Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program: Securing and Safeguarding Weapons of Mass Destruction PDF Download
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Author: American security project
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Author: American security project
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Author: James E. Goodby
Publisher: CreateSpace
ISBN: 9781478194422
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 68
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Book Description
One of the greatest challenges to both national and international security stems from the threat posed by weapons of mass destruction, especially nuclear weapons. In 1991, Senators Sam Nunn (D-GA) and Richard Lugar (R-IN) authored and advocated the Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act after the breakup of the Soviet Union (creating what is now commonly referred to as Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction [CTR] program). The program currently receives funding of over $1 billion a year for cooperative activities to secure and eliminate weapons of mass destruction and related materials and technologies in the former Soviet Union. The Nunn–Lugar CTR program can rightly be called the Marshall Plan of nuclear nonproliferation. It was one of the primary instruments available to the United States for dealing with the dangerous situation resulting from the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Problems still exist, however, with regard to the safe and secure storage and handling of nuclear materials in Russia. Substantial resources from the United States and other nations will continue to be needed to eliminate these potential threats in the future. However, the mutual dedication to problem solving that has, at the best of times, characterized the Nunn–Lugar program is now missing. As a result, secondary issues and other priorities have prevented further progress from being made. The early stages of the Nunn–Lugar program, understandably, were marked by suspicion and a lack of trust on both sides—attitudes that hindered progress and slowed implementation of agreed-on measures. Further complicating the situation was that the breakup of the Soviet Union also meant the breakup of the unified control system that facilitated expeditious execution of directives from above. The Yeltsin government was notorious for unfulfilled commitments, and as a result, those working the various programs found that agreed-on procedures often had to be renegotiated at each intervening level of the bureaucracy before they could be put into effect. Even such seemingly simple issues as whether taxes had to be paid on materials provided free of charge under CTR continue to cause problems to this day. To the credit of both sides, in previous years, when a problem was encountered, efforts were made to come up with workable solutions, rather than allowing the process to fall into a series of mutual recriminations. In spite of this record, the program has become bogged down in recent years over issues such as liability for damages and other essentially secondary matters. In terms of nuclear weapons, some 6,382 nuclear warheads have been deactivated under CTR. These include all armaments from the former Soviet republics of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine, where the weapons' status and security came into serious question after the breakup of the Soviet Union. More than 1,400 delivery systems, including ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, submarines, and strategic bombers have been decommissioned or destroyed. In terms of materials that could be used to create weapons, over 200 metric tons of highly enriched uranium (HEU) has been eliminated. Security in transport and storage, and accountability of both weapons and weapon materials, has been enhanced. Finally, more than 22,000 scientists formerly employed in weapons programs (chemical and biological included) have been shifted to cooperative, peaceful endeavors. In sum, the world is a safer place today because of the efforts of the Nunn–Lugar program.
Author: Joseph P. Harahan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Nuclear arms control
Languages : en
Pages : 392
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Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 68
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Author:
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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As you know, Congress has had an ongoing interest in the effectiveness of U.S. efforts to reduce the threat posed by weapons of mass destruction in the former Soviet Union (FSU). In response to your requests, we have assessed the Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) program's ̂planning and funding status and ̂recent progress in addressing CTR objectives in the FSU, that is, the safe and secure elimination of nuclear, chemical, and other weapons of mass destruction (including missiles and other strategic delivery vehicles); improving controls over nuclear weapons and materials; and promoting demilitarization projects.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 24
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Although the end of the Cold War dramatically reduced the danger to the United States posed by the threat of a massive nuclear exchange, instabilities and uncertainties in the new independent states (NIS) of the former Soviet Union have created new challenges and threats. The changing political, social, and economic conditions strain the ability of the NIS to provide for the safe and secure storage, transportation, and dismantlement of nuclear weapons and to eliminate these threatening systems once and for all. By assisting the NIS in these tasks, the CTR program reduces the threats from weapons of mass destruction missile by missile, warhead by warhead, factory by factory, and person by person. CTR is not foreign aid. Former Secretary of Defense William J. Perry calls it "defense by other means." Through CTR we have achieved some tremendous gains, which are noted in this booklet, toward ensuring our security by helping to eliminate weapons that could be aimed at us and by helping to prevent weapons proliferation to hostile countries.
Author: Paul I. Bernstein
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Nuclear disarmament
Languages : en
Pages : 16
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Author: U S Government Accountability Office (G
Publisher: BiblioGov
ISBN: 9781289258153
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 70
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Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the Department of Defense's (DOD) Cooperative Threat Reduction Program (CTR) to reduce threats from weapons of mass destruction in the former Soviet Union, focusing on the program's: (1) progress in implementing projects and obligating funds; (2) overall planning; (3) potential impact; and (4) use of funds for nonpriority objectives. GAO found that: (1) DOD plans to obligate 81 percent of CTR funds for 36 projects that focus primarily on three CTR priority objectives; (2) CTR obligations and spending have been slowed by the need to establish agreements with new Soviet republics and complexities caused by authorizing legislation; (3) DOD plans to allocate $400 million for CTR projects in fiscal year 1995 and to request $400 million annually for future CTR projects; (4) the CTR budget will top $3 billion dollars if all planned CTR spending is approved; (5) CTR officials have not established a long-term planning process, prepared a multiyear plan and requirement-based funding profile, or implemented an audit and examination process; (6) the program's long-term impact is unclear and appears to vary widely from project to project; (7) CTR priority objectives include nuclear warhead dismantlement, safety and security, strategic delivery vehicles, chemical weapons, and nonproliferation; and (8) DOD plans to spend $153 million on nonpriority CTR objectives and will emphasize defense conversion over nonproliferation in deciding future CTR project funding despite its uncertain prospects for success.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Weapons of mass destruction
Languages : en
Pages : 40
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Author: Rachel D. Burke
Publisher: Nova Science Publishers
ISBN: 9781634637237
Category : Arms control
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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The United States uses a number of policy tools to address the threat of attack using chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) weapons. These include a set of financial and technical programs known, variously, as cooperative threat reduction (CTR) programs, nonproliferation assistance, or, global security engagement. Congress has supported these programs over the years, but has raised a number of questions about their implementation and their future direction. Over the years, the CTR effort shifted from an emergency response to impending chaos in the Soviet Union to a broader program seeking to keep CBRN weapons away from rogue nations or terrorist groups. It has also grown from a DOD-centered effort to include projects funded by the Department of Defense (DOD), the State Department, the Department of Energy (DOE), and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). This book summarizes cooperative activities conducted during the full 20 years of U.S. threat reduction and nonproliferation assistance. It also provides basic information on the Global Security Contingency Fund (GSCF) legislation.
