Novel Electrolyte Additives to Enhance Zinc Electrode Cycle Life PDF Download
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Author:
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ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 12
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Electrochemical power sources that utilize zinc electrodes possess many advantages. Zinc is abundantly available, benign, inexpensive, stable over a wide operating temperature range, and has a high oxidation potential. In spite of these advantageous characteristics, rechargeable electrochemical systems based on zinc chemistry have not found widespread use. The major disadvantages of zinc electrodes are that they have limited cycle life due to zinc slumping and zinc electrode shape changes in alkaline solutions resulting from the solubility of zincate (Zn(OH)42−) in these solutions. As a result, premature cell failure often results due to cell shorting caused by dendritic growth as well as zinc slumping. In this paper we describe the chemical and physical characteristics of electrolyte solutions employing additives, particularly for zinc based electrochemical systems. These electrolytes are prepared using the alkali metal salts of 1,3,5-phenyltrisulfonic acid in combination with potassium hydroxide. The alkali metal salts of the acid possess good thermal stability, good ionic conductivity, and have a wide electrochemical voltage window in aqueous systems. With these electrolyte solutions improved cycle life was achieved in Zn/NiOOH and Zn/AgO. Improved cycle life with this additive is attributed to decreased zincate solubility, resulting in reduced zinc slumping and electrode shape changes. In addition, increased shelf-life and reduced self-discharge were also observed in many alkaline power sources.
Author:
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 12
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Book Description
Electrochemical power sources that utilize zinc electrodes possess many advantages. Zinc is abundantly available, benign, inexpensive, stable over a wide operating temperature range, and has a high oxidation potential. In spite of these advantageous characteristics, rechargeable electrochemical systems based on zinc chemistry have not found widespread use. The major disadvantages of zinc electrodes are that they have limited cycle life due to zinc slumping and zinc electrode shape changes in alkaline solutions resulting from the solubility of zincate (Zn(OH)42−) in these solutions. As a result, premature cell failure often results due to cell shorting caused by dendritic growth as well as zinc slumping. In this paper we describe the chemical and physical characteristics of electrolyte solutions employing additives, particularly for zinc based electrochemical systems. These electrolytes are prepared using the alkali metal salts of 1,3,5-phenyltrisulfonic acid in combination with potassium hydroxide. The alkali metal salts of the acid possess good thermal stability, good ionic conductivity, and have a wide electrochemical voltage window in aqueous systems. With these electrolyte solutions improved cycle life was achieved in Zn/NiOOH and Zn/AgO. Improved cycle life with this additive is attributed to decreased zincate solubility, resulting in reduced zinc slumping and electrode shape changes. In addition, increased shelf-life and reduced self-discharge were also observed in many alkaline power sources.
Author: Alvin J. Salkind
Publisher: The Electrochemical Society
ISBN: 9781566771092
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 276
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Author: Rajender Boddula
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119661897
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 272
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Book Description
Battery technology is constantly changing, and the concepts and applications of these changes are rapidly becoming increasingly more important as more and more industries and individuals continue to make “greener” choices in their energy sources. As global dependence on fossil fuels slowly wanes, there is a heavier and heavier importance placed on cleaner power sources and methods for storing and transporting that power. Battery technology is a huge part of this global energy revolution. Zinc batteries are an advantageous choice over lithium-based batteries, which have dominated the market for years in multiple areas, most specifically in electric vehicles and other battery-powered devices. Zinc is the fourth most abundant metal in the world, which is influential in its lower cost, making it a very attractive material for use in batteries. Zinc-based batteries have been around since the 1930s, but only now are they taking center stage in the energy, automotive, and other industries. Zinc Batteries: Basics, Developments, and Applicationsis intended as a discussion of the different zinc batteries for energy storage applications. It also provides an in-depth description of various energy storage materials for Zinc (Zn) batteries. This book is an invaluable reference guide for electrochemists, chemical engineers, students, faculty, and R&D professionals in energy storage science, material science, and renewable energy.
Author: Aly Mitha
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electrolytes
Languages : en
Pages : 100
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Book Description
Climatic and environmental challenges arising from excessive greenhouse gas production from human activities have necessitated a serious shift towards sustainable and renewable sources of power such as solar, wind and tidal. The bottleneck hindering the wide-scale adoption of these technologies is the intermittency of available power due to non-uniform climate and weather patterns over the course of the year. These variations prevent renewable energies from sustaining entire economies independently. Presently, secondary power generation must be run in parallel to sustain the base load while renewables are used to meet excess demand during peak load. Batteries are the strongest candidates for the improvement of these systems. They have been applied to enable load-levelling by storing excess power produced and supplying it to the grid during high demand periods. Aqueous metal ion batteries are a strong contender for energy storage from renewable power sources due to their excellent safety, low cost, and environmental friendliness. In 2012, our research team developed the Rechargeable Hybrid Aqueous Battery (ReHAB) which featured a lithiated manganese oxide cathode and a zinc foil anode. While this battery generally performs well, it is compromised by parasitic processes at the anode which decrease its performance and operational lifespan. The main failure modes of this system are runaway dendrite formation from non-uniform electrodeposition and a high degree of corrosion caused by the acidic environment. In this research, polyethylene glycol is integrated into the ReHAB system. The hypothesis is that PEG can be used to inhibit corrosion and dendritic growth. Low molecular weights (less than 500 g.mol-1) are used due to their greater solubility in the sulfate-based electrolyte. In the first project, 1 vol.% PEG200 is able to improve the discharge capacity of ReHAB cells compared to the control electrolyte after 300 cycles. This is accomplished via minimizing corrosion and dendrite growth at the anode. Furthermore, when dendrites are pre-grown on the anode prior to battery testing, the 1 vol.% PEG200 cells are able to consistently improve cycling life by more than five times. In the second project a novel gel electrolyte is developed for the ReHAB system to improve cycling performance, reliability and reduce leakage of electrolyte during processing. Fumed silica is used as the thixotropic gelling agent and forms an interconnected network to support aqueous media in the electrolyte. PEG300 is used as the corrosion inhibitor and dendrite suppressant. The developed PEG-FS gel decreases corrosion by up to 40% and dendrite growth rate by 78%. In the absence of the PEG-FS gel electrolyte the zinc anode was severely consumed by corrosion reactions. Additionally, the PEG-FS-gel increases the capacity retention of ReHAB cells by approximately 40% after 1000 cycles in the large battery system. The mechanism of interaction between PEG polymers and the zinc anode are also examined in depth using various electrochemical, spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. PEG adsorbs to the anode surface during charging and subsequently desorbs during discharge. PEG polymers were found to specifically adsorb to preferential nucleation sites on the zinc electrode, leading to several beneficial effects. Firstly, the surface diffusion of zinc ions is decreased, and they are forced to deposit on less favored sites on the electrode surface, leading to controlled electrodeposition. Secondly, the PEG polymers obstruct the adsorption of hydrogen ions during the charging process, thus decreasing corrosion and hydrogen evolution reactions. The adsorption-desorption mechanism allows the PEG to be recycled during battery operation and remain effective for very long periods. Overall, highly compelling improvements are made to the ReHAB system with the addition of PEG to the aqueous electrolyte. By subduing corrosion and dendrite formation, the utilization of lithium is improved more than five-fold. This is a serious contribution as it allows for a much more efficient use of increasingly rare resources. The merits of PEG combined with its ease of integration into current aqueous battery systems highlights how they can be made into viable alternatives to lead-acid and organic lithium ion batteries for large scale energy storage applications.
Author: Kishore Anand Narayana
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 83
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Author: Electrochemical Society
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electrochemistry
Languages : en
Pages : 1712
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Author: Min Xu
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electric batteries
Languages : en
Pages : 99
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Book Description
For Zn anode rechargeable batteries, there are a number of shortcomings associated with using traditional KOH aqueous electrolytes. These include drying-out of the electrolyte due to water evaporation and dendrite formation at the Zn electrode during recharging, which severely impair battery performance (e.g., cycle life and capacity) and limit their application. In particular, to solve the problem of dendrite formation that could cause short-circuit issues, many attempts have been made to modify the Zn electrode and the electrolyte, as well as to choose a desirable and robust separator. However, no breakthrough has been achieved on the basis of conventional KOH aqueous electrolytes. It is, therefore, critical to either modify conventional KOH aqueous electrolytes or explore alternative electrolytes to eliminate these bottlenecks to the development of a feasible Zn anode rechargeable battery system. Room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) in recent years have been increasingly recognized as potential electrolytes or electrolyte components for rechargeable batteries. Applying non-volatile RTILs as electrolytes provides potential benefits of achieving a longer service life, as drying out due to water evaporation is no longer a problem. Furthermore, RTILs demonstrate the capacity to modify metal deposit morphology, which may contribute greatly to preventing Zn dendrite formation and improving battery cycle life. On the other hand, compared with alkaline electrolytes, a simple electrolyte system composed of an RTIL as the sole component faces the challenge of enhancing its low conductivity (one to two orders of magnitude lower than aqueous electrolytes) before it can be practically applied in a battery. With the purpose of developing electrolyte systems that can harness the benefits from both RTILs (Zn morphology control) and aqueous electrolytes (rapid Zn redox kinetics), two groups of electrolytes are investigated in this study. One is based on RTILs, composed of pyrrolidinium or imidazolium cations and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide or dicyanamide anions, with the incorporation of diluents (water and/or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)). Another one adopts RTILs as additives to modify conventional KOH aqueous electrolytes. A larger portion of this work was focused on the former group. By applying cyclic voltammetry (CV), potentiodynamic polarization and chronoamperometry (CA), the kinetics, reversibility and cyclability of Zn redox behavior is explored in the studied electrolytes. The morphology of Zn deposits is observed and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). With respect to RTIL-based electrolytes, conductivity measurements, together with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and gas-phase density functional theory (DFT) are performed to investigate water interaction with RTIL ions and to shed light on the mechanisms for improved Zn redox behavior with water addition. For RTIL-based electrolytes, to balance the pros (improved electrolyte conductivity and Zn redox kinetic performance) and cons (reduced electrochemical stability of RTILs) of adding diluent(s) is of great importance in the development of workable electrolyte systems. Among six kinds of studied RTILs, i.e., 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (BMP-TFSI), 1-methyl-1-propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (MPrP-TFSI), 1-methyl-1-pentylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (MPP-TFSI), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (EMI-TFSI), 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium dicyanamide (BMP-DCA) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (EMI-DCA), an electrolyte system composed of EMI-DCA with the addition of both water and DMSO at a mole ratio of EMI-DCA:H2O:DMSO = 1:1.1:2.3 exhibits the best performance in terms of electrolyte conductivity, electrochemical properties for Zn redox reactions and Zn deposit morphology. For conventional alkaline aqueous electrolytes, adding an appropriate RTIL as the electrolyte additive can effectively eliminate Zn dendrite formation during electrodeposition. It is worth noting that hydrophilic RTILs are better relative to hydrophobic RTILs when it comes to obtaining desirable Zn morphologies and preventing dendritic Zn formation. An electrolyte composed of 9.0 M KOH + 5.0 wt% ZnO with a hydrophilic RTIL, i.e., 0.5 wt% EMI-DCA, appears to be a promising electrolyte system. These results give insights into developing novel alkaline aqueous electrolytes, which are deliberately modified with hydrophilic RTILs, for Zn anode rechargeable batteries.
Author: Mordechay Schlesinger
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118063147
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 755
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Book Description
The definitive resource for electroplating, now completely up to date With advances in information-age technologies, the field of electroplating has seen dramatic growth in the decade since the previous edition of Modern Electroplating was published. This expanded new edition addresses these developments, providing a comprehensive, one-stop reference to the latest methods and applications of electroplating of metals, alloys, semiconductors, and conductive polymers. With special emphasis on electroplating and electrochemical plating in nanotechnologies, data storage, and medical applications, the Fifth Edition boasts vast amounts of new and revised material, unmatched in breadth and depth by any other book on the subject. It includes: Easily accessible, self-contained contributions by over thirty experts Five completely new chapters and hundreds of additional pages A cutting-edge look at applications in nanoelectronics Coverage of the formation of nanoclusters and quantum dots using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) An important discussion of the physical properties of metal thin films Chapters devoted to methods, tools, control, and environmental issues And much more A must-have for anyone in electroplating, including technicians, platers, plating researchers, and metal finishers, Modern Electroplating, Fifth Edition is also an excellent reference for electrical engineers and researchers in the automotive, data storage, and medical industries.
Author: Patrick T. Moseley
Publisher: Newnes
ISBN: 0444626107
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 493
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Book Description
Electricity from renewable sources of energy is plagued by fluctuations (due to variations in wind strength or the intensity of insolation) resulting in a lack of stability if the energy supplied from such sources is used in 'real time'. An important solution to this problem is to store the energy electrochemically (in a secondary battery or in hydrogen and its derivatives) and to make use of it in a controlled fashion at some time after it has been initially gathered and stored. Electrochemical battery storage systems are the major technologies for decentralized storage systems and hydrogen is the only solution for long-term storage systems to provide energy during extended periods of low wind speeds or solar insolation. Future electricity grid design has to include storage systems as a major component for grid stability and for security of supply. The technology of systems designed to achieve this regulation of the supply of renewable energy, and a survey of the markets that they will serve, is the subject of this book. It includes economic aspects to guide the development of technology in the right direction. - Provides state-of-the-art information on all of the storage systems together with an assessment of competing technologies - Features detailed technical, economic and environmental impact information of different storage systems - Contains information about the challenges that must be faced for batteries and hydrogen-storage to be used in conjunction with a fluctuating (renewable energy) power supply
Author: Kyung Eun Kate Sun
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electroplating
Languages : en
Pages : 61
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Book Description
With the rise of the environmental concerns from combustion of fossil fuels, the demand for the alternative clean energy sources has increased. One of the alternatives is rechargeable batteries. Among many types of rechargeable batteries, lithium-ion batteries have been the most promising due to the high energy density and long lifespan. The current lithium-ion batteries, however, hold a drawback as they utilize organic electrolytes. The use of organic electrolytes not only raises safety and environmental concerns, but also results in a higher manufacturing cost than would be with aqueous electrolytes. Therefore, these issues can be solved by replacing the organic electrolytes with aqueous electrolytes. Among the many types of lithium-ion batteries with aqueous electrolytes, Rechargeable Hybrid Aqueous Battery (ReHAB) was selected in this project. ReHAB utilizes lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) as the cathode and zinc as the anode. LiMn2O4 is a good candidate because tightly bounded lithium ions make LiMn2O4 stable in air and water. Also, it shows a small volume variation between lithiated and non-lithiated states. Zinc metal was chosen because of its low redox potential, good reversibility, high over-potential for hydrogen evolution in acidic environment, large specific capacity, good corrosion resistance, and cost effectiveness. While ReHAB is free of the problems posed by organic electrolytes in traditional Li-ion batteries, the current ReHAB technology must be improved to perform competitively in market. More specifically regarding the zinc anode, there are issues of corrosion, dendrite formation, and hydrogen evolution. Therefore, the goal of this project was to synthesize novel zinc anodes via electroplating with additives (organic and inorganic) reported in literature to mitigate issues of corrosion, dendrite formation, and hydrogen evolution (side reactions). The selected organic additives were cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyle sulfate (SDS), polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG), and thiourea; and the inorganic additives were indium (II) sulfate, tin (IV) oxide, and boric acid. Each anode was characterized by the following measurements to rate its performance: float current, corrosion current, cyclability, x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope. All the anodes created with the inorganic and almost all with the organic additives performed better than the commercial zinc anode. Among the organic additives tested, Zn-SDS performed the best, with the lowest float current and corrosion current measurements and the highest retention of 79% at the end of its 1000th cycle. Among the inorganic additives tested, each fared very similarity, with similar float current and corrosion rate, and retaining in average 78% of the initial discharge capacity at the end of 1000th cycle. Between the organic and inorganic additives, however, the XRD results suggested that in general the zinc deposition efficiencies may be lower for inorganic additives (and thus less favourable when scaling up for commercial production). If the lower current efficiency of inorganic additives (hinted by the XRD results) is verified to be true, then the organic additives that either performed better than or as well as the inorganic additives would be the better choice for the next generation of ReHAB.
