Author: James Edward Aikman
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Flies
Languages : en
Pages : 56

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Author: Leland Ossian Howard
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Diptera
Languages : en
Pages : 374

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Excerpt from book: II THE NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE TYPHOID AS with every other living creature, nature makes its own effort to limit the abundance of the fly under consideration, and the extraordinary facility for multiplication which the fly possesses is in turn the result of the instinctive effort of the organism to maintain its status in spite of the numerous enemies which confront it. The natural enemies of the house fly begin with the acme of the vertebrate series (man himself) and end with the lower forms of plant life, and we will begin our consideration of these agencies with the latter forms. Fungous Diseases In the autumn it is a matter of common observation that many flies in houses and on the windows become sluggish and frequently die in such positions. The sluggishness may be accounted for in a measure by the advent of cold weather, and as a matter of fact cold weather frequently drives indoors other species of flies of a more sluggish nature than the house fly. In this way the so-called cluster fly (Pollenia rudis), a rather sluggish species, which will be referred to in another chapter, is frequently found in houses in the autumn. But the principal cause of the sluggishness on the part of the house fly in the autumn is the attack of fungous diseases. Sometimes they are found to be dead without any evidence of the cause of death. Later they are seen to be surrounded by a white fungus growth. There is a group of fungi belonging to the En- tomophthoreae, many of which are parasitic upon insects. There are several genera in this group, but the only one which need be considered at present is the genus Empusa. The fungi of this group have been studied by Dr. Roland Thaxter of Harvard University, and it is from his writings that the following statements have been drawn.

Author: Leland Ossian Howard
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Diptera
Languages : en
Pages : 12

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Author: William Spence
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 11

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Author: Charles Gordon Hewitt
Publisher: Cambridge : University Press
ISBN:
Category : Animal behavior
Languages : en
Pages : 412

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Author: G. Hurlstone Hardy
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Diptera
Languages : en
Pages : 144

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Author: Larry P. Pedigo
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1000141217
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 732

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Handbook of Sampling Methods for Arthropods in Agriculture offers a comprehensive look at the principles and practicality of developing accurate sampling programs for arthropod pests and their arthropod enemies. The book examines developments in sampling populations and reviews sampling plans that produce accurate and affordable population estimates. The text stresses practicality, as well as the theoretical background of sampling. This book will be an indispensable reference for researchers, students, and practitioners in entomology and agriculture.

Author: Charles Gordon Hewitt
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 4

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Author: Leland Ossian Howard
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 378

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Author: Levi Keith Zahn
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781392170731
Category : Housefly
Languages : en
Pages : 161

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Book Description
House flies (Musca domestica L.) are common synanthropic pest associated with confined animal operations and are known carriers of many disease-causing pathogens affecting humans and animals. House fly production remains a significant problem for producers. Reducing the number of house flies dispersing away from a development site may impact both pathogen transmission and nuisance to humans and animals near fly development sites. This dissertation investigates the flight behaviors of the house fly under field conditions in southern California which may be used in future fly management programs. In chapter 1, a study was conducted to investigate the diel flight activity of house flies on two different active dairies in southern California. Collection period (time of day) was a useful predictor of house fly activity, as time is essentially a proxy for diel changes in temperature, humidity, light intensity, and even wind speed in southern California. Male flight activity peaked before females. Temperature, light intensity, and wind speed had a significant effect on activity throughout the day. In chapter 2, the flying height of house flies was examined using vertical 2.13m-tall sticky traps. House flies were evenly distributed over this trap height, except for flies captured on traps positioned in or near the edge of an alfalfa field. Temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were linearly associated with changes in flying height. The even distribution of house flies over the traps indicate house flies are almost certainly flying above top of the traps. In chapter 3, the relationship of house fly flight direction with environmental variables was investigated, using a release-recapture study. House flies are not dispersing randomly, and the short-range flight of male and female flies was toward the southeast. Flight direction was significantly correlated with time of release, solar position, wind speed, and temperature. Dispersing flies may have been using a nearby tree line as a visual cue thus flying in this direction. Chapter 4 investigated the impact a visual target would have on the direction of flight for house flies. The mean direction of flight was altered by the target but did not result in a significant shift in flight direction towards the target. More house flies captured when the target was raised and the aspect of the target facing the release point was sunward (reflecting sunlight). Overall, house fly flight behaviors are complex, and are likely impacted by all observed environmental variables. Changes in temperature and sunlight (time of day) had a wide-ranging impact on house fly flight behavior, affecting flight activity and directionality. It is anticipated that as sampling techniques become more refined the impact of weather on house fly flight behavior will become better characterized, but continued research is necessary.