Pain, Touch, and Decision Making

Pain, Touch, and Decision Making PDF Author: Lina Koppel
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
ISBN: 9179297862
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 91

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Book Description
Stimulation of sensory nerves can give rise to powerful affective experiences. Noxious stimuli can give rise to pain, an unpleasant experience which, in turn, causes suffering and constitutes a major societal burden. Touch, on the other hand, can feel pleasant and plays an important role in social relationships and well-being. Slow, gentle stroking of the skin in particular has been shown to activate C-tactile (CT) afferents, which are thought to signal affective and socially relevant aspects of touch. However, little is known about how pain and affective touch influence everyday decision making. In Paper I, we investigated the effect of acute physical pain on risk taking and intertemporal choice. Participants (n = 109) performed a series of economic decision-making tasks, once while experiencing acute thermal pain and once in a no-pain control condition. Results indicated that pain increased risk taking for monetary gains but not for equivalent losses, and increased impatience. In Paper II, we investigated the effect of affective touch on betrayal aversion, altruism, and risk taking. Participants (n = 120) performed a series of economic decision-making tasks, once while being stroked on the forearm at CT-optimal speed using a soft painter’s brush and once in a no-touch control condition. Results indicated no effect of affective touch on any of the outcome measures. In Paper III, we investigated how the ability to affect an upcoming painful event via voluntary action influences cortical processing of ongoing somatosensory stimulation. fMRI data was collected from 30 participants while they performed a task that involved pressing a response button to reduce the duration of upcoming thermal stimuli. Whole-brain analyses revealed no significant task-related effects in brain regions typically involved in pain, except activation in a cluster in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was greater when upcoming stimulation was painful than when it was nonpainful. However, region-of-interest analyses in anterior insula (AI) and midcingulate cortex (MCC) indicated that the noxious nature of the upcoming stimulation, as well as the ability to affect it, influenced processing of ongoing stimulation in both of these regions. Activation in MCC, but not AI, also correlated with response times. Taken together, these studies contribute to the broader understanding of everyday decision making, and of how affective experiences such as pain and touch shape everyday decisions and behaviors. Stimulering av nervfibrer i huden kan ge upphov till starka känsloupplevelser. Skadliga eller potentiellt skadliga stimuli kan ge upphov till smärta, en obehaglig upplevelse som i sin tur orsakar lidande och har stora socioekonomiska konsekvenser. Beröring, å andra sidan, kan upplevas som behagligt och är en viktig del av sociala relationer. Förhållandevis lite kunskap finns dock om hur smärta och beröring påverkar vardagligt beslutsfattande. Blir vi otåliga av att uppleva smärta? Tar vi fler risker? Gör beröring oss snällare och mer tillitsfulla? I denna avhandling presenteras tre studier som försöker svara på denna typ av frågor. I den första studien fick deltagarna smärtsam värmestimulering samtidigt som de fattade beslut om pengar. Besluten involverade t.ex. att välja mellan en säker vinst på 50 kr eller att singla slant om att vinna 100 kr. Resultaten visade att smärta ökade risktagande för vinster, men inte för motsvarande förluster. Deltagare som upplevde smärta var även mer otåliga, dvs. de föredrog i större utsträckning snabba belöningar. I den andra studien fick deltagarna beröring med en mjuk pensel samtidigt som de fattade beslut. Lätt, smekande beröring aktiverar en särskild typ av nervfibrer, som tros signalera affektiva och socialt relevanta aspekter av beröring. Beröring ökar även utsöndringen av hormonet oxytocin, som sägs öka känslan av tillit till andra människor, även om de vetenskapliga bevisen för detta är motstridiga. Resultaten av studien visade ingen effekt av beröring på beslutsfattande. I den tredje studien undersöktes hjärnans aktivitet vid smärtsam stimulering. Vi vet sedan tidigare att hjärnan inte bara reagerar på det som händer just nu, utan att den även förbereder inför vad som kan komma att hända i framtiden. Deltagarna fick smärtsam eller icke-smärtsam värmestimulering samtidigt som de utförde en uppgift som innebar att de skulle trycka på en knapp för att förkorta en kommande värmestimulering. Resultaten visade att hjärnans bearbetning av pågående stimulering påverkades av huruvida nästkommande stimulering var smärtsam eller inte och huruvida den gick att påverka. Sammantaget bidrar dessa studier till en ökad förståelse av hur människor fattar beslut och hur upplevelser som smärta och beröring påverkar vardagligt beslutfattande och beteende. Smärta har en stark koppling till beteende, eftersom vi snabbt måste kunna agera för att undvika skada. Beröring, däremot, upplevs på olika sätt beroende på den sociala kontexten, vilket troligtvis också påverkar beröringens effekt på beteende.

Pain, Touch, and Decision Making

Pain, Touch, and Decision Making PDF Author: Lina Koppel
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
ISBN: 9179297862
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 91

Get Book Here

Book Description
Stimulation of sensory nerves can give rise to powerful affective experiences. Noxious stimuli can give rise to pain, an unpleasant experience which, in turn, causes suffering and constitutes a major societal burden. Touch, on the other hand, can feel pleasant and plays an important role in social relationships and well-being. Slow, gentle stroking of the skin in particular has been shown to activate C-tactile (CT) afferents, which are thought to signal affective and socially relevant aspects of touch. However, little is known about how pain and affective touch influence everyday decision making. In Paper I, we investigated the effect of acute physical pain on risk taking and intertemporal choice. Participants (n = 109) performed a series of economic decision-making tasks, once while experiencing acute thermal pain and once in a no-pain control condition. Results indicated that pain increased risk taking for monetary gains but not for equivalent losses, and increased impatience. In Paper II, we investigated the effect of affective touch on betrayal aversion, altruism, and risk taking. Participants (n = 120) performed a series of economic decision-making tasks, once while being stroked on the forearm at CT-optimal speed using a soft painter’s brush and once in a no-touch control condition. Results indicated no effect of affective touch on any of the outcome measures. In Paper III, we investigated how the ability to affect an upcoming painful event via voluntary action influences cortical processing of ongoing somatosensory stimulation. fMRI data was collected from 30 participants while they performed a task that involved pressing a response button to reduce the duration of upcoming thermal stimuli. Whole-brain analyses revealed no significant task-related effects in brain regions typically involved in pain, except activation in a cluster in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was greater when upcoming stimulation was painful than when it was nonpainful. However, region-of-interest analyses in anterior insula (AI) and midcingulate cortex (MCC) indicated that the noxious nature of the upcoming stimulation, as well as the ability to affect it, influenced processing of ongoing stimulation in both of these regions. Activation in MCC, but not AI, also correlated with response times. Taken together, these studies contribute to the broader understanding of everyday decision making, and of how affective experiences such as pain and touch shape everyday decisions and behaviors. Stimulering av nervfibrer i huden kan ge upphov till starka känsloupplevelser. Skadliga eller potentiellt skadliga stimuli kan ge upphov till smärta, en obehaglig upplevelse som i sin tur orsakar lidande och har stora socioekonomiska konsekvenser. Beröring, å andra sidan, kan upplevas som behagligt och är en viktig del av sociala relationer. Förhållandevis lite kunskap finns dock om hur smärta och beröring påverkar vardagligt beslutsfattande. Blir vi otåliga av att uppleva smärta? Tar vi fler risker? Gör beröring oss snällare och mer tillitsfulla? I denna avhandling presenteras tre studier som försöker svara på denna typ av frågor. I den första studien fick deltagarna smärtsam värmestimulering samtidigt som de fattade beslut om pengar. Besluten involverade t.ex. att välja mellan en säker vinst på 50 kr eller att singla slant om att vinna 100 kr. Resultaten visade att smärta ökade risktagande för vinster, men inte för motsvarande förluster. Deltagare som upplevde smärta var även mer otåliga, dvs. de föredrog i större utsträckning snabba belöningar. I den andra studien fick deltagarna beröring med en mjuk pensel samtidigt som de fattade beslut. Lätt, smekande beröring aktiverar en särskild typ av nervfibrer, som tros signalera affektiva och socialt relevanta aspekter av beröring. Beröring ökar även utsöndringen av hormonet oxytocin, som sägs öka känslan av tillit till andra människor, även om de vetenskapliga bevisen för detta är motstridiga. Resultaten av studien visade ingen effekt av beröring på beslutsfattande. I den tredje studien undersöktes hjärnans aktivitet vid smärtsam stimulering. Vi vet sedan tidigare att hjärnan inte bara reagerar på det som händer just nu, utan att den även förbereder inför vad som kan komma att hända i framtiden. Deltagarna fick smärtsam eller icke-smärtsam värmestimulering samtidigt som de utförde en uppgift som innebar att de skulle trycka på en knapp för att förkorta en kommande värmestimulering. Resultaten visade att hjärnans bearbetning av pågående stimulering påverkades av huruvida nästkommande stimulering var smärtsam eller inte och huruvida den gick att påverka. Sammantaget bidrar dessa studier till en ökad förståelse av hur människor fattar beslut och hur upplevelser som smärta och beröring påverkar vardagligt beslutfattande och beteende. Smärta har en stark koppling till beteende, eftersom vi snabbt måste kunna agera för att undvika skada. Beröring, däremot, upplevs på olika sätt beroende på den sociala kontexten, vilket troligtvis också påverkar beröringens effekt på beteende.

Ramamurthy's Decision Making in Pain Management

Ramamurthy's Decision Making in Pain Management PDF Author: Ameet Nagpal
Publisher: JP Medical Ltd
ISBN: 9386261456
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 459

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Book Description
This new edition provides clinicians with the latest advances in the identification, diagnosis and management of acute and chronic pain conditions and syndromes. Beginning with an overview of pain evaluation, the next chapters explain acute and chronic pain. The following chapters examine different types of pain including cancer, thoracic, lower back, head and neck, and more. Each chapter has been fully revised and the third edition features many new topics, including a complete chapter dedicated to opioid pharmacology. Authored by recognised Texas-based experts in the field, the text is presented in a clear, algorithmic approach, enhanced by clinical photographs and figures. Key points Fully revised, third edition presenting latest advances in diagnosis and management pain Features many new topics including a chapter on opioid pharmacology Authored by recognised Texas-based experts in the field Previous edition (9780323019743) published in 2006

Painful Choices

Painful Choices PDF Author: David A. Welch
Publisher: Princeton University Press
ISBN: 9780691123400
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 296

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Book Description
Japan's endless patience with diplomacy in its conflict with Russia over the Northern Territories; America's decision to commit large-scale military force to Vietnam vs. its ultimate decision to withdraw; and Canada's two abortive flirtations with free trade with the United States in 1911 and 1948 vs. its embrace of free trade in the late 1980s."--Jacket.

Affective Touch and the Neurophysiology of CT Afferents

Affective Touch and the Neurophysiology of CT Afferents PDF Author: Håkan Olausson
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 1493964186
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 431

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Book Description
CT afferents are receptors in mammalian hairy skin that fire action potentials when the skin is touched lightly which makes them particularly important in affective touch. Traditionally neuroscientific research has focused on more discriminative and haptic properties of touch that are mediated by large myelinated afferents and the coding properties and functional organization of unmyelinated CT afferents have been studied much less. The proposed volume will draw together existing knowledge in this nascent field. Separate sections will address (1) how we can measure affective touch, (2) CT structure and physiology, (3) CT processing, (4) the contribution of CTs to sexual behavior, (5) clinical relevance, (6) commercial relevance, and (7) future research considerations.​

Brain Computations

Brain Computations PDF Author: Edmund T. Rolls
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN: 0198871104
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 954

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Book Description
In order to understand how the brain works, it is essential to know WHAT is computed by different brain systems, and HOW those computations are performed. This is the aim of Brain Computations: What and How. Pioneering in its approach, this book will be of interest to all scientists interested in brain function and how the brain works

Decision Making in Pain Management

Decision Making in Pain Management PDF Author: Somayaji Ramamurthy
Publisher: Decker
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 336

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Book Description


Foundations of Nursing Practice E-Book

Foundations of Nursing Practice E-Book PDF Author: Chris Brooker
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0723435340
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 773

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Book Description
This title is directed primarily towards health care professionals outside of the United States. It is written specifically to meet the needs of nursing students undertaking the common foundation programme. It aims to explain how and why sensitive, holistic and evidence-based nursing care is carried out. Therefore it is relevant to students who will enter all branches of nursing and includes material that is both common to all and specific to each branch. The book aims to provide all students on foundation nursing and health care programmes with material of sufficient depth/breadth to achieve the NMC outcomes required for entry into the branch programmes. There is an emphasis not only on the theory that underpins nursing practice in the common foundation programme but also on nursing skills which form an increasingly emphasized part of the programme. The chapters have been reviewed by experts from each branch and also clinical skills to ensure the content reflects each branch accurately and appropriately. - Emphasis on clinical skills & lifelong learning - Realistic scenarios reinforce the need for patient/client-centred care with a holistic approach - Activity boxes for all branches and age groups in each chapter ensure relevance to nurses in diverse settings - An integrated approach to health promotion with activity boxes emphasises that health maintenance and promotion are central to contemporary nursing practice - Reflection, critical thinking and research/appraisal skills are encouraged with a problem centred approach that will help to develop the skills needed to provide sensitive and effective, high quality care and to integrate theory with practice - The emphasis on nursing/clinical skills underlines the importance of core skills - an integral part of the patient/client experience - Cultural diversity is a core theme throughout - The importance of evidence-based practice is highlighted and the text helps readers are assisted to acquire the skills to provide evidence-based care - A wide range of general and branch-specific interactive boxes help to develop an understanding of some issues in other branches as well as the core issues that affect all nurses. - Self- test questions and answers provide an opportunity for readers to take responsibility for and check their learning. - Valuable learning tools are included: glossary of key terms, useful websites and references

Descartes' Error

Descartes' Error PDF Author: Antonio Damasio
Publisher: Penguin
ISBN: 014303622X
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 338

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Book Description
"An ambitious and meticulous foray into the nature of being." -- The Boston Globe A landmark exploration of the relationship between emotion and reason Since Descartes famously proclaimed, "I think, therefore I am," science has often overlooked emotions as the source of a person’s true being. Even modern neuroscience has tended, until recently, to concentrate on the cognitive aspects of brain function, disregarding emotions. This attitude began to change with the publication of Descartes’ Error in 1995. Antonio Damasio—"one of the world’s leading neurologists" (The New York Times)—challenged traditional ideas about the connection between emotions and rationality. In this wondrously engaging book, Damasio takes the reader on a journey of scientific discovery through a series of case studies, demonstrating what many of us have long suspected: emotions are not a luxury, they are essential to rational thinking and to normal social behavior.

Brain Computations and Connectivity

Brain Computations and Connectivity PDF Author: Edmund T. Rolls
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0198887922
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 1174

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Book Description
This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read on the Oxford Academic platform and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. Brain Computations and Connectivity is about how the brain works. In order to understand this, it is essential to know what is computed by different brain systems; and how the computations are performed. The aim of this book is to elucidate what is computed in different brain systems; and to describe current biologically plausible computational approaches and models of how each of these brain systems computes. Understanding the brain in this way has enormous potential for understanding ourselves better in health and in disease. Potential applications of this understanding are to the treatment of the brain in disease; and to artificial intelligence which will benefit from knowledge of how the brain performs many of its extraordinarily impressive functions. This book is pioneering in taking this approach to brain function: to consider what is computed by many of our brain systems; and how it is computed, and updates by much new evidence including the connectivity of the human brain the earlier book: Rolls (2021) Brain Computations: What and How, Oxford University Press. Brain Computations and Connectivity will be of interest to all scientists interested in brain function and how the brain works, whether they are from neuroscience, or from medical sciences including neurology and psychiatry, or from the area of computational science including machine learning and artificial intelligence, or from areas such as theoretical physics.

Dreeben-Irimia's Introduction to Physical Therapy Practice with Navigate Advantage Access

Dreeben-Irimia's Introduction to Physical Therapy Practice with Navigate Advantage Access PDF Author: Mark Dutton
Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Learning
ISBN: 1284300048
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 730

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Book Description
Dreeben-Irimia's Introduction to Physical Therapy Practice, Fifth Edition uncovers the “what,” “why,” and “how” of physical therapy. The text thoroughly describes who provides physical therapy, in what setting, and how physical therapists and physical therapist assistants interact with patients, each other, and other healthcare professionals. The Fifth Edition delves into the tools and competencies physical therapists and physical therapist assistants use to care for a diverse population of people in a variety of clinical settings. The book discusses what it means to practice legally, ethically, and professionally, including practical communication skills.