NON-TRADITIONAL EXPOSURES AND CHILDHOOD DENTAL CARIES AMONG CHILDREN 1-5 YEARS OLD PDF Download
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Author: Salam Rajih
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 91
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Book Description
Background: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is one of the most common chronic illnesses among young children, affecting around 23% of children 2-5 years old, leading to pain, discomfort, and poor quality of life. It is a multi-factorial disease that develops through the combined effects of bacteria, tooth morphology, fermentable carbohydrates, time, and various social factors. Several studies have investigated the associations between dental caries and non-traditional factors acquired during the first years of life including; mode of delivery, breastfeeding, and Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS). However, the literature on these associations has been inconsistent. Objective: To investigate the unadjusted and adjusted associations between the presence of Early Childhood Caries (ECC) and Severe-ECC (S-ECC), and three non-traditional factors: breastfeeding, mode of delivery, and ETS, among children 1-5 years old. Methods: A cross-sectional design was employed, and a sample of 112 caregiver/ child dyads was recruited from the ongoing flow of patients at Temple University Maurice H. Kornberg School of Dentistry (TUKSoD). After consent, subjects completed a questionnaire and received a standard intra-oral examination and the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) Caries-risk Assessment Tool (CAT) by a student doctor. The study was approved by the Temple University Institutional Review Board (Protocol # 23885). Chi-square tests, two-sample t-tests and bivariate logistic regressions were used to assess the unadjusted associations. Two multivariable logistic models were developed for ECC and S-ECC and included demographics, overall CRA, and the three non-traditional risk factors. Results: The prevalence of ECC and S-ECC were 61% and 30%, respectively. The following variables were significant in the unadjusted analysis for both ECC and S-ECC: child's age, maternal educational attainment, overall AAPD CAT classification, sugary snacks per day, presence of plaque on child's teeth and ETS. Exposure to ETS was associated with an increased adjusted odds ratio for ECC (aOR=5.39 [95% CI: 1.14-25.33], P=0.033), but not for S-ECC. Furthermore, C-section birth was associated with a decreased adjusted odds ratio for both ECC and S-ECC, respectively (ECC: aOR=0.132 [95% CI: 0.02-0.72], P=0.02; S-ECC: aOR=0.141 [95% CI: 0.026-0.748], P=0.021). With inclusion of the AAPD CAT, demographics, and the three non-traditional factors, the overall model accuracy at predicting ECC was 82.2%. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: In this study of urban, predominantly African American, and low income children, ECC was found associated with two non-traditional factors, ETS and mode of delivery, suggesting that including them in CRA may improve prediction of future dental caries, and aid in the prevention and treatment of disease. Results from this study support the notion that ECC is a multi-factorial disease, and highlights the importance of adopting oral health education among caregivers.
Author: Salam Rajih
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 91
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Book Description
Background: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is one of the most common chronic illnesses among young children, affecting around 23% of children 2-5 years old, leading to pain, discomfort, and poor quality of life. It is a multi-factorial disease that develops through the combined effects of bacteria, tooth morphology, fermentable carbohydrates, time, and various social factors. Several studies have investigated the associations between dental caries and non-traditional factors acquired during the first years of life including; mode of delivery, breastfeeding, and Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS). However, the literature on these associations has been inconsistent. Objective: To investigate the unadjusted and adjusted associations between the presence of Early Childhood Caries (ECC) and Severe-ECC (S-ECC), and three non-traditional factors: breastfeeding, mode of delivery, and ETS, among children 1-5 years old. Methods: A cross-sectional design was employed, and a sample of 112 caregiver/ child dyads was recruited from the ongoing flow of patients at Temple University Maurice H. Kornberg School of Dentistry (TUKSoD). After consent, subjects completed a questionnaire and received a standard intra-oral examination and the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) Caries-risk Assessment Tool (CAT) by a student doctor. The study was approved by the Temple University Institutional Review Board (Protocol # 23885). Chi-square tests, two-sample t-tests and bivariate logistic regressions were used to assess the unadjusted associations. Two multivariable logistic models were developed for ECC and S-ECC and included demographics, overall CRA, and the three non-traditional risk factors. Results: The prevalence of ECC and S-ECC were 61% and 30%, respectively. The following variables were significant in the unadjusted analysis for both ECC and S-ECC: child's age, maternal educational attainment, overall AAPD CAT classification, sugary snacks per day, presence of plaque on child's teeth and ETS. Exposure to ETS was associated with an increased adjusted odds ratio for ECC (aOR=5.39 [95% CI: 1.14-25.33], P=0.033), but not for S-ECC. Furthermore, C-section birth was associated with a decreased adjusted odds ratio for both ECC and S-ECC, respectively (ECC: aOR=0.132 [95% CI: 0.02-0.72], P=0.02; S-ECC: aOR=0.141 [95% CI: 0.026-0.748], P=0.021). With inclusion of the AAPD CAT, demographics, and the three non-traditional factors, the overall model accuracy at predicting ECC was 82.2%. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: In this study of urban, predominantly African American, and low income children, ECC was found associated with two non-traditional factors, ETS and mode of delivery, suggesting that including them in CRA may improve prediction of future dental caries, and aid in the prevention and treatment of disease. Results from this study support the notion that ECC is a multi-factorial disease, and highlights the importance of adopting oral health education among caregivers.
Author: Donald A. P. Bundy
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 1464804397
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 977
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Book Description
More children born today will survive to adulthood than at any time in history. It is now time to emphasize health and development in middle childhood and adolescence--developmental phases that are critical to health in adulthood and the next generation. Child and Adolescent Health and Development explores the benefits that accrue from sustained and targeted interventions across the first two decades of life. The volume outlines the investment case for effective, costed, and scalable interventions for low-resource settings, emphasizing the cross-sectoral role of education. This evidence base can guide policy makers in prioritizing actions to promote survival, health, cognition, and physical growth throughout childhood and adolescence.
Author: Claudine Burton-Jeangros
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 331920484X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 215
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Book Description
This open access book examines health trajectories and health transitions at different stages of the life course, including childhood, adulthood and later life. It provides findings that assess the role of biological and social transitions on health status over time. The essays examine a wide range of health issues, including the consequences of military service on body mass index, childhood obesity and cardiovascular health, socio-economic inequalities in preventive health care use, depression and anxiety during the child rearing period, health trajectories and transitions in people with cystic fibrosis and oral health over the life course. The book addresses theoretical, empirical and methodological issues as well as examines different national contexts, which help to identify factors of vulnerability and potential resources that support resilience available for specific groups and/or populations. Health reflects the ability of individuals to adapt to their social environment. This book analyzes health as a dynamic experience. It examines how different aspects of individual health unfold over time as a result of aging but also in relation to changing socioeconomic conditions. It also offers readers potential insights into public policies that affect the health status of a population.
Author: Joel H. Berg
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118792106
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 344
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Book Description
Dental caries has been called a “silent epidemic” and is the most prevalent chronic disease affecting children. Though much has been written on the science and practice of managing this disease, publications are diverse in their loci, preventing easy access to the reader. Early Childhood Oral Health coalesces all the important information related to this topic in a comprehensive reference for students, academics, and practitioners. This second edition expands the scope of the first and puts an additional focus on interprofessional and global efforts that are necessary to manage the growing disease crisis and screening and risk assessment efforts that have expanded with the boom of new technologies. With updated references and incorporating the latest research, chapters address the biology and epidemiology of caries, the clinical management of early childhood caries, risk assessment, and early diagnosis. Other topics include public health approaches to managing caries worldwide, implementation of new caries prevention programs, fluoride regimens, and community programs, and family oral health education. Brand new are four chapters on the medical management of early childhood caries, considerations for children with special needs, interprofessional education and practice, and how the newest policy issues and the Affordable Care Act affect dental care. A must-read for pediatric dentists, cariologists, public health dentists, and students in these fields, Early Childhood Oral Health is also relevant for pediatricians and pediatric nursing specialists worldwide.
Author: Joel H. Berg
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118925181
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 344
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Book Description
Dental caries has been called a “silent epidemic” and is the most prevalent chronic disease affecting children. Though much has been written on the science and practice of managing this disease, publications are diverse in their loci, preventing easy access to the reader. Early Childhood Oral Health coalesces all the important information related to this topic in a comprehensive reference for students, academics, and practitioners. This second edition expands the scope of the first and puts an additional focus on interprofessional and global efforts that are necessary to manage the growing disease crisis and screening and risk assessment efforts that have expanded with the boom of new technologies. With updated references and incorporating the latest research, chapters address the biology and epidemiology of caries, the clinical management of early childhood caries, risk assessment, and early diagnosis. Other topics include public health approaches to managing caries worldwide, implementation of new caries prevention programs, fluoride regimens, and community programs, and family oral health education. Brand new are four chapters on the medical management of early childhood caries, considerations for children with special needs, interprofessional education and practice, and how the newest policy issues and the Affordable Care Act affect dental care. A must-read for pediatric dentists, cariologists, public health dentists, and students in these fields, Early Childhood Oral Health is also relevant for pediatricians and pediatric nursing specialists worldwide.
Author: Roger Chou
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 111
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Book Description
BACKGROUND: In 2014, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) found insufficient evidence to assess the benefits and harms of screening for dental caries, but recommended that primary care clinicians prescribe oral fluoride supplementation to preschool children starting at age 6 months whose primary water source is deficient in fluoride and apply fluoride varnish to the primary teeth of all infants and children starting at the age of primary tooth eruption. PURPOSE: To systematically review the current evidence on primary care screening for and prevention of dental caries in children younger than 5 years old. DATA SOURCES: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (through April, 2021), and MEDLINE (2013 to April, 2021); with surveillance through July 23, 2021, and manually reviewed reference lists. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled observational studies on benefits and harms of screening versus no screening and referral to dental care from primary care versus no referral; studies on the diagnostic accuracy of oral examination and risk assessment by primary care clinicians; RCTs on benefits and harms of oral health education and preventive interventions; and systematic reviews on risk of fluorosis associated with early childhood ingestion of dietary fluoride supplements. DATA EXTRACTION: One investigator abstracted data and a second investigator checked data abstraction for accuracy. Two investigators independently assessed study quality using methods developed by the USPSTF. DATA SYNTHESIS (RESULTS): Thirty-three studies (reported in 36 publications) were included in this update (19 RCTs, four non-randomized trials, nine observational studies, and one systematic review [19 studies]). Seventeen studies were newly identified as part of this update and 16 studies (including the systematic review) were carried forward from the previous review. No randomized trial or observational study compared clinical outcomes between children younger than 5 years of age screened and not screened by primary care clinicians for dental caries. One good-quality cohort study (n=258) found primary care pediatrician examination following 2 hours of training associated with a sensitivity of 0.76 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55 to 0.91) for identifying a child with one or more cavities and 0.63 (95% CI, 0.42 to 0.81) for identifying children younger than 36 months of age in need of a dental referral, compared with a pediatric dentist evaluation. One study (n=697) found a novel risk assessment tool administered by home visitor nurses associated with suboptimal accuracy for predicting future caries in children 1 year of age. The prior USPSTF review found oral fluoride supplementation associated with reduced caries incidence versus no supplementation in children younger than 5 years of age in settings with inadequate water fluoridation, though only one trial was randomized; we identified no new trials. The prior USPSTF review included a systematic review of observational studies which found an association between early childhood ingestion of systemic fluoride and enamel fluorosis. Topical fluoride (all trials except for one evaluated varnish) associated with decreased caries increment (13 trials in updated meta-analysis, N=5733, mean difference in decayed, missing, and filled teeth or surfaces −0.94, 95% CI, −1.74 to −0.34) and decreased likelihood of incident caries (12 trials, N=8177, RR 0.80, 95% CI, 0.66 to 0.95; absolute risk difference −7%, 95% CI, −12% to −2%) versus placebo or no varnish, with no increase in risk of fluorosis or other adverse events. Almost all trials of topical fluoride were conducted in higher risk populations or settings. Evidence on other preventive interventions was limited (xylitol) or unavailable (silver diamine fluoride). Evidence on educational or counseling interventions is very sparse and no studies directly evaluated the effectiveness of primary care referral to a dentist versus no referral. LIMITATIONS: Only English-language articles were included. Graphical methods were not used to assess for publication bias, due to diversity in populations, settings, and outcomes, and substantial statistical heterogeneity. Statistical heterogeneity was present in pooled analyses of fluoride varnish and not explained by stratification on a variety of factors. Studies conducted in resource-poor settings may be of limited applicability to screening in the United States. Most studies had methodological limitations. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary fluoride supplementation and fluoride varnish appear to be effective at preventing caries outcomes in higher risk children younger than 5 years of age. Dietary fluoride supplementation in early childhood is associated with risk of enamel fluorosis, which is usually not severe. More research is needed to understand the accuracy of oral health examination and caries risk assessment by primary care clinicians, primary care referral for dental care, and effective parental and caregiver/guardian educational and counseling interventions.
Author:
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 1789237343
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 178
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Book Description
This book provides information to the readers starting with the history of oral hygiene manners, and modern oral hygiene practices. It continues with the prevalence and etiology of caries and remedy of caries through natural sources. Etiology of secondary caries in prosthetic restorations and the relationship between orthodontic treatment and caries is addressed. An update of early childhood caries is presented. The use of visual-tactile method, radiography and fluorescence in caries detection is given. The book finishes with methods used for the prevention of white spot lesions and management of caries.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Children
Languages : en
Pages : 392
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Book Description
Author: Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889638081
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 94
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Book Description
Author: Rahul Siram Naidu
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889713717
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 43
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Book Description
