climate change effect detected at urban level: Urban Heat Island, representing the urban overheating respect to the countryside surrounding the city. This book includes 18 papers representing the state of the art of detection, assessment mitigation and adaption to urban overheating. Advanced methods, strategies and technologies are here analyzed including relevant issues as: the role of urban materials and fabrics on urban climate and their potential mitigation, the impact of greenery and vegetation to reduce urban temperatures and improve the thermal comfort, the role the urban geometry in the air temperature rise, the use of satellite and ground data to assess and quantify the urban overheating and develop mitigation solutions, calculation methods and application to predict and assess mitigation scenarios. The outcomes of the book are thus relevant for a wide multidisciplinary audience, including: environmental scientists and engineers, architect and urban planners, policy makers and students.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 5
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Book Description
Part of the urban heat island effect can be attributed to dark pavements that are commonly used on streets and parking lots. In this paper we consider two light colored, hence cooler, alternative paving materials that are in actual use in cities today. These are Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements and chip seals. We report measurements of the albedos of some PCC and chip sealed pavements in the San Francisco Bay Area. The albedos of the PCC pavements ranged from about 0.18 to 0.35. The temperatures of some PCC pavements are also measured and calculated. We then consider how the albedos of the constituent materials of the PCC (stone, sand and cement) contribute to the albedos of the resulting finished concrete. The albedos of a set of chip sealed pavements in San Jose, CA, were measured and correlated with the times of their placement. It is found that the albedos decrease with age (and use) but remain higher than that of standard asphalt concrete (AC) for about five years. After t hat, the albedos of the chip seals are about 0.12, similar to aged AC. The fact that many PCC pavements have albedos at least twice as high as aged AC suggests that it is possible to have pavement albedos that remain high for many years.
Author: M. Santamouris
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 113425797X
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 627
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Book Description
Both the number and percentage of people living in urban areas is growing rapidly. Up to half of the world's population is expected to be living in a city by the end of the century and there are over 170 cities in the world with populations over a million. Cities have a huge impact on the local climate and require vast quantities of energy to keep them functioning. The urban environment in turn has a big impact on the performance and needs of buildings. The size, scale and mechanism of these interactions is poorly understood and strategies to mitigate them are rarely implemented. This is the first comprehensive book to address these questions. It arises out of a programme of work (POLISTUDIES) carried out for the Save programme of the European Commission. Chapters describe not only the main problems encountered such as the heat island and canyon effects, but also a range of design solutions that can be adopted both to improve the energy performance and indoor air quality of individual buildings and to look at aspects of urban design that can reduce these climatic effects. The book concludes with some examples of innovative urban bioclimatic buildings. The project was co-ordinated by Professor Mat Santamouris from the University of Athens who is also the editor of the book. Other contributions are from the University of Thessaloniki, Greece, ENTPE, Lyons, France and the University of Stuttgart, Germany.
Author: Kamil E. Kaloush
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Urban heat island
Languages : en
Pages : 252
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Book Description
The main objective of this research study was to provide understanding, supporting documentation, and tools on how pavement designs and materials selection contribute to surface and subsurface temperature fluctuations. This objective was achieved through two focus areas that outlined the scope of work of this research: thermal properties and reflectance evaluation, and heat absorption and transfer modeling. In the first focus area, the reflectance "albedo" characteristics of various concrete pavement surfaces / mix types were identified. Surface and in-depth pavement temperatures of several field sections were collected to help validate modeling efforts. Perhaps one of the most notable accomplishments in this focus area was the development of a simplified laboratory test procedure to measure the thermal conductivity of paving materials using cylindrical specimens. Laboratory tests were also conducted to measure key thermal properties of the different paving materials. These properties were used as input parameters for the pavement heat absorption and transfer model. In the second focus area, a pavement heat absorption and transfer model was developed and validated. This fundamental model accounts for the surface rates of solar radiation absorption and heat transmission of various pavements designs. It can be used for comparative evaluation for the different pavements designs in mitigating the Urban Heat Island Effect. The outcome of the two focus areas outlined above are envisioned to play a key role aiding future decision makers and designers when choosing appropriate pavement materials for their particular application. It will provide further awareness of urban heat island, and drives further municipal ordinances and building codes that incorporate environmentally appropriate materials into development and rehabilitation projects.
Author: Kamil E. Kaloush
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Pavements, Concrete
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The main objective of this research study was to provide understanding, supporting documentation, and tools on how pavement designs and materials selection contribute to surface and subsurface temperature fluctuations. This objective was achieved through two focus areas that outlined the scope of work of this research: thermal properties and reflectance evaluation, and heat absorption and transfer modeling. In the first focus area, the reflectance "albedo" characteristics of various concrete pavement surfaces / mix types were identified. Surface and in-depth pavement temperatures of several field sections were collected to help validate modeling efforts. Perhaps one of the most notable accomplishments in this focus area was the development of a simplified laboratory test procedure to measure the thermal conductivity of paving materials using cylindrical specimens. Laboratory tests were also conducted to measure key thermal properties of the different paving materials. These properties were used as input parameters for the pavement heat absorption and transfer model. In the second focus area, a pavement heat absorption and transfer model was developed and validated. This fundamental model accounts for the surface rates of solar radiation absorption and heat transmission of various pavements designs. It can be used for comparative evaluation for the different pavements designs in mitigating the Urban Heat Island Effect. The outcome of the two focus areas outlined above are envisioned to play a key role aiding future decision makers and designers when choosing appropriate pavement materials for their particular application. It will provide further awareness of urban heat island, and drives further municipal ordinances and building codes that incorporate environmentally appropriate materials into development and rehabilitation projects.
