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Author: Robert H. Jackson
Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN: 1443864889
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 240
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Book Description
In the mid-sixteenth century, the Spanish faced a prolonged conflict in Mexico known as the Chichimeca War (1550–1600) beyond the porous cultural frontier between the sedentary indigenous populations of central Mexico and the bands of nomadic hunters and gatherers collectively known by the derogatory Náhuatl term “Chichimeca” or “Mecos”. Franciscan, Dominican, and Augustinian missionaries developed methods and an organizational scheme to evangelize the sedentary populations of central Mexico, but this did not work well beyond the Chichimeca frontier where missions often proved to be ephemeral. Moreover, the missionaries uncovered evidence of the persistence of pre-Hispanic religious beliefs as they also did in central Mexico. In many cases, the missionaries focused their attention on the colonies of sedentary indigenous peoples established beyond the frontier. This study outlines efforts over more than 200 years to evangelize the Pames and Jonaces in a huge territory known as the Sierra Gorda that covered parts of the modern states of Querétaro, Hidalgo, Estado de Mexico, Guanajuato, and San Luis Potosi, and involved Franciscan, Dominican, Augustinian, and Jesuit missionaries. It documents the last missionary impulse spurred by the project of José de Escandón and a new group of Franciscan missionaries to get the Pames and Jonaces to adopt a sedentary lifestyle after two centuries of failed efforts.
Author: Robert H. Jackson
Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN: 1443864889
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 240
Get Book Here
Book Description
In the mid-sixteenth century, the Spanish faced a prolonged conflict in Mexico known as the Chichimeca War (1550–1600) beyond the porous cultural frontier between the sedentary indigenous populations of central Mexico and the bands of nomadic hunters and gatherers collectively known by the derogatory Náhuatl term “Chichimeca” or “Mecos”. Franciscan, Dominican, and Augustinian missionaries developed methods and an organizational scheme to evangelize the sedentary populations of central Mexico, but this did not work well beyond the Chichimeca frontier where missions often proved to be ephemeral. Moreover, the missionaries uncovered evidence of the persistence of pre-Hispanic religious beliefs as they also did in central Mexico. In many cases, the missionaries focused their attention on the colonies of sedentary indigenous peoples established beyond the frontier. This study outlines efforts over more than 200 years to evangelize the Pames and Jonaces in a huge territory known as the Sierra Gorda that covered parts of the modern states of Querétaro, Hidalgo, Estado de Mexico, Guanajuato, and San Luis Potosi, and involved Franciscan, Dominican, Augustinian, and Jesuit missionaries. It documents the last missionary impulse spurred by the project of José de Escandón and a new group of Franciscan missionaries to get the Pames and Jonaces to adopt a sedentary lifestyle after two centuries of failed efforts.
Author: H. Robert Jackson
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781443816922
Category : Chichimecs
Languages : en
Pages : 229
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Book Description
"In the mid-sixteenth century, the Spanish faced a prolonged conflict in Mexico known as the Chichimeca War (1550-1600) beyond the porous cultural frontier between the sedentary indigenous populations of central Mexico and the bands of nomadic hunters and gatherers collectively known by the derogatory N�;huatl term "Chichimeca" or "Mecos". Franciscan, Dominican, and Augustinian missionaries developed methods and an organizational scheme to evangelize the sedentary populations of central Mexico, but this did not work well beyond the Chichimeca frontier where missions often proved to be ephemeral. Moreover, the missionaries uncovered evidence of the persistence of pre-Hispanic religious beliefs as they also did in central Mexico. In many cases, the missionaries focused their attention on the colonies of sedentary indigenous peoples established beyond the frontier. This study outlines efforts over more than 200 years to evangelize the Pames and Jonaces in a huge territory known as the Sierra Gorda that covered parts of the modern states of Quer�;taro, Hidalgo, Estado de Mexico, Guanajuato, and San Luis Potosi, and involved Franciscan, Dominican, Augustinian, and Jesuit missionaries. It documents the last missionary impulse spurred by the project of Jos�;; de Escand�;n and a new group of Franciscan missionaries to get the Pames and Jonaces to adopt a sedentary lifestyle after two centuries of failed efforts."
Author: Robert H. Jackson
Publisher: University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN: 0806159316
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 209
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Book Description
The Spanish crown wanted native peoples in its American territories to be evangelized and, to that end, facilitated the establishment of missions by various Catholic orders. Focusing on the Franciscan missions of the Sierra Gorda in Northern New Spain (Mexico) and the Jesuit missions of Chiquitos in what is now Bolivia, Frontiers of Evangelization takes a comparative approach to understanding the experiences of indigenous populations in missions on the frontiers of Spanish America. Marshaling a wealth of data from sacramental, military, and census records, Robert H. Jackson explores the many factors that influenced the stability of mission settlements, including the indigenous communities’ previous subsistence patterns and family structures, the evangelical techniques of the missionary orders, the social and political organization within the mission communities, and epidemiology in relation to population density and mobility. The two orders, Jackson’s research shows, organized and administered their missions very differently. The Franciscans took a heavy-handed approach and implemented disruptive social policies, while the Jesuits engaged in a comparatively “kinder and gentler” form of colonization. Yet the most critical factor to the missions’ success, Jackson finds, was the indigenous peoples’ existing demographic profile—in particular, their mobility. Nonsedentary populations, like the Pames and Jonaces of the Sierra Gorda, were more prone to demographic collapse once brought into the mission system, whereas sedentary groups, like the Guaraní of Chiquitos, experienced robust growth and greater resistance to disease and natural disaster. Drawing on more than three decades of scholarly work, this analysis of crucial archival material augments our understanding of the role of missions in colonization, and the fate of indigenous peoples in Spanish America.
Author: Robert H. Jackson
Publisher: BRILL
ISBN: 9004505261
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 379
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Book Description
During the eighteenth century the Spanish Bourbon monarchs attempted to transform Spanish America. This study analyses the efforts to transform frontier missions, and the consequences and particularly demographic consequences for the indigenous peoples that lived on the missions.
Author: Robert H. Jackson
Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN: 1527518280
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 255
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Book Description
In his historical satirical novel Candide, Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet) presented a fanciful vision of the Jesuit missions established among the Guaraní in parts of what today are Argentina, Paraguay, and Brazil. Some scholars have characterized the missions as having been a socialist utopia, or an independent republic located on the fringes of Spanish territory in South America. What was the reality? This study presents a detailed analysis of one of the Jesuit missions, Los Santos Mártires del Japón, and the story of the creation of mission communities on a frontier contested by Spain and Portugal during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It documents the historical realities of the Jesuit missions, their patterns of development, and the demographic consequences for the mission populations of military conflict.
Author: Robert H. Jackson
Publisher: BRILL
ISBN: 9004285008
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 306
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Book Description
Beginning in 1609, Jesuit missionaries established missions (reductions) among sedentary and non-sedentary native populations in the larger region defined as the Province of Paraguay (Rio de la Plata region, eastern Bolivia). One consequence of resettlement on the missions was exposure to highly contagious old world crowd diseases such as smallpox and measles. Epidemics that occurred about once a generation killed thousands. Despite severe mortality crises such as epidemics, warfare, and famine, the native populations living on the missions recovered. An analysis of the effects of epidemics and demographic patterns shows that the native populations living on the Paraguay and Chiquitos missions survived and retained a unique ethnic identity. A comparative approach that considers demographic patterns among other mission populations place the case study of the Paraguay and Chiquitos missions into context, and show how patterns on the Paraguay and Chiquitos missions differed from other mission populations. The findings challenge generally held assumptions about Native American historical demography.
Author: Robert H. Jackson
Publisher: BRILL
ISBN: 9004390545
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 192
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Book Description
In the 17th and 18th centuries Spain and Portugal contested control of the disputed Rio de la Plata borderlands. The Jesuit missions among the Guarani played an important role in regional conflict through the provision of manpower for campaigns and supplies. However, regional conflict and particularly the mobilization of the mission militia and the movement of soldiers on campaign had demographic consequences for the populations of the missions such as the spread of contagion. This study documents regional conflict in the Rio de la Plata, the militarization of the Jesuit missions, and the demographic consequences of conflict for the mission populations.
Author: Robert H. Jackson
Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN: 1527564193
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 816
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Book Description
From the late sixteenth century until their expulsion in 1767, the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) played a pivotal role in the life of Spanish America. They educated the urban population, tended to the spiritual needs of city folk, conducted “popular missions” to correct doctrinal issues with the urban and rural populations, and administered missions among the indigenous populations on the frontiers. Jesuit missions stretched from northern Mexico to Patagonia in South America, and left a considerable historical and architectural heritage and patrimony. This volume outlines the historical development of Jesuit missions located in northern Mexico and South America, and illustrates the architectural heritage they left behind.
Author: Fernando Esparragoza Amador
Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN: 1443896063
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 830
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Book Description
The Spanish conquest of central Mexico in 1521 set in motion an evangelization campaign to convert the large indigenous populations to Catholicism. Franciscans, Dominicans, and Augustinians participated in the first stages of this campaign. The missionaries established doctrinas (missions) in many indigenous communities, and, during the sixteenth century, directed the construction of new sacred complexes, often on the site of pre-Hispanic temples. Many of the convent complexes still survive in various states of conservation. This Visual Catalog offers historical data regarding the convent complexes, as well as an extensive collection of photographs of the surviving buildings, murals, and design elements, and documents the Franciscan doctrinas. In the 1580s, Fray Antonio de Ciudad Real, O.F.M. accompanied the Comisario General Fray Alonso Ponce, O.F.M. on an inspection of the Franciscan installations in central Mexico and Central America. The book reproduces his descriptions of the Franciscan missions, and is accompanied by photographs of the convent complexes. It also documents the Dominican and Augustinian doctrinas, and discusses selected Jesuit colegios and missions in Mexico. The Jesuits first arrived in Mexico in 1572, and did not participate in the first evangelization campaign. They were active in urban missions and education, and also established missions on the far northern frontier of Mexico.
Author: Robert H. Jackson
Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN: 1527534308
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 343
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Book Description
Scholars have debated the demographic consequences for the indigenous populations of the Americas of 1492, the beginning of sustained contact between the Old and New Worlds. Some have hypothesized an initial die-off of indigenous population resulting from the introduction of highly contagious crowd diseases such as smallpox and measles. So-called “virgin soil” epidemics caused catastrophic mortality that culled the indigenous populations, and some scholars such as the late Henry Dobyns hypothesized a rate of decline of around 90 percent as epidemics spread across the Americas like a miasmic cloud. However, over the course of generations, the indigenous populations developed immunities to the maladies, and recovered. This book presents a detailed case study of indigenous populations congregated on Jesuit missions in lowland South America that challenges the basic assumptions of the model of “virgin soil” epidemics. It shows that epidemic mortality varied between communities, and that catastrophic mortality occurred on some mission communities generations after first sustained contact. It concludes that patterns of demographic change among indigenous populations were far more complex than is often assumed. This study is of interest to specialists in historical demography, colonial Spanish America, Native American history, and the history of Spanish frontier missions.
