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Author: David Kai Yui Lei
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Glucose
Languages : en
Pages : 250
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Book Description
Author: David Kai Yui Lei
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Glucose
Languages : en
Pages : 250
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Book Description
Author: IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
Publisher: World Health Organization
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 692
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Book Description
Evaluates evidence for an increased risk of cancer in women using combined oral contraceptives, progestogen-only hormonal contraceptives, post-menopausal estrogen therapy, and post-menopausal estrogen-progestogen therapy. Although the carcinogenicity of these preparations has been extensively investigated, the book stresses the many complex methodological issues that must be considered when interpreting findings and weighing results. Evidence of an association between use of these preparations and positive effects on health, including a reduced risk of some cancers, is also critically assessed. The first and most extensive monograph evaluates evidence of an association between the use of combined oral contraceptives and cancer at nine sites. Concerning breast cancer, the evaluation concludes that, even if the association is causal, the excess risk for breast cancer associated with patterns of use that are typical today is very small. Studies of predominantly high-dose preparations found an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in the absence of hepatitis viruses. Citing these findings, the evaluation concludes that there is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of combined oral contraceptives. The evaluation also found sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of some, but not all, combined preparations in animals. Combined oral contraceptives were classified as carcinogenic to humans. The evaluation also cites conclusive evidence that these agents have a protective effect against cancers of the ovary and endometrium. Progestogen-only contraceptives are evaluated in the second monograph, which considers the association with cancer at six sites. The evaluation found no evidence of an increased risk for breast cancer. Although the evaluation found sufficient evidence in animals for the carcinogenicity of medroxyprogesterone acetate, evidence for the carcinogenicity of progestogen-only contraceptives in humans was judged inadequate. Progestogen-only contraceptives were classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. The third monograph, on post-menopausal estrogen therapy, considers evidence of an association with cancer at eight sites. Findings from a large number of epidemiological studies indicate a small increase in the risk of breast cancer in women who have used these preparations for five years or more. Studies consistently show an association between use of post-menopausal estrogen therapy and an increased risk for endometrial cancer. Data on the association with other cancers were either inconclusive or suggested no effect on risk. The evaluation concludes that post-menopausal estrogen therapy is carcinogenic to humans. The final monograph evaluates the association between the use of post-menopausal estrogen-progestogen therapy and cancer at four sites. The evaluation of limited data on breast cancer found an increased relative risk observed with long-term use. Data were judged insufficient to assess the effects of past use and of different progestogen compounds, doses, and treatment schedules. For endometrial cancer, the evaluation found an increase in risk relative to non-users when the progestogen was added to the cycle for 10 days or fewer. Post-menopausal estrogen-progestogen therapy was classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. Concerning post-menopausal therapy in general, the book notes that evidence of carcinogenic risks must be placed in perspective of potential benefits. The prevention of osteoporotic fractures is cited as the best-established benefit. Evidence also suggests that estrogen prevents heart disease and may prevent memory loss and dementia.
Author: Joseph William Goldzieher
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Oral contraceptives
Languages : en
Pages : 168
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Book Description
Author: Rogerio A. Lobo
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080553095
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 902
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Book Description
For anyone who treats postmenopausal women, this latest edition of Rogerio Lobo's classic work combines the best from two well-known references: Menopause, and the second edition of Treatment of the Postmenopausal Woman. By adding significant discussions of the basic science behind menopause, it is possible to objectively assess the clinical value and limitations of current approaches to treatment and provide a basis and rationale for strategies that will result in better individualized and specialized care. Not only does the third edition discuss diagnosis and treatment of menopause but it covers biological, anatomical, physiological, pathobiological, and pharmacological aspects as well bringing together, in one source, all of the information needed to understand and treat postmenopausal conditions. Over 50% new material representing the vast amount of information available since the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) clinical trials were completed making this the most up-to-date reference on postmenopausal women Includes several new sections on comparisons between clinical trials and observational data, urology, and pelvic support Each section is preceded by a preface to put the area into context with many chapters having suggested treatment regimens
Author: R.B. Greenblatt
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9401166668
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 125
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Book Description
R.B. GREENBLATT The original oral contraceptives contained more oestrogen in the form of ethinyloestradiol or mestranol and progestagen in the form of norethynodrel or norethisterone than was necessary f(x conception control. There has been a trend over the years to reduce dosages of both components in order to minimize side eHects while ensuring eflcctiveness. However, as dosages were lowered, there has been an increase in spotting and break through bleeding during the first few months of their adminis tration. The sequential pill appeared more physiological in that it followed more closely physiological principles, but the need to employ large doses ofEE or EE3ME to inhibit O\'ulation and the higher pregnancy rate made the sequential regimen less attrac ti\'e or useful. A triphasic formulation has become available that takes advantage of the synergism between ethinyloestradiol and the potent levonorgestrel so that low doses of the oestrogen and very low doses of the progestagen could be employed with great effectiveness. Such a preparation is relatively free from side effects, partly because the basic pharmacological tenet of the minimal dose for the desired result and the division of'the cycle into three parts using 30,lIg ofEE for the first 6 days, then:) days of 40,lIg, followed by 30,fIg for 10 da ys, for a total of21 days, thus more or less mimicking the physiological rise and fall of 125 THE DEVELOP:'IE:-;T OF, \ :-;E\\' TRIPH. \SIC OR.
Author: Denys Vivian Ivor Fairweather
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Contraceptives
Languages : en
Pages : 150
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Book Description
Author: Lara Marks
Publisher: Yale University Press
ISBN: 0300167911
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 416
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Book Description
BIRTH CONTROL, CONTRACEPTION, FAMILY PLANNING. Heralded as the catalyst of the sexual revolution and the solution to global overpopulation, the contraceptive pill was one of the twentieth century's most important inventions. It has not only transformed the lives of millions of women but has also pushed the limits of drug monitoring and regulation across the world. This deeply-researched new history of the oral contraceptive shows how its development and use have raised crucial questions about the relationship between science, medicine, technology, and society. Lara Marks explores the reasons why the pill took so long to be developed and explains why it did not prove to be the social panacea envisioned by its inventors. Unacceptable to the Catholic Church, rejected by countries such as India and Japan, too expensive for women in poor countries, it has, more recently, been linked to cardiovascular problems.
Author: Anthony C. Hackney
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319445588
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 320
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Book Description
It is well-established, through extensive peer-reviewed published research, that physical activity and exercise training can impact the reproductive endocrine system of women. This ground-breaking, comprehensive title presents a range of unique insights into the opposite question: how the reproductive endocrine system of women affects their exercise ability. More precisely, the thematic question explored in this work is: if exercise affects reproductive hormones, conversely then could the reproductive hormones have physiological effects unrelated to reproduction that influence the capacity of women to exercise? In exploring this question, the goal is to better understand the unique physiology of women and whether female sex hormones might account for some of the variance in physiological performance between amenorrheic and eumenorrheic women, and within women across the age span as they experience menarche to menopause. Sex Hormones, Exercise and Women: Scientific and Clinical Aspects synthesizes the research by exploring the physiology and psychology behind these occurrences. This novel title will not only be of interest to researchers, exercise scientists, graduate students, and clinicians; it will also serve as a source of valuable information for female athletes and their trainers in the context of preparing for competitions.
Author: Stefan Offermanns
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1152
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Book Description
Presents current information on the molecular mechanisms of drug action. Provides 159 essays describing groups of drugs and drug targets. Several essays deal with general principles of pharmacology, such as drug tolerance, drug addiction, or drug metabolism.
Author: Savitri Ramcharan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Oral contraceptives
Languages : en
Pages : 286
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Book Description
