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Author: Erwin Groten
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Geodesy
Languages : en
Pages : 7
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Book Description
Author: Erwin Groten
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Geodesy
Languages : en
Pages : 7
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Book Description
Author: Richard J. Anderle
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 41
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Book Description
Determinations of the geoid made by different authors have differed by more than forty meters in some geographic locations. The authors differed in the observations employed in the number of gravity coefficients they determined, and in a number of details in the method of solution. Experiments conducted with Doppler observations on satellites have shown moderate variations (rarely as much as 30 meters) in the geoid determined if the number of satellite orbital inclinations employed is reduced by one. Reduction of the number of gravity parameters used to represent the geoid also resulted in moderate variations in the principal geoid features, except under special circumstances which are described. Reducing the number of weeks of observations did not produce deviations greater than 25 meters. However, reducing the number of observing stations in addition resulted in distortions of the computed geoid which reached 100 meters. It appears that the most recent geoid heights determined from satellite observations are correct to about 20 meters at any location and that observational data being obtained and techniques of computation being utilized should improve the accuracy to 10 meters or better. (Author).
Author: Fernando Sansò
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3540747001
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 748
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Book Description
This book will be based on the material of the lecture noties in several International Schools for the Determination and Use of the Geoid, organized by the International Geoid Serivice of the International Association of Geodesy. It consolidates, unifies, and streamlines this material in a unique way not covereed by the few other books that exist on this subjext. More specifically, the book presents (for the first time in a single volume) the theory and methodology of the most common technique used for precise determination of the geoid, including the computation of the marine geoid from satellite altimetry data. These are illustrated by specific examples and actual computations of local geoids. In addition, the book provides the fundamentals of estimating orthometric heights without spirit levelling, by properly combining a geoid with heights from GPS. Besides the geodectic and geophysical uses, this last application has made geoid computation methods very popular in recent years because the entire GPS and GIS user communities are interested in estimating geoid undulations in order to convert GPS heights to physically meaningful orthometric heights (elevations above mean sea level). The overall purpose of the book is, therefore, to provide the user community (academics, graduate students, geophysicists, engineers, oceanographers, GIS and GPS users, researchers) with a self-contained textbook, which will supply them with the complete roadmap of estimating geoid undulations, from the theoretical definitions and formulas to the available numerical methods and their implementation and the test in practice.
Author: Richard H. Rapp
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1461231043
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 508
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Book Description
Rapid growth of geodetic information provided by the Global Positioning System (GPS) and stringent requirements for a precise geoid in ocean areas for ocean circulation models have spurred interest in geoid studies. As a result, the International Geoid Commission was formed to provide a focus for this important geoid research. Determination of the Geoid: Present and Future is the result of the first meeting of the Commission, held at the Instituto di Topografia, Fotogrammetria e Geofisica at the Politecnico di Milano, June 1990. Six major topics are presented: Global Geopotential Models: Present and Future; Role of Topography in Geoid Computations; the Geoid and the Global Positioning System; the State of Computation of National or Regional Geoids; Software and Data Improvements for Geoid Computations; and Recent Developments in the GEOMED (Determination of the Geoid in the Mediterranean) Project.
Author: Saburi John
Publisher: 1976 [c1977]
ISBN:
Category : Geodesy
Languages : en
Pages : 324
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Book Description
Author: Duane C. Brown
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Arc measures
Languages : en
Pages : 66
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Book Description
A short arc approach to the determination of the oceanic geoid from observations made by a satellite-borne radar altimeter entails the recovery of geoidal parameters simultaneously with the recovery of weakly constrained orbital state vectors defining a very large number (i.e., thousands) of independent, interlocking short arcs (arcs typically 1/6 to 1/8 revolution in length). Patterned characteristics of the normal equations make such a simultaneous solution possible, no matter how many sets of orbital parameters are to be recovered. Computer simulations demonstrate that the approach is strongly determinate and can reasonably be expected to produce an oceanic geoid having an rms accuracy approaching one meter from the reduction of GEOS C observations. The major advantage offered by the short arc approach is that it in no way depends on the establishment of a highly accurate reference orbit and thus places only minimal requirements on satellite tracking by external systems. An additional advantage is that observational residuals can be expected to be relatively uncompromised by orbital biases. (Modified author abstract).
Author: Georges Blaha
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Earth (Planet)
Languages : en
Pages : 107
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Book Description
A recent report by Brown (1973) initiated a new approach to satellite altimetry adjustment, in the sense that highly accurate reference orbits are no longer required. Computer simulations indicated that in this way, global oceanic geoid accurate to within 1 to 2 meters rms may be determined from the reduction of GEOS-C satellite observations. However, worthwhile geoidal accuracies cannot be obtained over land masses from the reduction of satellite altimetry alone.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309163293
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 157
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Book Description
Geodesy is the science of accurately measuring and understanding three fundamental properties of Earth: its geometric shape, its orientation in space, and its gravity field, as well as the changes of these properties with time. Over the past half century, the United States, in cooperation with international partners, has led the development of geodetic techniques and instrumentation. Geodetic observing systems provide a significant benefit to society in a wide array of military, research, civil, and commercial areas, including sea level change monitoring, autonomous navigation, tighter low flying routes for strategic aircraft, precision agriculture, civil surveying, earthquake monitoring, forest structural mapping and biomass estimation, and improved floodplain mapping. Recognizing the growing reliance of a wide range of scientific and societal endeavors on infrastructure for precise geodesy, and recognizing geodetic infrastructure as a shared national resource, this book provides an independent assessment of the benefits provided by geodetic observations and networks, as well as a plan for the future development and support of the infrastructure needed to meet the demand for increasingly greater precision. Precise Geodetic Infrastructure makes a series of focused recommendations for upgrading and improving specific elements of the infrastructure, for enhancing the role of the United States in international geodetic services, for evaluating the requirements for a geodetic workforce for the coming decades, and for providing national coordination and advocacy for the various agencies and organizations that contribute to the geodetic infrastructure.
Author: Jakob Flury
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3540295224
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 484
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Book Description
In the recent years, space-based observation methods have led to a subst- tially improved understanding of Earth system. Geodesy and geophysics are contributing to this development by measuring the temporal and spatial va- ations of the Earth’s shape, gravity ?eld, and magnetic ?eld, as well as at- sphere density. In the frame of the GermanR&D programmeGEOTECHNO- LOGIEN,researchprojectshavebeen launchedin2002relatedto the satellite missions CHAMP, GRACE and ESA’s planned mission GOCE, to comp- mentary terrestrial and airborne sensor systems and to consistent and stable high-precision global reference systems for satellite and other techniques. In the initial 3-year phase of the research programme (2002-2004), new gravity ?eld models have been computed from CHAMP and GRACE data which outperform previous models in accuracy by up to two orders of m- nitude for the long and medium wavelengths. A special highlight is the - termination of seasonal gravity variations caused by changes in continental water masses. For GOCE, to be launched in 2006, new gravity ?eld analysis methods are under development and integrated into the ESA processing s- tem. 200,000 GPS radio occultation pro?les, observed by CHAMP, have been processed on an operational basis. They represent new and excellent inf- mation on atmospheric refractivity, temperature and water vapor. These new developments require geodetic space techniques (such as VLBI, SLR, LLR, GPS) to be combined and synchronized as if being one global instrument.
Author: William M. Kaula
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Earth (Planet)
Languages : en
Pages : 68
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Book Description
A world-wide estimate of the gravity field, based on all available gravimetry and extended by Markov analysis using correlation with elevation, was combined with an estimate of the geoid based on astro-geodetic data covering 19% of the earth and with secular and long period variations of the 1957 Beta and 1958 Beta satellite orbits, into a generalization of least-squares adjustments taking correlation into account. The value obtained for the quadratic sum indicated that the estimates of variance and covariance should be increased about 44%. The results obtained include: Equatorial radius, 6378163 + or - 21 m; Flattening, 1/298.24 + or - 0.01; Equatorial gravity, 978043.6 + or - 1.2 milligals (Potsdam system); Datum shifts (with three-dimensional standard deviation) for the Americas system, + or - 35 m; Europe-Africa-Siberia-India system, + or - 38 m; Japan-Korea-Manchuria system, + or - 68 m; Coefficients in the spherical harmonic expression of the gravity field up to the 8th degree; and World-wide geoid heights, with standard deviations varying from + or - 10 m to + or - 22 m. (Author).
